The Sylvania Awards were given by the television manufacturer Sylvania Electric Products for various categories of television performance, broadcasting, scripts, music and other aspects of production between 1951 and 1959. In their day they rivaled the Emmy Award for prestige. They came to an end after the sponsor was merged into GTE .
132-688: Sylvania Electric Products, a television set manufacturer, gave the annual Sylvania Awards from 1951. The awards were given for advancing creative television techniques. The Sylvania Award was as prestigious as the Emmy Award in the early days of television. It was one of several developed in the 1950s after the Emmy award was founded in 1949. Others included the TV Guide Award and the Look Magazine TV Award . Ed Sullivan gave out
264-581: A low-velocity electron scanning beam , preventing the emission of secondary electrons. Not all the electrons in the scanning beam may be absorbed in the mosaic, because the stored positive charges are proportional to the integrated intensity of the scene light. The remaining electrons are then deflected back into the anode, captured by a special grid , or deflected back into an electron multiplier . Low-velocity scanning beam tubes have several advantages; there are low levels of spurious signals and high efficiency of conversion of light into signal, so that
396-414: A photocathode with an image store (target), a scanner that reads this image (an electron gun ), and a multistage electron multiplier. In the image store, light falls upon the photocathode which is a photosensitive plate at a very negative potential (approx. -600 V), and is converted into an electron image (a principle borrowed from the image dissector). This electron rain is then accelerated towards
528-637: A New York–based company that also makes the Golden Globe Awards . As its trademark owners, the ATAS and the NATAS hold firm rules on the use of the "Emmy" image as well as its name. For example, the Emmy statuette must always appear facing left. Any copyright notice for the statue should read "ATAS/NATAS", listing both academies. Academy members must also obtain permission to use the statue image or name for promotional uses even though they are winners of
660-458: A UV-variant Vidicon was also used by NASA for UV duties. Vidicon tubes were popular in 1970s and 1980s, after which they were rendered obsolete by solid-state image sensors , with the charge-coupled device (CCD) and then the CMOS sensor . All vidicon and similar tubes are prone to image lag, better known as ghosting, smearing, burn-in, comet tails, luma trails and luminance blooming. Image lag
792-399: A break-through in the development of electronic imaging devices. He named the new phenomenon as charge-storage principle. (further information: Charge-storage principle ) The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or camera tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1925. His solution
924-661: A ceremony in the Grand Ballroom of the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan attended by about 400 guests including performers and representatives of networks, TV stations and production companies. Comedian Orson Bean was the master of ceremonies. The awards were presented by Don G. Mitchell, chairman and president of Sylvania Electric Products. In 1959 Sylvania Electric Products merged with General Telephone to form General Telephone and Electronics ( GTE ). The awards for 1959 were
1056-473: A charge storage plate was shielded by a pair of special grids , a negative (or slightly positive) grid lay very close to the plate, and a positive one was placed further away. The velocity and energy of the electrons in the scanning beam were reduced to zero by the decelerating electric field generated by this pair of grids, and so a low-velocity scanning beam tube was obtained. The EMI team kept working on these devices, and Lubszynski discovered in 1936 that
1188-537: A clear image could be produced if the trajectory of the low-velocity scanning beam was nearly perpendicular (orthogonal) to the charge storage plate in a neighborhood of it. The resulting device was dubbed the cathode potential stabilized Emitron, or CPS Emitron. The industrial production and commercialization of the CPS Emitron had to wait until the end of the Second World War ; it was widely used in
1320-414: A common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the granules. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image, discharging each granule, and producing an electronic signal like in the iconoscope. The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than
1452-529: A contract with RCA where the NDRC paid for its further development. Upon RCA's development of the more sensitive image orthicon tube in 1943, RCA entered into a production contract with the U.S. Navy , the first tubes being delivered in January 1944. RCA began production of image orthicons for civilian use in the second quarter of 1946. While the iconoscope and the intermediate orthicon used capacitance between
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#17327938416021584-487: A dark halo to be seen around the object; this anomaly was referred to as blooming in the broadcast industry when image orthicon tubes were in operation. Image orthicons were used extensively in the early color television cameras such as the RCA TK-40/41 , where the increased sensitivity of the tube was essential to overcome the very inefficient, beam-splitting optical system of the camera. The image orthicon tube
1716-571: A defining factor in the development of color TV cameras. The most widely used camera tubes in TV production were the Plumbicons and the Saticon. Compared to Saticons, Plumbicons have much higher resistance to burn-in, and comet and trailing artifacts from bright lights in the shot. Saticons though, usually have slightly higher resolution. After 1980, and the introduction of the diode-gun Plumbicon tube,
1848-706: A dissector tube employing magnetic fields to keep the electron image in focus , an element lacking in Dieckmann and Hell's design, and in the early dissector tubes built by American inventor Philo Farnsworth . Dieckmann and Hell submitted their application to the German patent office in April 1925, and a patent was issued in October 1927. Their experiments on the image dissector were announced in September 1927 issue of
