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141-473: The ore was discovered in 1866, but it was not until the 1900s that new technology made it commercially viable. Sydvaranger was established in 1906 by Christian Anker and Nils Persson and had Sweden's Metallurgiska as the majority owner. Production started in 1910 and capacity was increased in 1913. Production halted during World War I and the company could not recover afterwards, resulting in it falling under bankruptcy protection between 1924 and 1927. During

282-547: A hydroelectric power station in Pasvikelva , but instead had to build a 9-megawatt (12,000 hp) thermal power station in Kirkenes. It was expanded to 16 megawatts (21,000 hp) in 1917. Construction of the port with the separation and briquetting plants, known as the export facilities, started in 1907. Several quays were built, including one for export of ore and one for import of coal. The first revenue train load

423-528: A DM 45 million loan from the European Coal and Steel Community . Natural gas was delivered from Norway via Norpipe . Construction started on 17 July 1978 and was taken into use in the second half of 1980. Rising natural gas prices and interest rates combined with sinking ore prices made the plant a financial disaster. The Norwegian government agreed in April 1981 to subsidize operations, which kept

564-582: A combined propulsion power of 34,000 kW (46,000 hp). In Canada, diesel-electric icebreakers started to be built in 1952, first with HMCS Labrador (was transferred later to the Canadian Coast Guard), using the USCG Wind -class design but without the bow propeller. Then in 1960, the next step in the Canadian development of large icebreakers came when CCGS  John A. Macdonald

705-649: A consequence of a legal change and stating it was a public company . The Council of State decided on 10 May 1996 that operations in Sydvaranger were to be terminated within the end of the year. To redevelop the facilities, Kirkenes Utviking was established, which was owned by the municipality, Finnmark County Municipality , the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway and the Industrial and Regional Development Fund . Most of

846-500: A consortium consisting of Norddeutsche Bank , Disconto-Gesellschaft , Centralbanken for Norge and Stockholms Enskilda Bank . In addition the share capital was increased to NOK 10 million at the shareholders meeting in October 1907. A. Herden was hired by Metallurgiska to construct the separation plant and briquetting, which was dimensioned to for an annual export of 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons). This

987-653: A fifteen-year-old in 1851, as a shop assistant in a store run by his uncle. In 1860 he opened his own business, where he imported and sold guano for use in fertilizers. The operation went well, and from 1872 to 1875 he ran the company Nils Persson's guano-svavvelsyrefabrik (Nils Persson's Guano–Sulfuric Acid Factory) in Helsingborg. In 1875 he became the director and chairman of the company Skånska superfosfat- og svafvelsyrefabrik AB (Skåne Superphosphate and Sulfuric Acid Factory, now part of Kemira ), also in Helsingborg. For this he needed phosphate and sulfuric acid. In

1128-625: A heavy icebreaker must perform Operation Deep Freeze , clearing a safe path for resupply ships to the National Science Foundation ’s facility McMurdo in Antarctica. The most recent multi-month excursion was led by the Polar Star which escorted a container and fuel ship through treacherous conditions before maintaining the channel free of ice. Icebreakers are often described as ships that drive their sloping bows onto

1269-535: A hull that is wider in the bow than in the stern. These so-called "reamers" increase the width of the ice channel and thus reduce frictional resistance in the aftship as well as improve the ship's maneuverability in ice. In addition to low friction paint, some icebreakers utilize an explosion-welded abrasion-resistant stainless steel ice belt that further reduces friction and protects the ship's hull from corrosion. Auxiliary systems such as powerful water deluges and air bubbling systems are used to reduce friction by forming

1410-466: A joint venture to establish a facility in Emden , Germany. They established Norddeutsche Ferrowerke (NFW) in 1976, which was owned 74.9 percent by Sydvaranger and 25.1 percent of Korf Stahl. Construction cost 400 million Deutsche Mark (NOK 1100 million) and had an annual production of 1.2 million tonnes. Financing was in part secured through state guarantees, loans from German banks and

1551-524: A lubricating layer between the hull and the ice. Pumping water between tanks on both sides of the vessel results in continuous rolling that reduces friction and makes progress through the ice easier. Experimental bow designs such as the flat Thyssen-Waas bow and a cylindrical bow have been tried over the years to further reduce the ice resistance and create an ice-free channel. Icebreakers and other ships operating in ice-filled waters require additional structural strengthening against various loads resulting from

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1692-489: A new dock was opened for exporting the pellets. This allowed 75,000-tonne ships to dock. This caused Malmfart's ships to become too small and the shipping company sold the three vessels between 1970 and 1972. The company did not purchase any new ships, but remained a registered company until 1980. A new workshop at Bjørnevatn was completed in 1973 and the following year a new silo opened at Bjørnevatn, which also allowed for separating out ore with low iron content. Construction of

1833-417: A nuclear-powered icebreaking cargo ship, Sevmorput , which had a single nuclear reactor and a steam turbine directly coupled to the propeller shaft. Russia, which remains the sole operator of nuclear-powered icebreakers, is currently building 60,000 kW (80,000 hp) icebreakers to replace the aging Arktika class. The first vessel of this type entered service in 2020. A hovercraft can break ice by

1974-399: A number of welfare investments in Kirkenes, such as a library and sports facilities. Lundh retired as chairman in 1927. To reduce the conflicts between the company and employees, Sydvaranger started using single-person contracts. These offered higher wages and more welfare advantages, such as paid sick leave , than the collective bargaining agreements, and were used by the company to reduce

2115-546: A power station in Kobbholmvassdraget. Completed in 1930, it gave an annual production of 7.2 gigawatt-hours . The power company changed its name to Sydvaranger Kraftaksjeselskap in 1934. The company was hit by the Great Depression as ore prices fell in 1930. Production was reduced by reducing the work to a four-day week, which continued for seven months. Although ore prices varied, the company had made

2256-422: A profit of NOK 24.7 million. By 1962 Malmfart had three vessels, of which two were ore-bulk-oil carrier , which allowed them to transport petroleum on the return voyage to Norway. Up to 1963 the mining had taken place at the Østmalmen field, but from then production shifted to Vestmalmen. The first IT system, a punch card machine delivered by IBM , was introduced in 1963. A new icebreaker, Varangis II ,

2397-576: A profit throughout the 1930s. Knudtzen retired as chief of operations in 1935 and was replaced by Hans Torgersrud. The following year Sydvaranger bought forty percent of the shipping company Malmfart, which signed a ten-year contract to ship ore. The company's first ship was the 1919 SS Varangmalm . Malmfart later bought SS Varangberg , and both ships were sunk in 1939. Work with establishing mining at Grunntjern and Søstervann started in 1937. From 1938 mining started at Kjellmannsåsen, where there sufficient concentration to allow it to be direct shipping ore. This

