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19-652: The word is also used more generally for an abstract or programme of knowledge, and is best known in this sense as referring to two catalogues published by the Catholic Church in 1864 and 1907 condemning certain doctrinal positions. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word syllabus derives from modern Latin syllabus 'list', in turn from a misreading of the Greek σίττυβος sittybos (the leather parchment label that gave

38-420: A course, as well as inform them about what will happen should they fail to meet course expectations". They promote using action verbs (identify, analyze, evaluate) as opposed to passive verbs (learn, recognize, understand) when creating course goals. Habanek stresses the importance of the syllabus as a "vehicle for expressing accountability and commitment." Syllabus of Errors The Syllabus of Errors

57-432: A model of professional thinking and writing". They also believe effective learning requires a complex interaction of skills, such as time management, prioritization of tasks, technology use, etc., and that a syllabus can promote the development of these skills. In 2005, Slattery & Carlson describe the syllabus as a "contract between faculty members and their students , designed to answer student's questions about

76-624: A number of previous documents that had been written during Pius's papacy. These include: Qui pluribus , Maxima quidem , Singulari quadam , Tuas libenter , Multiplices inter , Quanto conficiamur , Noscitis , Nostis et nobiscum , Meminit unusquisque , Ad Apostolicae , Nunquam fore , Incredibili , Acerbissimum , Singularis nobisque , Multis gravibusque , Quibus quantisque , Quibus luctuosissimis , In consistoriali , Cum non sine , Cum saepe , Quanto conficiamur , Jamdudum cernimus , Novos et ante , Quibusque vestrum and Cum catholica . In 1874,

95-435: Is explained as a hypercorrection by analogy to συλλαμβάνω ( syllambano 'bring together, gather'). Chambers Dictionary agrees that it derives from the Greek for a book label, but claims that the original Greek was a feminine noun, sittybā , σίττυβα , borrowed by Latin, the misreading coming from an accusative plural Latin sittybas . In a 2002 study, Parks and Harris suggest "a syllabus can serve students as

114-523: Is the name given to a document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864, as an appendix to his encyclical letter Quanta cura . It condemns a total of 80 propositions that the Pope considered to be errors or heresies . The Syllabus was intended to be a rebuttal of liberalism , modernism , moral relativism , secularization , and the political emancipation of Europe from

133-457: The Syllabus was widely misinterpreted by readers who did not have access to, or did not bother to check, the original documents of which it was a summary. The propositions listed had been condemned as erroneous opinions in the sense and context in which they originally occurred ; without the original context, the document appeared to condemn a larger range of ideas than it actually did. Thus, it

152-601: The British Leader of the Opposition William Gladstone published a tract entitled The Vatican Decrees in their bearing on Civil Allegiance: A Political Expostulation , in which he said that after the Syllabus no one can now become [Rome's] convert without renouncing his moral and mental freedom, and placing his civil loyalty and duty at the mercy of another. Catholic apologists such as Félix Dupanloup and John Henry Newman said that

171-580: The Church". In 1907, Lamentabili sane exitu was promulgated, a "Syllabus condemning the errors of the Modernists", being a list of errors made by Progressive scholars of biblical criticism . Quibus quantisque Quibus quantisque malis was a papal allocution of Pius IX addressed to the Consistory of Cardinals on April 20, 1849, discussing the recent political atmosphere. Pius IX

190-528: The English Catholic historian E. E. Y. Hales explained, concerning item #77: "[T]he Pope is not concerned with a universal principle, but with the position in a particular state at a particular date. He is expressing his 'wonder and distress' (no more) that in a Catholic country (Spain) it should be proposed to disestablish the Church and to place any and every religion upon a precisely equal footing. [...] Disestablishment and toleration were far from

209-638: The Syllabus, Pius expresses further thoughts in the same vein. The Pope particularly condemned the recent rise of Spanish-style liberalism and anti-clericalism in South America , which shares the same tradition of hostility to granting religious toleration and allowing Classical Christian education rooted in the Trivium with mainstream Republicanism in France , for unleashing "a ferocious war on

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228-471: The like,) to which the Syllabus pointedly refers. Moreover, when we turn to those documents, which are authoritative, we find the Syllabus cannot even be called an echo of the Apostolic Voice; for, in matters in which wording is so important, it is not an exact transcript of the words of the Pope, in its account of the errors condemned, just as would be natural in what is an index for reference. As

247-631: The normal practice of the day, whether in Protestant or in Catholic states." Newman points out that this item refers to the 26 July 1855 allocution Nemo vestrum . At this time, Spain had been in violation of its Concordat of 1851 with the Holy See (implemented 1855). In the 21 November 1873 encyclical, Etsi multa ("On the Church in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland"), which is often appended to

266-488: The political prisoners held in the papal jails. Revolutionaries in Rome exploited Pius IX's concessions, and continuously stirred up the populace to exert pressure in order to obtain additional ones. And it escapes no one that many who had been generously given that pardon not only did not change their thoughts at all, as We were hoping, but instead, as they persisted each day more bitterly in their designs and machinations, there

285-498: The title and contents of a document), which first occurred in a 15th-century print of Cicero 's letters to Atticus. Earlier Latin dictionaries such as Lewis and Short contain the word syllabus , relating it to the non-existent Greek word σύλλαβος , which appears to be a mistaken reading of syllaba 'syllable'; the newer Oxford Latin Dictionary does not contain this word. The apparent change from sitty- to sylla-

304-423: The tradition of Catholic monarchies. The Syllabus is made up of phrases and paraphrases from earlier papal documents, along with index references to them, presenting a list of "condemned propositions". The Syllabus does not explain why each particular proposition is wrong, but cites earlier documents considering each subject. The Syllabus is divided into ten sections on the following topics: The Syllabus cites

323-446: Was asserted that no critical response to the Syllabus could be valid, if it did not take into account the cited documents and their context. Newman writes: The Syllabus then has no dogmatic force; it addresses us, not in its separate portions, but as a whole, and is to be received from the Pope by an act of obedience, not of faith, that obedience being shown by having recourse to the original and authoritative documents, (Allocutions and

342-480: Was elected Pope in June 1846, during a time of political agitation which ultimately led to the brief Roman Republic of 1849 . In Quibus quantusque , Pius gives a retrospective analysis of his first three years as Pope. He discusses some of the most important events, his intentions and the maneuvering of certain revolutionary elements who worked to capitalize on them. One of his first acts was to declare an amnesty for all

361-473: Was nothing that they left undone, nothing that they did not dare, nothing that they did not try, to shake and overthrow the civil Principate of the Roman Pontiff and his government, as they had already been planning for a long time, and at the same time, they brought a most bitter war against Our Most Holy Religion. While the discourse does not specifically mention Freemasonry, Hermann Gruber, writing in

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