1980-514: A faculty advisor to verify that it was produced for a school related group, project, or class. Similarly, the National Student Production Awards are presented by the NATAS in recognition of excellence in high school student-produced works. High school students nationwide can submit productions and receive recognition in news, craft and programming categories. The Governors Award is the highest award presented by
2112-401: A high signal-to-noise ratio . They have excellent resolution compared to image orthicons, but lack the artificially sharp edges of IO tubes, which cause some of the viewing audience to perceive them as softer. CBS Labs invented the first outboard edge enhancement circuits to sharpen the edges of Plumbicon generated images. Philips received the 1966 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for
2244-572: A lasting impact on society. The Public Service Award is for public service announcements and programming to "advance the common good". Some advocates of gender equality and non-binary people have criticized the separation of male and female acting categories in the Emmys, Academy Awards, and Tony Awards. Though some commentators worry that gender discrimination would cause men to dominate unsegregated categories, other categories are unsegregated. The Grammy Awards went gender-neutral in 2012, while
2376-643: A letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI , and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with
2508-617: A multi- dynode "electron multiplier" in 1937 made Farnsworth's image dissector the first practical version of a fully electronic imaging device for television. It had very poor light sensitivity, and was therefore primarily useful only where illumination was exceptionally high (typically over 685 cd /m ). However, it was ideal for industrial applications, such as monitoring the bright interior of an industrial furnace. Due to their poor light sensitivity, image dissectors were rarely used in television broadcasting, except to scan film and other transparencies. In April 1933, Farnsworth submitted
2640-483: A multitude of small but discrete light sensitive collectors and an isolated signal plate for reading video information, the image orthicon employed direct charge readings from a continuous electronically charged collector. The resultant signal was immune to most extraneous signal crosstalk from other parts of the target, and could yield extremely detailed images. Image orthicon cameras were still being used by NASA for capturing Apollo/Saturn rockets nearing orbit, although
2772-567: A national or regional level, all recipients are Emmy Award winners. Donn Johnson, president of the Pacific Southwest chapter said in 2018: "The Emmy Award is considered the most prestigious award a television professional can receive". Originally, each Regional Emmy Awards ceremony primarily focused on only honoring individuals in local news programming. The regionals have since been expanded to encompass all locally and state to state-produced shows that receive less than fifty percent of
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#17327938416022904-433: A new Daytime Emmys category for the 2013 ceremony to honor such web-only series. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only streaming television programs in 2013. In December 2021, the ATAS and the NATAS announced a major realignment of the national Emmy Award ceremonies in response to the growth of streaming television programs, blurring the lines in determining which shows fall under Daytime or Primetime. Each of
3036-535: A particular set of Emmy Award ceremonies. The ATAS first awarded Emmys in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide. Over the next two decades, the ATAS, the NATAS, and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other sectors of the TV industry. The Los Angeles–based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS) established
3168-505: A patent application also entitled Image Dissector , but which actually detailed a CRT-type camera tube. This is among the first patents to propose the use of a "low-velocity" scanning beam and RCA had to buy it in order to sell image orthicon tubes to the general public. However, Farnsworth never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube. Dissectors were used only briefly for research in television systems before being replaced by different much more sensitive tubes based on
3300-695: A patent application in November 1931, and it was issued in 1935. Nevertheless, Zworykin's team was not the only engineering group working on devices that used a charge storage plate. In 1932, the EMI engineers Tedham and McGee under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg applied for a patent for a new device they dubbed the "Emitron". A 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace in 1936, and patents were issued in
3432-421: A patent application titled Television System that included a charge storage plate constructed of a thin layer of isolating material (aluminum oxide) sandwiched between a screen (300 mesh) and a colloidal deposit of photoelectric material (potassium hydride) consisting of isolated globules. The following description can be read between lines 1 and 9 in page 2: "The photoelectric material, such as potassium hydride,
3564-439: A program, regardless of whether they are a member of the IATAS. For shows that are co-produced between U.S. and foreign production companies, they may be eligible if they initially aired outside of the U.S., or if their broadcast dates were within a few days of each other. A program that enters into the international competition cannot also be entered into any of the domestic ones. The College Television Awards are presented by
3696-439: A regional outreach. Like the national awards, each region goes through their own rigorous nomination and voting procedures. Committees are formed to review entries for eligibility and high standards. Once accepted, each entry goes before different review committees, and their votes are cast to determine the final nominees. The final votes are then calculated by certified accounting firms within each region. Regardless of winning on