2538-407: A purchaser of services within the company, and the other divisions were designated as selling divisions, such as maintenance and service. The production division was free to purchase internally or externally, and the selling divisions were free to sell their services outside the company. At the same time a forum was established with between 15 and 20 employees to create new companies which could utilize

2679-400: A sale of their share of Pasvik Kraft, and originally planned to sell to Vattenfall and Østfold Energi , but this was stopped by Varanger Kraft. Instead, Varanger Kraft bought the state's ownership in Sydvaranger and other shares, and used their pre-emption right to secure a 100-percent ownership of the company. Sydvaranger was delisted from Oslo Stock Exchange on 12 September 2000. That year

2820-562: A second icebreaker, the 450-kilowatt (600 hp) SS Pasvik in 1908. Most of Sydvaranger's original workforce came from Troms and Nordland , most of which were construction workers. Finnmark was experiencing a decline in fishing and some of the workforce came from nearby. The first trade union , Nordens Klippe, was established on 8 September 1906. Gradually separate trade unions for each profession were established. The first strike took place in 1908, but did not last long. Nils Albin Hedman

2961-428: A second pellets facility started in 1972 and was opened on 4 September 1974. This allowed the company's entire production to switch to pellets. Because the two pellets plants used a combined 20,000 tonnes of bentonite each year, a new import dock was built. The pellets production required increased freshwater access. This was fetched from Førstevatn, and to fill that lake, water was pumped from Svartakslavannet. In 1975

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3102-518: A short parallel midship to improve maneuverability in ice. However, the spoon-shaped bow and round hull have poor hydrodynamic efficiency and seakeeping characteristics, and make the icebreaker susceptible to slamming , or the impacting of the bottom structure of the ship onto the sea surface. For this reason, the hull of an icebreaker is often a compromise between minimum ice resistance, maneuverability in ice, low hydrodynamic resistance, and adequate open water characteristics. Some icebreakers have

3243-483: A silo for 430,000 tonnes of pellets. Trial production started in September 1969 and full-scale production started on 20 April 1970. By 1969 the company had 900 employees and the following year forty percent of the production was pellets. Managing director Kraft Joahnsen retired in 1970 and was replaced by operating director Hans Lund Andersen, who was replaced by Vidar Lindbo. Because the mining kept moving further into

3384-641: A vertical axis. These thrusters improve propulsion efficiency, icebreaking capability and maneuverability of the vessel. The use of azimuth thrusters also allows a ship to move astern in ice without losing manoeuvrability. This has led to the development of double acting ships , vessels with the stern shaped like an icebreaker's bow and the bow designed for open water performance. In this way, the ship remains economical to operate in open water without compromising its ability to operate in difficult ice conditions. Azimuth thrusters have also made it possible to develop new experimental icebreakers that operate sideways to open

3525-499: A vise and causing damage. This vise-like action is caused by the force of winds and tides on ice formations. The first boats to be used in the polar waters were those of the Eskimos . Their kayaks are small human-powered boats with a covered deck, and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler who strokes a single or double-bladed paddle . Such boats have no icebreaking capabilities, but they are light and well fit to carry over

3666-593: A wide channel through ice. The steam-powered icebreakers were resurrected in the late 1950s when the Soviet Union commissioned the first nuclear-powered icebreaker , Lenin , in 1959. It had a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain in which the nuclear reactor was used to produce steam for turbogenerators , which in turn produced electricity for propulsion motors. Starting from 1975, the Russians commissioned six Arktika -class nuclear icebreakers . Soviets also built

3807-676: A year, started being settled. The mixed ethnic group of the Karelians and the Russians in the North-Russia that lived on the shores of the Arctic Ocean became known as Pomors ("seaside settlers"). Gradually they developed a special type of small one- or two-mast wooden sailing ships , used for voyages in the ice conditions of the Arctic seas and later on Siberian rivers. These earliest icebreakers were called kochi . The koch's hull

3948-402: Is low enough that the ice breaks usually without noticeable change in the vessel's trim . In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. A buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, so icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under

4089-544: Is one of the biggest dedicated mining funds in the world. In 2019, the final mining permit was obtained from the Norwegian government, allowing for a planned restart of full-scale operations in 2020. Nils Persson (industrialist) Nils Persson (January 20, 1836 – April 28, 1916) was a Swedish consul , businessman, and politician from Helsingborg . Persson was born in Allerum , Sweden. He started his career as

4230-451: Is to perform model tests in an ice tank . Regardless of the method, the actual performance of new icebreakers is verified in full scale ice trials once the ship has been built. In order to minimize the icebreaking forces, the hull lines of an icebreaker are usually designed so that the flare at the waterline is as small as possible. As a result, icebreaking ships are characterized by a sloping or rounded stem as well as sloping sides and

4371-672: The Baltic Sea , the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway , and along the Northern Sea Route , the main function of icebreakers is to escort convoys of one or more ships safely through ice-filled waters. When a ship becomes immobilized by ice, the icebreaker has to free it by breaking the ice surrounding the ship and, if necessary, open a safe passage through the ice field. In difficult ice conditions,

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4512-605: The Dunderland Valley to the Edison Ore-Milling Syndicate Limited. The sale price was reported to be NOK 3 million, which was partly transferred in the form of bonds in the company. Persson was requested to become the "consulting director" of the company, owned by 55 stakeholders, of whom 52 were English. The Edison Ore-Milling Syndicate had been created to exploit a method invented by Thomas Edison . The new method involved processing

4653-469: The Ministry of Trade and Industry . Guttorm Brukeland was contracted as the main architect for the industrial facilities. From 1945, passenger trains ran between the two settlements, at first with steam locomotives. Reconstruction started with private dwellings and a workshop at Kirkenes, with 73 apartments completed by 1947. Sydvaranger considered changing its mining methods, but new technology resulted in

4794-653: The Norway–Soviet Union border . Norway was permitted to build stations at Skoltefoss and Hestefoss, while the Soviet Union was allowed to build at Skoltefoss and Hestefoss, collectively known as the Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants . The agreement insured that each country was permitted to use land in the other country to build the dams. Sydvaranger created the joint venture Sameied Skogfoss Kraftverk along with Varanger Kraftlag til build Skogfoss Power Station . Sydvaranger's half of