3828-769: A separate Creative Arts Emmys ceremony held a few days earlier. The Primetime Emmys are run and voted on by members of the ATAS. For most categories, members from each of the ATAS's branches vote around June to determine the nominees only in their respective categories. All members can vote for nominations in the best program categories. The final voting to determine the winners is held in August. The Daytime Emmy Awards , generally held in May or June, are presented in recognition of excellence in American daytime television programming. The first daytime-themed Emmy Awards were given out at
3960-692: A single voting round using preferential scoring system. The top 5 entries in each category are announced as the nominations, and then the top entry is announced as the Emmy winner later at the awards ceremony. The News & Documentary Emmy Awards are presented by the NATAS for excellence in national news and documentary programming. The awards ceremony takes place every fall. Voting is done by peer judging panels. The NATAS solicits anybody with significant experience in national news or documentary reporting or production to serve as judges. Most categories have two voting rounds, with separate judging panels in each round. The top entries in each category are announced as
4092-417: A uniform axial magnetic field. The orthicon's performance was similar to that of the image iconoscope, but it was also unstable under sudden flashes of bright light, producing "the appearance of a large drop of water evaporating slowly over part of the scene". The image orthicon (sometimes abbreviated IO), was common in American broadcasting from 1946 until 1968. A combination of the image dissector and
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4224-566: A working device was not demonstrated until some years later. An image dissector is a camera tube that creates an "electron image" of a scene from photocathode emissions (electrons) which pass through a scanning aperture to an anode , which serves as an electron detector. Among the first to design such a device were German inventors Max Dieckmann and Rudolf Hell , who had titled their 1925 patent application Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ). The term may apply specifically to
4356-726: Is 11.5 inches (29 cm) tall with a base diameter of 5.5 inches (14 cm) and weight of 48 ounces (1.4 kg). Each takes five and a half hours to make and is handled with white gloves to prevent fingerprints. The Primetime Emmy statues are manufactured by R.S. Owens & Company based in Chicago, Illinois , which was also charged with manufacturing the Academy Award statues until 2016, when AMPAS switched to Polich Tallix in Walden, New York . The Regional Emmy Awards are made by both R.S. Owens & Company and Society Awards ,
4488-421: Is a camera tube that projects an image on a special charge storage plate containing a mosaic of electrically isolated photosensitive granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, somewhat analogous to the human eye 's retina and its arrangement of photoreceptors . Each photosensitive granule constitutes a tiny capacitor that accumulates and stores electrical charge in response to
4620-453: Is a measure of brightness. The mysterious dark "orthicon halo" around bright objects in an orthicon-captured image (also known as "blooming") is based on the fact that the IO relies on the emission of photoelectrons, but very bright illumination can produce more of them locally than the device can successfully deal with. At a very bright point on a captured image, a great preponderance of electrons
4752-399: Is a storage-type camera tube in which a charge-density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on a photoconductive surface which is then scanned by a beam of low-velocity electrons . This surface is on a glass plate and is also called the target. More specifically, this glass plate is covered in a transparent, electrically conductive, indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, on top of which
4884-454: Is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a photoconductor. The vidicon was developed in 1950 at RCA by P. K. Weimer, S. V. Forgue and R. R. Goodrich as a simple alternative to the structurally and electrically complex image orthicon. While the initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targets—including silicon diode arrays—have been used. Vidicons with these targets are known as Si-vidicons or Ultricons. The vidicon
5016-566: Is captured by a Vidicon for a long time and appears as a persistent outline of the image when it changes, and the outline disappears over time. Vidicons can become damaged by direct exposure to the sun which causes them to develop dark spots. Vidicons often used antimony trisulfide as the photoconductive material. They were not very successful because of image lag, which was seen in the RCA TK-42 color camera. Si-vidicons, silicon vidicons or Epicons, Vidicons using arrays of silicon diodes for
5148-527: Is ejected from the photosensitive plate. So many may be ejected that the corresponding point on the collection mesh can no longer soak them up, and thus they fall back to nearby spots on the target instead, much as water splashes in a ring when a rock is thrown into it. Since the resultant splashed electrons do not contain sufficient energy to eject further electrons where they land, they will instead neutralize any positive charge that has been built-up in that region. Since darker images produce less positive charge on
5280-409: Is evaporated on the aluminum oxide, or other insulating medium, and treated so as to form a colloidal deposit of potassium hydride consisting of minute globules. Each globule is very active photoelectrically and constitutes, to all intents and purposes, a minute individual photoelectric cell". Its first image was transmitted in late summer of 1925, and a patent was issued in 1928. However the quality of
5412-441: Is missing. Therefore, secondary electrons are emitted from the surface of the isolating material when the electron image reaches the target, and the resulting positive charges are stored directly onto the surface of the isolated material. The original iconoscope was very noisy due to the secondary electrons released from the photoelectric mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam swept it across. An obvious solution
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5544-408: Is not uncommon for one event to have some of the same category names that another event uses. (e.g. Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series and Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series ). A show that enters one of the Emmy events generally cannot also be entered into any of the others. For example, syndicated shows whose air times vary between media markets may be eligible for both
5676-609: Is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras. Prior to the design and construction of the Galileo probe to Jupiter , in the late 1970s to early 1980s NASA used vidicon cameras on nearly all the unmanned deep space probes equipped with the remote sensing ability. Vidicon tubes were also used aboard the first three Landsat earth imaging satellites launched in 1972, as part of each spacecraft's Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imaging system. The Uvicon ,
5808-458: Is visible as noticeable (usually white or colored) trails that appear after a bright object (such as a light or reflection) has moved, leaving a trail that eventually fades into the image. It cannot be avoided or eliminated, as it is inherent to the technology. To what degree the image generated by the Vidicon is affected will depend on the properties of the target material used on the Vidicon, and
5940-517: The Daytime Emmy Awards introduced a single Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series category in 2019 to replace their two gender-specific younger actor and actress categories. Video camera tube#Image orthicon Video camera tubes are devices based on the cathode-ray tube that were used in television cameras to capture television images, prior to the introduction of charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors in
6072-610: The International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States. The Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, is named after "immy", an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras. It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards , along with the Grammy for music,
6204-1118: The Michael award in Los Angeles from 1950 to 1953. In 1951 the Sylvania award for best program suitable for children was given to Zoo Parade by the National Congress of Parents and Teachers , headed by Mrs. Johnny Hays. The awards for 1953 were presented in New York on 1 December 1953, with winners announced in advance. No grand award was presented. Winners included Rod Steiger (actor) and Paddy Chayefsky (script) for Marty , Donald O'Connor , Danny Thomas and Mary Martin . The 1955 awards were presented by broadcaster Deems Taylor on 29 November 1955. Sylvester L. Weaver Jr. , head of NBC , received an award. 1957 Sylvania Television Award winners included Mary Martin , Dinah Shore , Marian Anderson , Steve Allen and Jack Paar . The 1958 awards were presented in January 1959 at
6336-612: The NTSC format, 576 lines in PAL , and as many as 1035 lines in Hi-Vision . Any vacuum tube which operates using a focused beam of electrons, originally called cathode rays , is known as a cathode-ray tube (CRT). These are usually seen as display devices as used in older (i.e., non- flat panel ) television receivers and computer displays. The camera pickup tubes described in this article are also CRTs, but they display no image. In June 1908,
6468-704: The Oscar (Academy Award) for film, and the Tony for Broadway theater. The Emmys are presented by three related, but separate, organizations: the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (NATAS), and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS). Each of these three organizations is responsible for administering
6600-631: The Sports Emmy Awards for sports programming, News & Documentary Emmy Awards for news and documentary shows, and the Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards and the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards for technological and engineering achievements. Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local television. In addition,
6732-451: The 1980s. Several different types of tubes were in use from the early 1930s, and as late as the 1990s. In these tubes, an electron beam is scanned across an image of the scene to be broadcast focused on a target. This generated a current that is dependent on the brightness of the image on the target at the scan point. The size of the striking ray is tiny compared to the size of the target, allowing 480–486 horizontal scan lines per image in
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#17327938416026864-598: The ATAS holds the separate Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . With the rise of cable television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988, and the Daytime Emmys in 1989. In 2011 ABC cancelled the soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live , and sold the two shows' licensing rights to the production company Prospect Park so they could be continued on streaming television ; this prompted NATAS to create
6996-416: The ATAS in recognition of excellence in college student-produced works. College students nationwide can submit productions and receive recognition in such categories as Comedy, Documentary, Drama, Music, Newscasts, and Series. Entries are first judged by members of the ATAS specializing in each respective field. Winners are then selected by Blue Ribbon Panels. Any work submitted must include a form signed from
7128-468: The ATAS, honoring the achievements of an individual, company or organization whose works stand out with the immediacy of current achievement. The Trustees Award is the highest award presented by NATAS, honoring the unusual or enduring achievements of an individual. The Bob Hope Humanitarian Award is awarded by the ATAS Board of Governors to an individual in the industry whose humanitarian work has