4935-529: The St. Lawrence River . Icebreakers were built in order to maintain the river free of ice jam, east of Montréal . In about the same time, Canada had to fill its obligations in the Canadian Arctic. Large steam icebreakers, like the 80-metre (260 ft) CGS  N.B. McLean (1930) and CGS  D'Iberville (1952), were built for this dual use (St. Lawrence flood prevention and Arctic replenishment). At

5076-526: The United States Coast Guard , have a combined diesel-electric and mechanical propulsion system that consists of six diesel engines and three gas turbines . While the diesel engines are coupled to generators that produce power for three propulsion motors, the gas turbines are directly coupled to the propeller shafts driving controllable pitch propellers. The diesel-electric power plant can produce up to 13,000 kW (18,000 hp) while

5217-535: The Wind class . Research in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union led to a design that had a very strongly built short and wide hull, with a cut away forefoot and a rounded bottom. Powerful diesel-electric machinery drove two stern and one auxiliary bow propeller. These features would become the standard for postwar icebreakers until the 1980s. Since the mid-1970s, the most powerful diesel-electric icebreakers have been

5358-619: The 15th century the use of ice breakers in Flanders ( Oudenaarde , Kortrijk , Ieper , Veurne , Diksmuide and Hulst ) was already well established. The use of the ice breaking barges expanded in the 17th century where every town of some importance in the Low Country used some form of icebreaker to keep their waterways clear. Before the 17th century the specifications of icebreakers are unknown. The specifications for ice breaking vessels show that they were dragged by teams of horses and

5499-543: The 1930s the company also owned Rana Mine at Storforshei in Rana Municipality . During the German withdrawal in October 1944 Kirkenes was scorched , including most of the mining infrastructure. Reconstruction started in 1945, operation commenced in 1953 and the facilities were completed in 1960. At its peak, the company had 1,500 employees. Production was profitable from the reopening until 1976, but from then

5640-511: The 1939, compared to the 18 percent estimated by the committee, which would mean that the plant would run with a profit. Parliament passed the financing on 8 October 1948. The mining company held an option to purchase a majority stake in Malmfrakt, which they executed to increase their ownership to 96 percent. The shipping company's head office was moved to Kirkenes in 1952. The icebreaker, owned by Dampskipselskapet Pasvik, had been sunk during

5781-529: The 2000s, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) has proposed adopting an unified system known as the Polar Class (PC) to replace classification society specific ice class notations. Since the Second World War , most icebreakers have been built with diesel-electric propulsion in which diesel engines coupled to generators produce electricity for propulsion motors that turn

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5922-720: The Salang Works ( Salangsverket ), which were closed down in 1912 after a short but busy period of operation. Persson was criticized by some Norwegians for his profitable business in Norway. By a royal decree of October 28, 1907, he and the Røstvangen Company Ltd. ( Aktieselskabet Røstvangen ) were refused their joint application for a license to acquire mining rights at the Røstvangen deposits in Hedmark , in

6063-502: The Soviet Union. Two shallow-draft Taymyr -class nuclear icebreakers were built in Finland for the Soviet Union in the late 1980s. In May 2007, sea trials were completed for the nuclear-powered Russian icebreaker NS 50 Let Pobedy . The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad , and

6204-544: The Tschudi Group. In 2016, a successful test production took place, proving the plant's operational readiness. As the main mining license was connected to the bankrupt company, an application for a new mining license was submitted in 2017. Significant geological and engineering work was completed in 2017. In 2018, Sydvaranger obtained financing for a restart from the American private equity fund Orion Mine Finance, which

6345-596: The altered bow Pilot ' s design from Britnev to make his own icebreaker, Eisbrecher I . The first true modern sea-going icebreaker was built at the turn of the 20th century. Icebreaker Yermak , was built in 1899 at the Armstrong Whitworth naval yard in England under contract from the Imperial Russian Navy . The ship borrowed the main principles from Pilot and applied them to

6486-602: The beginning of the 20th century, several other countries began to operate purpose-built icebreakers. Most were coastal icebreakers, but Canada, Russia, and later, the Soviet Union , also built several oceangoing icebreakers up to 11,000 tons in displacement. Before the first diesel-electric icebreakers were built in the 1930s, icebreakers were either coal- or oil-fired steam ships . Reciprocating steam engines were preferred in icebreakers due to their reliability, robustness, good torque characteristics, and ability to reverse

6627-618: The beginning, the phosphorus was obtained from fossil bones, but soon he started imported phosphorus from Florida and North Africa. In 1887, Persson started the company Sulitjelma Mines in Norway, where he extracted pyrite. The ore in Sulitjelma was also rich in copper, which resulted in him co-founding the Helsingborg Copper Works ( Helsingborgs Kobarverk AB ) in 1900 together with a sulfuric acid plant. In Norway, he also mined iron ore. In 1901, he sold his rights in

6768-567: The bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). This allowed Pilot to push herself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of old Pomor boats, which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and Barents Sea for centuries. Pilot was used between 1864 and 1890 for navigation in the Gulf of Finland between Kronstadt and Oranienbaum thus extending

6909-520: The briquette and separation plant. The expansion was completed in 1911. From 1911, the government required the company to establish a fund which would aid the workers should the company go bankrupt. This was introduced after several large industrial companies had collapsed in the past decade and large costs had befallen the state. Just as the first expansion was completed, Sydvaranger decided that it needed to further expand its export capacity to 650,000 tonnes (640,000 long tons; 720,000 short tons). Financing

7050-409: The committees analysis of operations, but disagreed regarding the financing. Thus the state and the company started negotiations, including a proposal that the state buy all the private shares of the company. Thus the loans were increased with NOK 11.7 million, while the new share capital was halved. This gave the state a 62.4 percent ownership. By 1948 prices had increased with 100 percent over

7191-465: The company be liquidated , but reversed their opinion after discovering that the war insurance would only be paid if the facilities were reconstructed. This was later set to NOK 27.5 million. Reconstruction started in September 1945 after the Red Army had withdrawn from Sør-Varanger. The Directorate for Enemy Property took over ownership which was previously owned by German interests, giving

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7332-408: The company continuing with open-pit excavation. Detailed plans for the facilities was issued to the ministry on 16 May 1947. The main change of operations was introduction of pelletizing . A public inquiry of the possibilities was carried out through 1947 and concluded that the company would need NOK 124 million in capital, including NOK 22 million to cover running costs. The company

7473-412: The company decided to build a pelleting plant in Kirkenes, with the first step being demolishing the old storehouses. The change came after a 45-percent drop in the price of slimes. Financing of the investment was made through issuing fifty percent more shares for a value of NOK 11.25 million. The equipment from the pelleting plant was delivered by Krupp and Allis-Chalmers and facility included