7260-522: The Daytime Emmys to the News & Documentary Emmys , and talk shows would now be divided between the Daytime and Primetime Emmys based on "format and style characteristics reflective of current programming in the daytime or late night space". The realignment of game shows and instructional programming categories will be determined later in 2023. The Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom,
7392-476: The Daytime and Primetime Emmys, but cannot enter in both. In general, a show is considered national if it reaches more than 50 percent of U.S. households; programs that do not reach at least 50 percent of the country may enter into the Regional Emmys instead. Streaming television shows are treated similarly to syndicated shows: they must be available for downloading or streaming by more than 50 percent of
7524-415: The Daytime or Primetime awards. The Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards presented by the ATAS and the Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards presented by the NATAS are two separate competitions that honor individuals, companies, or to scientific or technical organizations in recognition of significant developments and contributions to the engineering and technological aspects of television. Generally,
7656-575: The Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy ceremony took place on January 25, 1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club , but solely to honor shows produced and aired locally in the Los Angeles area. Shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. The term "Emmy" derives from "Immy",
7788-519: The Emmy statue and trademark, with each responsible for administering a specific set of award events. There was an exception regarding the Engineering Awards (those honoring individuals, companies, or scientific or technical organizations in recognition of significant developments and contributions to the engineering and technological aspects of television): The NATAS continues to administer the Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards , while
7920-575: The International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U.S., was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, area-specific events are listed along with the Primetime Emmy Awards in the ATAS's official records. In 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS broke ties. They agreed to share ownership of
8052-471: The Los Angeles area, the NATAS established regional chapters throughout the rest of the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy ceremony for local programming. Originally, there was only one Emmy event held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States. In 1974, the first Daytime Emmy ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy events soon followed. Also,
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#17327938416028184-500: The Los Angeles–based ATAS acts as the regional chapter serving the Los Angeles area. In general, a show is considered regional if it does not reach more than 50 percent of U.S. households; programs that reach more than 50 percent of the country must enter into one of the national Emmy competitions instead. The Regional Emmys are essential in helping NATAS and ATAS honor the works of deserving individuals in local TV through
8316-423: The NATAS who has national credits for at least two years and within the last five years is eligible to be a judge. Depending on the category, voting is done using either a ratings score criteria or a preferential scoring system. All the drama acting categories have an additional preliminary voting round called the pre-nominations, where one or two actors from each show is selected to then move on and be considered for
8448-502: The NATAS's Technology & Engineering Emmys ceremony is held in January, while the ATAS's Primetime Engineering Emmys are presented in October. Each academy has its own separate panel of highly qualified, experienced engineers in the television industry to determine their respective award recipients. Among the ATAS's Engineering Emmy Award repertoire is the Philo T. Farnsworth Award , given to honor companies who have significantly affected
8580-535: The Plumbicon. Targets in Plumbicons have two layers: a pure PbO layer, and a doped PbO layer. The pure PbO is an intrinsic I type semiconductor, and a layer of it is doped to create a P type PbO semiconductor, thus creating a semiconductor junction . The PbO is in crystalline form. Plumbicons were the first commercially successful version of the Vidicon. They were smaller, had lower noise, higher sensitivity and resolution, had less image lag than Vidicons, and were
8712-452: The Primetime Emmys. The NATAS stated that this new ceremony was needed due to an explosive growth of children's and family programming within the past few years. Secondly, the ATAS retired its primetime children's television categories in 2020, agreeing with the NATAS to move all such award categories to the Daytime Emmys, citing that the proliferation of streaming services had created confusion over whether children's programs should fall under
8844-513: The Sunday before the official start of the fall television season, and are currently broadcast in rotation among the ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox networks, each network taking turns to air the ceremony every four years. Some award categories presented to behind-the-scenes personnel such as art directors , costume designers , cinematographers , casting directors , and sound designers are awarded at
8976-666: The Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon . The super-Emitron is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. The scene image is projected onto an efficient continuous-film semitransparent photocathode that transforms
9108-583: The UK until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon . On the other side of the Atlantic , the RCA team led by Albert Rose began working in 1935 on a low-velocity scanning beam device they came to dub the orthicon. Iams and Rose solved the problem of guiding the beam and keeping it in focus by installing specially designed deflection plates and deflection coils near the charge storage plate to provide
9240-715: The US national market to be eligible in one of the national Emmy competitions, and they can only enter into one of those national Emmy ceremonies. And a primetime show that is a co-production between U.S. and overseas companies might be eligible for both the Primetime and International Emmys, but also cannot enter in both. Regardless of which area-specific competitions in which one wins an Emmy, all winners are called an "Emmy Winner". The Primetime Emmys are presented in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming. Ceremonies generally are held in mid-September, on
9372-659: The United Kingdom in 1934 and in the US in 1937. The iconoscope was presented to the general public at a press conference in June 1933, and two detailed technical papers were published in September and October of the same year. Unlike the Farnsworth image dissector, the Zworykin iconoscope was much more sensitive, useful with an illumination on the target between 40 and 215 lux (4–20 ft-c ). It
9504-570: The United States. Tihanyi's charge storage idea remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. In 1924, while employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Russian-born American engineer Vladimir Zworykin presented a project for a totally electronic television system to the company's general manager. In July 1925, Zworykin submitted
9636-425: The anode (the first dynode of the electron multiplier ) around the gun at a high positive voltage (approx. +1500 V). Once it exits the electron gun, its inertia makes the beam move away from the dynode towards the back side of the target. At this point the electrons lose speed and get deflected by the horizontal and vertical deflection coils, effectively scanning the target. Thanks to the axial magnetic field of
9768-430: The award, ATAS founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested "Ike", the nickname for the television iconoscope tube. "Ike" was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and the ATAS members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third academy president Harry Lubcke suggested the name "Immy", a term commonly used for the image orthicon tube used in
9900-543: The award. Furthermore, DVDs of Emmy-winning shows may reference the fact that they received an Emmy, but cannot use the statue image unless it is capable of being removed from all copies one year after the award is presented. Various Emmy events competitions are held annually throughout the calendar year, ranging from honoring nationally televised shows to regionally and locally produced programs. Each event has its own set of award categories, nominating and voting procedures, and rules regarding voting committees, among others. It
10032-455: The capacitance of the target material (known as the storage effect) as well as the resistance of the electron beam used to scan the target. The higher the capacitance of the target, the higher the charge it can hold and the longer it will take for the trail to disappear. The remmanant charges on the target eventually dissipate making the trail disappear. Vidicons can be damaged by high intensity light exposure. Image burn-in occurs when an image
10164-463: The ceremonies' scopes would now revolve around factors such as the themes and frequency of such programming, rather than dayparts . Among the major changes, daytime dramas would remain in the Daytime Emmys but most other scripted dramas and comedies would move to the Primetime Emmys, all children's programming would move to the newly created Children's & Family Emmys that the NATAS previously announced in November 2021, morning shows would move from
10296-616: The charge-storage phenomenon like the iconoscope during the 1930s. Although camera tubes based on the idea of image dissector technology quickly and completely fell out of use in the field of television broadcasting, they continued to be used for imaging in early weather satellites and the Lunar lander, and for star attitude tracking in the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. The optical system of
10428-501: The clock hands were permanently attached to the glass face. The clock was about 14 inches (360 mm) tall, made by the Medallic Art Co. of New York, NY. Complete listings of award winners are set forth at: Emmy Award The Emmy Awards , or Emmys , are an extensive range of awards for artistic and technical merit for the worldwide television industry . A number of annual Emmy Award ceremonies are held throughout
10560-508: The country's viewing audience. The International Emmy Awards recognizes excellence in TV programming that is produced initially outside the United States. They have been presented annually by the IATAS since 1973. The award ceremony generally takes place in November in New York City . In general, any non-U.S. organization or individual (such as a network, a local or regional television station, producer, director, or writer) may submit
10692-404: The detector is an electric current whose magnitude is a measure of the brightness of the corresponding area of the image. The electron image is periodically deflected horizontally and vertically (" raster scanning ") such that the entire image is read by the detector many times per second, producing an electrical signal that can be conveyed to a display device , such as a CRT monitor, to reproduce
10824-499: The early cameras. After "Immy" was chosen, it was later feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette. The weight and dimensions of the Emmy statuette vary among the events. Each Primetime Emmy statuette weighs six pounds twelve and a half ounces (3.08 kg), and is made of copper, nickel, silver, and gold. The statue stands 15.5 inches (39 cm) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 inches (19 cm) and weight of 88 ounces (2.5 kg). The Regional Emmy Award statuette