7614-449: The company filed for bankruptcy, but the company was allowed to continue with production using 200 staff. The company was refinanced and left bankruptcy protection on 17 August 1927. At the same time a new agreement with the state was signed, which insured that only Norwegian citizens were permitted to work for the company, and that the mining rights would escheat to the state after 99 years. The new shareholders issued NOK 700,000 for

7755-581: The company had five employees and started work on transforming into an investment company with focus on eastern Finnmark. At the time of the closure of the mine, the Government of Norway owned 87% of the company. In December 1999 it sold its ownership to Varanger Kraft (who owned 63%) and the Sør-Varanger Municipality (37%). In 1999 Arctic Bulk Minerals bought the production equipment and wanted to attempt new mining activities in

7896-433: The company needed NOK 5 billion in state grants to keep running, before being shut down in 1996. After returning to operations between 2009 and 2015, it was expected that mining activities would resume in 2022, two years after the company and property were purchased by Tacora resources. On May 6, 2024, it was announced that Grangex had completed the acquisition of Sydvaranger Mining AS. The iron ore at Bjørnevatn

8037-470: The company shifted its IT systems to a terminal which communicated with a data center in Oslo. The company had 1547 employees in 1975. Lindbo quit in 1976 and was replaced by Ingvald Ohm. He quit the following year and was replaced by Robert Hermansen . Construction of Melkefoss Power Station was started by Sameiet Skogfoss Kraftverk 1976 and completed two years later. Along with Statskog , the municipality and

8178-466: The contact between the hull of the vessel and the surrounding ice. As ice pressures vary between different regions of the hull, the most reinforced areas in the hull of an icegoing vessel are the bow, which experiences the highest ice loads, and around the waterline, with additional strengthening both above and below the waterline to form a continuous ice belt around the ship. Short and stubby icebreakers are generally built using transverse framing in which

8319-492: The contract was signed on 9 March 1905. Anker's principal assistant, Engineer Henrik Lund, arrived at Kirkenes in 1903 and started designing the plant. He was assisted by Hans Johan Bernhard Hansen from 1905. They decided that the port should be located at Kirkenes and that a railway would have to be built between the mine and the port. By 1905 then Anker had negotiated an investment agreement with Nils Persson of Sweden, who took over Anker's rights immediately after Anker had signed

8460-616: The contract. The company was established on 12 January 1906 with A. P. Pehrson appointed the company's first managing director. The share capital was set to 5 million Norwegian krone (NOK) and the majority shareholder was Metallurgiska. The first task was to mine a trial 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons), which were shipped to Luleå for analysis. Inge Thoresen Wiull was hired as chief engineer in September 1906. He initially started working on housing in Kirkenes, which by 1908 had reached 31 houses for workers, each with four apartments, and six white-collar houses. From November 1906 Wiull

8601-422: The creation of the first polar icebreaker, which was able to run over and crush pack ice . The ship displaced 5,000 tons, and her steam- reciprocating engines delivered 10,000 horsepower (7,500 kW). The ship was decommissioned in 1963 and scrapped in 1964, making her one of the longest serving icebreakers in the world. In Canada, the government needed to provide a way to prevent flooding due to ice jam on

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8742-628: The diesel-electric powertrain is the preferred choice for icebreakers due to the good low-speed torque characteristics of the electric propulsion motors, icebreakers have also been built with diesel engines mechanically coupled to reduction gearboxes and controllable pitch propellers . The mechanical powertrain has several advantages over diesel-electric propulsion systems, such as lower weight and better fuel efficiency. However, diesel engines are sensitive to sudden changes in propeller revolutions, and to counter this mechanical powertrains are usually fitted with large flywheels or hydrodynamic couplings to absorb

8883-407: The direction of rotation quickly. During the steam era, the most powerful pre-war steam-powered icebreakers had a propulsion power of about 10,000 shaft horsepower (7,500 kW). The world's first diesel-electric icebreaker was the 4,330-ton Swedish icebreaker Ymer in 1933. At 9,000 hp (6,700 kW) divided between two propellers in the stern and one propeller in the bow, she remained

9024-572: The end of the Age of Sail also featured the egg-shaped form like that of Pomor boats, for example the Fram , used by Fridtjof Nansen and other great Norwegian Polar explorers . Fram was the wooden ship to have sailed farthest north (85°57'N) and farthest south (78°41'S), and one of the strongest wooden ships ever built. An early ship designed to operate in icy conditions was a 51-metre (167 ft) wooden paddle steamer , City Ice Boat No. 1 , that

9165-619: The first North American surface vessels to reach the North Pole. The vessel was originally scheduled to be decommissioned in 2000; however, a refit extended the decommissioning date to 2017. It is now planned to be kept in service through the 2020s pending the introduction of two new polar icebreakers, CCGS  Arpatuuq and CCGS  Imnaryuaq , for the Coast Guard. Russia currently operates all existing and functioning nuclear-powered icebreakers. The first one, NS Lenin ,

9306-511: The fixed pitch propellers. The first diesel-electric icebreakers were built with direct current (DC) generators and propulsion motors, but over the years the technology advanced first to alternating current (AC) generators and finally to frequency-controlled AC-AC systems. In modern diesel-electric icebreakers, the propulsion system is built according to the power plant principle in which the main generators supply electricity for all onboard consumers and no auxiliary engines are needed. Although

9447-411: The following year the surplus of export products was down to the pre-war levels and the company had 896 employees. The company also started a policy to lend money to employees to allow them to build their own houses. Sydvaranger entered negotiations with their creditors on 5 August 1925. It was found that the company was well-run, but that the poor results were due to the market conditions. On 13 November

9588-403: The formerly Soviet and later Russian icebreakers Ermak , Admiral Makarov and Krasin which have nine twelve-cylinder diesel generators producing electricity for three propulsion motors with a combined output of 26,500 kW (35,500 hp). In the late 2020s, they will be surpassed by the new Canadian polar icebreakers CCGS  Arpatuuq and CCGS  Imnaryuaq , which will have

9729-503: The gas turbines have a continuous combined rating of 45,000 kW (60,000 hp). The number, type and location of the propellers depends on the power, draft and intended purpose of the vessel. Smaller icebreakers and icebreaking special purpose ships may be able to do with just one propeller while large polar icebreakers typically need up to three large propellers to absorb all power and deliver enough thrust. Some shallow draught river icebreakers have been built with four propellers in

9870-429: The heavy weight of the ship pushed down on the ice breaking it. They were used in conjunction with teams of men with axes and saws and the technology behind them didn't change much until the industrial revolution. Ice-strengthened ships were used in the earliest days of polar exploration. These were originally wooden and based on existing designs, but reinforced, particularly around the waterline with double planking to

10011-412: The hull and strengthening cross members inside the ship. Bands of iron were wrapped around the outside. Sometimes metal sheeting was placed at the bows, at the stern, and along the keel. Such strengthening was designed to help the ship push through ice and also to protect the ship in case it was "nipped" by the ice. Nipping occurs when ice floes around a ship are pushed against the ship, trapping it as if in

10152-416: The hull and the ice, and allowed the icebreakers to penetrate thick ice ridges without ramming. However, the bow propellers are not suitable for polar icebreakers operating in the presence of harder multi-year ice and thus have not been used in the Arctic. Azimuth thrusters remove the need of traditional propellers and rudders by having the propellers in steerable gondolas that can rotate 360 degrees around

10293-423: The ice and break it under the weight of the ship. In reality, this only happens in very thick ice where the icebreaker will proceed at walking pace or may even have to repeatedly back down several ship lengths and ram the ice pack at full power. More commonly the ice, which has a relatively low flexural strength , is easily broken and submerged under the hull without a noticeable change in the icebreaker's trim while

10434-717: The ice. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Viking expansion reached the North Atlantic , and eventually Greenland and Svalbard in the Arctic. Vikings , however, operated their ships in the waters that were ice-free for most of the year, in the conditions of the Medieval Warm Period . In the 11th century, in North Russia the coasts of the White Sea , named so for being ice-covered for over half of

10575-455: The icebreaker can also tow the weakest ships. Some icebreakers are also used to support scientific research in the Arctic and Antarctic. In addition to icebreaking capability, the ships need to have reasonably good open-water characteristics for transit to and from the polar regions, facilities and accommodation for the scientific personnel, and cargo capacity for supplying research stations on

10716-539: The investment costs were NOK 44 million. Construction started in 1962 and was completed two years later. The power station had a power output of 240 gigawatt-hours per year, half of which was at the disposal of Sydvaranger. Sydvaranger was free to sell surplus power to the grid. At the same time the mining company sold its power grid in Kirkenes to Varanger Kraftlag. Since 1956 the company had been working on plans to switch to sub-surface shaft mining . By 1964 new technology meant that it would be possible to continue

10857-635: The iron ore with an electromagnetic separator, resulting in iron concentrates, which were then used to produce pig iron and steel. In 1903, Persson, together with the engineer Alfred Hasselbom, discovered and acquired the rights to the ore deposits in Salangen Municipality in Troms county. In 1906, Persson sold his rights in Salangen to two German companies. In 1907, the company Salangen Mining Limited ( Salangen Bergverksaktiebolag ) started up

10998-576: The level of ice strengthening in the ship's hull. It is usually determined by the maximum ice thickness where the ship is expected to operate and other requirements such as possible limitations on ramming. While the ice class is generally an indication of the level of ice strengthening, not the actual icebreaking capability of an icebreaker, some classification societies such as the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping have operational capability requirements for certain ice classes. Since

11139-573: The mine was performed using trackless machinery. Production resumed in 1953. Malmfrakt signed a cooperation with Fearnley og Eger's Befragtningsforretning regarding a joint venture , named IS Varangskip . This resulted in the 7,880 tonne MS Varangmalm being delivered in 1939 and followed up with the 5,500 tonne SS Varangberg . Two G12 diesel-electric locomotives were delivered by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in 1954 and 1956. In addition, new hopper wagons were built by Skabo. In 1956 Sydvaranger exported 1.1 million tonnes of ore which

11280-432: The mine, but the attempt failed and the assets were returned to Sydvaranger to pay for the debt. In 2006 the company was sold to Northern Iron Ltd, that reopened the mine in 2009. External investors invested 2,400 million Norwegian krone (NOK) for the costs of this. In 2015 the mining company went bankrupt as a result of low iron ore prices. In April 2016 the mine and its equipment was sold for 78 million krone to

11421-555: The mine, the crusher moved in 1971. There were many years of little precipitation in the Lake Inari area, causing reduced power production in the Pasvik River. The company therefore decided to reopen the thermal power plant and start importing electricity from the Soviet Union. The same year a 7,000 square meters (75,000 sq ft) roof was built over the pellets facilities, as snow had been hindering optimal operation, and

11562-409: The mine. Construction of a railway electrification system started in 1910; because an overhead wire could interfere with the cranes, third-rail conduction was chosen. The electric components were delivered by Siemens-Schukert and were taken into use in 1912. The company took delivery of two electric locomotives . Vulkan and four German construction companies issued tenders for construction of

11703-440: The mining sites. Both stations were completed in 1908, the same year as the laying of tracks started. The first steam locomotive , built at Hamar Jernstøperi , was delivered during the fall of 1908. For the tracks in the mine, a shunter was needed and the company bought a fireless locomotive . Tracks were laid through the open-pit mine, with the length varying. For instance, in 1910 there were 5 kilometers (3 mi) of tracks in

11844-412: The more spread-out hull loads. While the shell plating, which is in direct contact with the ice, can be up to 50 millimetres (2.0 in) thick in older polar icebreakers, the use of high strength steel with yield strength up to 500 MPa (73,000 psi) in modern icebreakers results in the same structural strength with smaller material thicknesses and lower steel weight. Regardless of the strength,

11985-588: The most powerful Swedish icebreaker until the commissioning of Oden in 1957. Ymer was followed by the Finnish Sisu , the first diesel-electric icebreaker in Finland, in 1939. Both vessels were decommissioned in the 1970s and replaced by much larger icebreakers in both countries, the 1976-built Sisu in Finland and the 1977-built Ymer in Sweden. In 1941, the United States started building

12126-528: The movable mining equipment was sold at an auction in August 1997. Between 1976 and 1996, the Government of Norway subsidized Sydvaranger with about NOK 5 billion, and owned 88 percent of the company at the time of the mines shutting down. From the closing to 1999, the company paid out more than NOK 100 million in dividend to the shareholders and was the company during that period to have

12267-405: The nation's presence in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. As the icecaps in the Arctic continue to melt, there are more passageways being discovered. These possible navigation routes cause an increase of interests in the polar hemispheres from nations worldwide. The United States polar icebreakers must continue to support scientific research in the expanding Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Every year,