10956-435: The electron beam so it can scan the surface of the target. The beam deposits electrons on the target and when enough photons strike the target, a difference in current is produced between the two electrically conductive layers of the target, and due to a connection to an electrical resistor this difference is output as a voltage. The fluctuating voltage created in the target is coupled to a video amplifier and used to reproduce
11088-472: The focusing coil , this deflection is not in a straight line, thus when the electrons reach the target they do so perpendicularly avoiding a sideways component. The target is nearly at ground potential with a small positive charge, thus when the electrons reach the target at low speed they are absorbed without ejecting more electrons. This adds negative charge to the positive charge until the region being scanned reaches some threshold negative charge, at which point
11220-428: The image dissector focuses an image onto a photocathode mounted inside a high vacuum. As light strikes the photocathode, electrons are emitted in proportion to the intensity of the light (see photoelectric effect ). The entire electron image is deflected and a scanning aperture permits only those electrons emanating from a very small area of the photocathode to be captured by the detector at any given time. The output from
11352-418: The image. The image dissector has no " charge storage " characteristic; the vast majority of electrons emitted by the photocathode are excluded by the scanning aperture, and thus wasted rather than being stored on a photo-sensitive target. The early electronic camera tubes (like the image dissector ) suffered from a very disappointing and fatal flaw: They scanned the subject and what was seen at each point
11484-428: The integrated intensity of the scene light. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the capacitor formed by the metallic granule and the common plate. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning
11616-433: The last. The award winners received a trophy in the form of a clock. A walnut wood base is decorated by a high-relief sculpture of a woman in a robe who carries the clock face on her shoulders. The face is made of glass, with etched gilt stars at each hour and stylized metal lightning bolts for hands. Some versions of the award were functioning electric clocks made by Jefferson Electric Company of Bellwood, Illinois. In others
11748-452: The light striking it. An electron beam periodically sweeps across the plate, effectively scanning the stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the light striking it between each discharge event. After Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi studied Maxwell's equations , he discovered a new hitherto unknown physical phenomenon, which led to
11880-535: The nominations, and then the top entry is announced as the Emmy winner later at the awards ceremony. On November 17, 2021, the NATAS announced that it would begin to present the Children's & Family Emmys Awards beginning in 2022, for excellence in children's and family television. Previously, most award categories for children's and family television programs fell under the scope of the Daytime Emmys, while those programs that aired primarily in primetime fell under
12012-502: The original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate, but much better images were obtained when the metal plate was covered with zinc sulphide or selenide, or with aluminum or zirconium oxide treated with caesium. These experiments would form the base of the future vidicon . A description of a CRT imaging device also appeared in a patent application filed by Edvard-Gustav Schoultz in France in August 1921, and published in 1922, although
12144-588: The original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an outside broadcast by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings. On
12276-441: The orthicon technologies, it replaced the iconoscope in the United States, which required a great deal of light to work adequately. The image orthicon tube was developed at RCA by Albert Rose, Paul K. Weimer, and Harold B. Law. It represented a considerable advance in the television field, and after further development work, RCA created original models between 1939 and 1940. The National Defense Research Committee entered into
12408-501: The other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules is missing. The production and commercialization of
12540-632: The photoconductive surface is formed by depositing photoconductive material which can be applied as small squares with insulation between the squares. The photoconductor is normally an insulator but becomes partially conductive when struck by electrons. The output of the tube comes from the ITO layer. The target is kept at a positive voltage of 30 volts and the cathode in the tube is at a voltage of negative 30 volts. The cathode releases electrons which are modulated by grid G1 and accelerated by grid G2 creating an electron beam. Magnetic coils deflect, focus, and align
12672-400: The popular magazine Discovery and in the May 1928 issue of the magazine Popular Radio . However, they never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube. In January 1927, American inventor and television pioneer Philo T. Farnsworth applied for a patent for his Television System that included a device for "the conversion and dissecting of light". Its first moving image
12804-399: The positive mesh effectively removing electrons from the target and causing a positive charge on it in relation to the incident light in the photocathode. The result is an image painted in positive charge, with the brightest portions having the largest positive charge. A sharply focused beam of electrons (a cathode ray) is generated by the electron gun at ground potential and accelerated by
12936-421: The potential of a charge storage plate, but Lubszynski and the EMI team were the first engineers in transmitting a clear and well focused image with such a tube. Another improvement is the use of a semitransparent charge storage plate. The scene image is then projected onto the back side of the plate, while the low-velocity electron beam scans the photoelectric mosaic at the front side. This configurations allows