12408-489: The necessary quality for concrete in the immediate area, so an aerial tramway was constructed from Bjørnevatn to Sandneselva . Vulkan also built workshops and installed transformers. The company took delivery of a gyratory crusher in December 1909, which was also installed by Vulkan. The main axle broke during the trials, but it was repaired in time for the opening on 1 October 1910. Sydvaranger initially applied to build

12549-415: The plant going until July 1982, when it filed for bankruptcy. Sydvaranger had guaranteed for NOK 45 million of the loans; this and the bill for the natural gas was covered by the state. The head office was moved from Oslo to Kirkenes in 1982 and Ottar Brekke was hired as managing director from 18 February. He was replaced by Knut H. Hübert two years later. Faults with the exporting facilities caused

12690-429: The power company, Sydvaranger established a workshop company at Pasvik . However, this increased transport costs and Sydvaranger would later walk away from the partnership. From the mid-1970s until 1970, Sydvaranger did not produce sufficient slimes themselves and had to import this. Falling ore prices caused the company's first post-war deficit in 1976, of NOK 214.7 million. In wait for better times, production

12831-528: The protected object. In the past, such operations were carried out primarily in North America, but today Arctic offshore drilling and oil production is also going on in various parts of the Russian Arctic. The United States Coast Guard uses icebreakers to help conduct search and rescue missions in the icy, polar oceans. United States icebreakers serve to defend economic interests and maintain

12972-622: The same area where the Røstvangen Mines had been established in 1904. From 1875 to 1903, Persson served as the vice-consul for the Netherlands. From 1894 to 1911 he was the German consul in Helsingborg. Persson died in Helsingborg. Icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice -covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although

13113-509: The second-highest increase in share value increase on the Oslo Stock Exchange . Negotiations were started with Australian Bulk Minerals (ABM) for a leasing of the mine, the railway and other facilities. An agreement was signed in 1997, with the takeover date set to 31 December 1998. ABM had not secured financing by then, and new negotiations started in 1999, but the deal was laid dead in 2000. Sydvaranger also started negotiating

13254-459: The separation and briquette plants; as Vulkan offered the second-cheapest bid it was selected. Installations started in July 1909, but work progressed slowly, in part because of the slow progress of the foundation work. This was partially accelerated with workforce from Christiania (Oslo), but they were again hindered because local lumber could not be used for the scaffolding . There was not sand of

13395-399: The shell plating is stiffened with frames placed about 400 to 1,000 millimetres (1 to 3 ft) apart as opposed to longitudinal framing used in longer ships. Near the waterline, the frames running in vertical direction distribute the locally concentrated ice loads on the shell plating to longitudinal girders called stringers, which in turn are supported by web frames and bulkheads that carry

13536-489: The ship was launched in 1993 as NS Ural . This icebreaker is intended to be the sixth and last of the Arktika class. Today, most icebreakers are needed to keep trade routes open where there are either seasonal or permanent ice conditions. While the merchant vessels calling ports in these regions are strengthened for navigation in ice , they are usually not powerful enough to manage the ice by themselves. For this reason, in

13677-511: The shore. Countries such as Argentina and South Africa , which do not require icebreakers in domestic waters, have research icebreakers for carrying out studies in the polar regions. As offshore drilling moves to the Arctic seas, icebreaking vessels are needed to supply cargo and equipment to the drilling sites and protect the drillships and oil platforms from ice by performing ice management, which includes for example breaking drifting ice into smaller floes and steering icebergs away from

13818-465: The silos to fill in late 1982; by January 1983, 800 employees had been laid off. Work on removing gangue started at Bjørnefjell the following year, and mining of the ore there was completed within two years. In 1985 the majority of the board supported gangue removal at Østmalmen, but was met with a dissent of the minority. While the operations were necessary for long-term operations at the mine, it would require state subsidies. State Secretary Kjell Hansen

13959-455: The so-called h - v -curve to determine the icebreaking capability of the vessel. It shows the speed ( v ) that the ship is able to achieve as a function of ice thickness ( h ). This is done by calculating the velocity at which the thrust from the propellers equals the combined hydrodynamic and ice resistance of the vessel. An alternative means to determine the icebreaking capability of a vessel in different ice conditions such as pressure ridges

14100-427: The sole owner of Malmfart and issued new share capital of NOK 4.75 million to purchase a new, 7,200-tonne ship, co-owned with Fearnley og Eger's. Both Varangmalm and Varangberg were sold in 1960, after the former had run aground. Torgersrud retired as chief of operations in 1960 and was replaced by Hans Lund Andersen. In 1960 the company exported 904,000 tonnes worth NOK 60.8 million and generated

14241-414: The state a 43.6 percent ownership of Sydvaranger. By the end of 1945, 390 people were employed in the company. Payments from the war insurance were terminated in October 1946, after payments of NOK 4.3 million, as only companies entirely owned and managed by Norwegian citizens could receive compensation. As an interim solution, the financing was secured through a loan of NOK 10 million from

14382-425: The steel used in the hull structures of an icebreaker must be capable of resisting brittle fracture in low ambient temperatures and high loading conditions, both of which are typical for operations in ice-filled waters. If built according to the rules set by a classification society such as American Bureau of Shipping , Det Norske Veritas or Lloyd's Register , icebreakers may be assigned an ice class based on

14523-474: The stern. Nozzles may be used to increase the thrust at lower speeds, but they may become clogged by ice. Until the 1980s, icebreakers operating regularly in ridged ice fields in the Baltic Sea were fitted with first one and later two bow propellers to create a powerful flush along the hull of the vessel. This considerably increased the icebreaking capability of the vessels by reducing the friction between

14664-493: The subsidiary Tårnelven Kraftselskap was given concession to build a power station in Tårnelven on 15 July 1919. This was based on moving the flow of Kobbholmvassdraget and Karpelven to Tårnelven to power a common station, but this proved impossible to accomplish. Instead the lakes of Viksjøen, Djupvann and Storvand were regulated and a common power station built at sea level. A 19.3-kilometer (12.0 mi) long transmission line

14805-523: The summer navigation season by several weeks. Inspired by the success of Pilot , Mikhail Britnev built a second similar vessel Boy ("Breakage" in Russian) in 1875 and a third Booy ("Buoy" in Russian) in 1889. The cold winter of 1870–1871 caused the Elbe River and the port of Hamburg to freeze over, causing a prolonged halt to navigation and huge commercial losses. Carl Ferdinand Steinhaus reused

14946-607: The surface mining to lower levels, although trials with shaft mining received the go-ahead. A trial shaft was completed to −65 meters (−213 ft) by 1965 and to −242 meters (−794 ft) two years later. No sub-surface revenue mining has ever taken place. Eight new 65-tonne ore trucks from Haulpack were delivered in April 1965, along with two dragline excavators and five bores, costing a total of NOK 38 million. The company continued to purchase more and larger trucks, including eighteen 100-tonne trucks from Lectra Haul between 1968 and 1973, and nine 150-tonne trucks. In 1966

15087-538: The term usually refers to ice-breaking ships , it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the icebreaking boats that were once used on the canals of the United Kingdom . For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened hull , an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice . Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or pack ice . The bending strength of sea ice

15228-490: The torque variations resulting from propeller-ice interaction. The 1969-built Canadian polar icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent was one of the few icebreakers fitted with steam boilers and turbogenerators that produced power for three electric propulsion motors. It was later refitted with five diesel engines, which provide better fuel economy than steam turbines. Later Canadian icebreakers were built with diesel-electric powertrain. Two Polar-class icebreakers operated by

15369-428: The trade unions' influence in an attempt to reduce strikes. However, the move resulted in trade unions striking between 12 May 1928 and 13 April 1929, without them succeeding in reducing the output. The conflict resulting in intra-worker conflicts between the strikers and non-unionized. In 1928 Sydvaranger exported 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) and Tårnelven Kraftaksjeselskap started construction of

15510-406: The vessel moves forward at a relatively high and constant speed. When an icebreaker is designed, one of the main goals is to minimize the forces resulting from crushing and breaking the ice, and submerging the broken floes under the vessel. The average value of the longitudinal components of these instantaneous forces is called the ship's ice resistance. Naval architects who design icebreakers use

15651-490: The vessel. The external components of the ship's propulsion system ( propellers , propeller shafts , etc.) are at greater risk of damage than the vessel's hull, so the ability of an icebreaker to propel itself onto the ice, break it, and clear the debris from its path successfully is essential for its safety. Prior to ocean-going ships, ice breaking technology was developed on inland canals and rivers using laborers with axes and hooks. The first recorded primitive icebreaker ship

15792-579: The war, so a new icebreaker was delivered in 1947, MS Varangis . All heavy transport during the reconstruction was done using railway, and tracks were laid throughout the mining facility. The contracts to build new facilities was awarded to Trondhjem Cementstøberi og Entreprenørforretning. Mining equipment was delivered in 1949 and procured through the Marshall Plan . By 1950 there were 700 employees, in addition to 150 construction workers working for subcontractors. From operations started, transport within

15933-431: The workforce. Only a single project materialized from this. The real estate division was sold to A/S Anlegg in 1994, and the following year the workshops were sold to Steinsvik Maskinindustri. The latter went bankrupt in 2004. By 1994 Sydvaranger had 140 employees, and by 1995 it had 25. Ragnar Østby was hired as new managing director from 1995. The company also changed its legal name from A/S Sydvaranger to Sydvaranger ASA,

16074-493: Was scorched , causing extensive damage to the mining company's infrastructure. Most of the facilities were bombed, and what was not bombed was burnt or blasted. A notable exception was the two power stations, which the Germans did not have time to scorch. Sydvaranger was hindered from starting its reconstruction until the damages had been priced, which was completed in September 1945. Sydvaranger's board initially recommended that

16215-590: Was a barge used by the Belgian town of Bruges in 1383 to help clear the town moat. The efforts of the ice-breaking barge were successful enough to warrant the town purchasing four such ships. Ice breaking barges continued to see use during the colder winters of the Little Ice Age with growing use in the Low Country where significant amounts of trade and transport of people and goods took place. In

16356-460: Was a recruitment stop. From 1981 the company received a NOK 50-million subsidy over the state budget, which increased to the double from the next year. In the mid-1970s, Sydvaranger started planning using natural gas to produce pellets through direct reduction . Originally Karmøy was envisioned as a proper site, but it was eventually decided that there would not be built a pipeline there. Korf Stahl took contact with Sydvaranger and proposed

16497-473: Was able to return to Kirkenes. Wiull was hired as director of operations in 1910, and the following year Fr. H. Behrens was appointed managing director. Good market conditions resulted in the company deciding in 1911 to increase the facilities capacity to 500,000 tonnes (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) per year, costing NOK 3 million. This involved installing a new crusher, ordering two new locomotives and three new steam shovels and an expansion of

16638-474: Was also responsible for constructing the railway and the port, based on his experience from managing the construction of the Valdres Line . Investments were in 1907 estimated to NOK 12 million, of which NOK 4.3 was for transport investments, NOK 4.5 million for the separation and briquetting plants, and NOK 1.5 million for investments in the mine. Capital was borrowed from

16779-506: Was built for the city of Philadelphia by Vandusen & Birelyn in 1837. The ship was powered by two 250- horsepower (190 kW) steam engines and her wooden paddles were reinforced with iron coverings. With a rounded shape and strong metal hull, the Russian Pilot of 1864 was an important predecessor of modern icebreakers with propellers. The ship was built on the orders of merchant and shipbuilder Mikhail Britnev . She had

16920-426: Was built to Bjørnevatn. This allowed the mainline railway between Kirkenes and Bjørnevatn to be electrified in 1920. By 1919 the company was still not back in production. SS Sydvaranger and several locomotives were sold to raise capital, and the share capital was depreciated by fifty percent to NOK 11.5 million, new shares were sold for this amount and bonds were issued for NOK 10 million. This

17061-436: Was closed in 1986. There were proposals to start a coke plant, but these were abandoned and the plant demolished in 1988. Between 1986 and 1990, Sydvaranger halved its output of ore and reduced its workforce from 900 to 600. To help create new jobs, Sydvaranger joined with Valmet to create Kirkenes Mekaniske Verksted. The new company was largely established with state grants and the entirety of Sydvaranger's electrical division

17202-452: Was completed at Lauzon, Quebec. A considerably bigger and more powerful ship than Labrador , John A.Macdonald was an ocean-going icebreaker able to meet the most rigorous polar conditions. Her diesel-electric machinery of 15,000 horsepower (11,000 kW) was arranged in three units transmitting power equally to each of three shafts. Canada's largest and most powerful icebreaker, the 120-metre (390 ft) CCGS  Louis S. St-Laurent ,

17343-502: Was continued and the pellets stored for later export. The company invested in a HP 3000 minicomputer in 1977 and the following year transferred its public utility services to the municipality. The company transferred its residential real estate to a housing cooperative . A mining strike in Canada caused increased demand and part of the surplus was sold in 1978. Lay-offs were avoided, but some employees took out early retirement and there

17484-412: Was delayed several times, including changing the technology and replacing the new oven which cracked. It was completed by 1994 and cost NOK 43.6 million. The company also started pigment production from October 1995. Sydvaranger was restructured in 1992, with the company focusing on four production divisions: ore production, Sydvaranger Service, trade with Russia, and shipping. They were act as

17625-471: Was delivered in 1969. Her original three steam turbine, nine generator, and three electric motor system produces 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW). A multi-year mid-life refit project (1987–1993) saw the ship get a new bow, and a new propulsion system. The new power plant consists of five diesels, three generators, and three electric motors, giving about the same propulsion power. On 22 August 1994 Louis S. St-Laurent and USCGC  Polar Sea became

17766-423: Was delivered the following year, replacing the old icebreaker. The separate company for operating the icebreakers as liquidated in 1964. The docks were expanded several times, allowing 17,000-tonne ships from 1959, 27,000-tonne ships from 1963 and 37,000-tonne ships from 1966. Norway and the Soviet Union came to an agreement in 1957 regarding building hydroelectric power stations along Pasvikelva , which ran along

17907-506: Was difficult to sell ore, the workforce was instead put to preparatory work, such as preparing new areas for mining, emptying one pit of water and lowering the water level in Bjørnevatnet by three meters (10 ft). In addition the company built up a surplus of ore. Henrik Lund took a study trip to the United States in 1916, where he visited more than twenty cities and brought a series of innovations with him back. Wiull quit in 1917 and

18048-401: Was exported to eight countries, including two Norwegian companies. This gave a revenue of NOK 90.3 million. A new loading facility opened at Bjørnevatn in 1957. To access new areas of the mine, a 2,685 meters (8,809 ft) tunnel was built from the deepest point of Bjørnevatnet, allowing it to be drained. Construction took four years and was completed in 1957. By 1960 Sydvaranger was

18189-399: Was later reduced to an export capacity of 330,000 tonnes (320,000 long tons; 360,000 short tons). Pehrson resigned from 1 July 1908 and was replaced by Carl Lundh. To ensure all-year access to the port, the company ordered the 250-kilowatt (350 hp) icebreaker SS Sydvaranger , which was delivered in 1907 and operated by the subsidiary Dampskib Aktieselskabet Pasvik. The subsidiary ordered

18330-581: Was launched in 1957 and entered operation in 1959, before being officially decommissioned in 1989. It was both the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship and the first nuclear-powered civilian vessel . The second Soviet nuclear icebreaker was NS Arktika , the lead ship of the Arktika class . In service since 1975, she was the first surface ship to reach the North Pole , on August 17, 1977. Several nuclear-powered icebreakers were also built outside

18471-406: Was not sufficient to save the company's finances, and after negotiations with the creditors, Sydvaranger amortized its shares to NOK 3.45 million and sold new shares worth NOK 21.55 million. The company introduced a new production method using sintering , but returned to briquettes from 1926. The company was struck by a major strike in 1921, which stopped part of the production. By

18612-463: Was only able to raise NOK 34.5 million, including the war insurance. The committee proposed that the investments be financed through the state buying new shares for NOK 10 million and issuing NOK 80 million in loans. Their calculations showed an annual deficit of NOK 3.6 million, but the committee regarded it of vital importance for the local community that production be taken up. Sydvaranger's management agreed with

18753-593: Was opposed to the proposal and on 30 April 1985 Parliament cut the subsidies, hindering additional gangue breaking. This caused Hübert to resign and he was replaced by Oddmund Husum. Parliament's decision caused a strike and all production was halted on 2 May. It was found illegal by the Industrial Disputes Court on 14 May, but continued until 5 June. A used T45 locomotive was delivered in 1984. Mining took place at Jerntoppen from 1986 to 1993 and at Østmalmen from 1989 to 1996. The older pellets plant

18894-510: Was originally discovered by assistant director of the Geological Survey of Norway , Tellef Dahll , in 1868. It was at the time not commercially viable to mine. With the development of magnetic separation , merchant Christian Anker from Halden started acquiring deeds for the area. In 1903 he contacted the government and started negotiating an agreement to start operations. After several rounds of proposals he received permission and

19035-452: Was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice portage . If a koch became squeezed by the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the water-line would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage. In the 19th century, similar protective measures were adopted to modern steam-powered icebreakers. Some notable sailing ships in

19176-456: Was replaced by Johan Knudtzen. In the aftermath of World War I , Norway was not permitted to export more than 133,624 tonnes (131,514 long tons; 147,295 short tons) of iron ore to Germany per year, of which Sydvaranger was issued a quota of 65,000. None of the Allies were interested in importing from Sydvaranger. The rise of coal prices caused the company to again look into hydroelectricity, and

19317-500: Was secured through issuing new shares worth NOK 3 million. Investments included a new steam shovel, three steam cranes, three locomotives, a new briquetting plant; the work was completed in 1913. In 1913 the company had 1,150 employees. With the break-out of World War I all of Sydvarangers sales and shipping contracts were annulled for the duration of the conflict. In July 1914 the company started securing sufficient spare parts and increasing its purchases of coal and food. As it

19458-537: Was the first person to be killed in a working accident. The closest hospital was in Vadsø , but this raised the need for a hospital in Kirkenes. As there already were three public hospitals in Finnmark, the company was required to build a private hospital for its workers—non-employees had to travel to Vadsø or Vardø . Construction of the railway was given high priority to as early as possible aid in transport of workers to

19599-593: Was the first time trucks were used for transport. The company exported 900,000 tonnes (890,000 long tons; 990,000 short tons) in 1938. From 1939 production was more difficult and was periodically stopped. However, an agreement was signed on 11 July 1939 to establish Harefossen Kraftselskap which would build a power station at Harefossen in Passvikelva. After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany , mining continued under German administration until January 1942. As part of Operation Nordlicht in October 1944, Kirkenes

19740-563: Was transferred. Sydvaranger shifted part of its production to "Superslimes" with magnetite concentration of between 95 and 98 percent. Production reached 68,000 tonnes in 1990. Husaas retired in 1989 and was replaced by Øystein Berntsen. A new MaK G 1203 BB locomotive was delivered in 1990, as the T45 had proved no more reliable than the G12s. Construction of a ferrite plant started in 1991, but

19881-439: Was transported on 13 July 1910. The first shipload of ore was 2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) sent in October 1910 with SS Bengal . The ship sank with no survivors. The cause was probably that the forty-year-old ship had insufficient bulkheads . The second ship, SS Svend , sank off Valdersund . The third vessel, SS Aguilla , was loaded with 3,100 tonnes (3,100 long tons; 3,400 short tons), suffered heeling , but

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