13068-730: The primary nominations for the awards. The Sports Emmy Awards are presented by the NATAS for excellence in sports programming . The awards ceremony takes place every Spring, usually sometime in the last two weeks in April or the first week in May and is held on a Monday night in New York City. Voting is done by peer judging panels. The NATAS solicits anybody with significant experience in national sports production to serve as judges. The panels are organized so that they only have one representative from each corporate entity (i.e. Paramount Global , Disney , NBCUniversal , Fox Corporation , Warner Bros. Discovery etc.) Most categories only have
13200-424: The primetime ceremony in 1972, but the first separate awards show made just for daytime programming was not held until 1974. Like the Primetime Emmys, a separate Creative Arts Emmy ceremony is also held a few days earlier to honor the behind-the-scenes personnel working in daytime television. The Daytime Emmys are run and voted on by members of the NATAS. Voting is done by peer judging panels. Any active member of
13332-418: The proposed transmitting device was a mosaic of isolated rubidium cubes. His concept for a fully electronic television system was later popularized as the "Campbell-Swinton Electronic Scanning System" by Hugo Gernsback and H. Winfield Secor in the August 1915 issue of the popular magazine Electrical Experimenter and by Marcus J. Martin in the 1921 book The Electrical Transmission of Photographs . In
13464-475: The resolution of both types was so high, compared to the maximum limits of the broadcasting standard, that the Saticon's resolution advantage became moot. While broadcast cameras migrated to solid-state charge-coupled devices, Plumbicon tubes remained a staple imaging device in the medical field. High resolution Plumbicons were made for the HD-MAC standard. Since PbO is not stable in air, the deposition of PbO on
13596-518: The same in the United States. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced
13728-440: The scanning electrons are reflected by the negative potential rather than absorbed (in this process the target recovers the electrons needed for the next scan). These reflected electrons return down the cathode-ray tube toward the first dynode of the electron multiplier surrounding the electron gun which is at high potential. The number of reflected electrons is a linear measure of the target's original positive charge, which, in turn,
13860-406: The scene being imaged, in other words it is the video output. The electrical charge produced by an image will remain in the face plate until it is scanned or until the charge dissipates. Special Vidicons can have resolutions of up to 5,000 TV lines. By using a pyroelectric material such as triglycine sulfate (TGS) as the target, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the infrared spectrum
13992-416: The scene light into a light-emitted electron image, the latter is then accelerated (and focused ) via electromagnetic fields towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons . Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced, and the resulting positive charge is proportional to
14124-403: The scene light into an electron image; the latter is then accelerated towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons . Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from
14256-477: The scientific journal Nature published a letter in which Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society ( UK ), discussed how a fully electronic television system could be realized by using cathode-ray tubes (or "Braun" tubes, after their inventor, Karl Braun ) as both imaging and display devices. He noted that the "real difficulties lie in devising an efficient transmitter", and that it
14388-446: The signal output is maximum. However, there are serious problems as well, because the electron beam spreads and accelerates in a direction parallel to the target when it scans the image's borders and corners, so that it produces secondary electrons and one gets an image that is well focused in the center but blurry in the borders. Henroteau was among the first inventors to propose in 1929 the use of low-velocity electrons for stabilizing
14520-407: The state of television and broadcast engineering over a long period of time. There are 20 regional chapters located across the United States that each conduct regional awards to recognize excellence in all the regional television markets , including state to state programming as well as local news and locally produced shows . Nineteen of the regional chapters are affiliated with the NATAS, while
14652-430: The stored charges. Lubszynski, Rodda, and McGee realized that the best solution was to separate the photo-emission function from the charge storage one, and so communicated their results to Zworykin. The new video camera tube developed by Lubszynski, Rodda and McGee in 1934 was dubbed "the super-Emitron". This tube is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. It has an efficient photocathode that transforms
14784-429: The stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the scene light between each discharge event (as in the iconoscope). The image iconoscope is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules
14916-473: The super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did
15048-405: The supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the Emitron (or iconoscope) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. This is because secondary electrons released from the mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam sweeps across it may be attracted back to the positively charged mosaic, thus neutralizing many of
15180-586: The target (a very thin glass plate acting as a semi-isolator) at ground potential (0 V), and passes through a very fine wire mesh (nearly 200 or 390 wires per cm), very near (a few hundredths of a cm) and parallel to the target, acting as a screen grid at a slightly positive voltage (approx +2 V). Once the image electrons reach the target, they cause a splash of electrons by the effect of secondary emission . On average, each image electron ejects several splash electrons (thus adding amplification by secondary emission), and these excess electrons are soaked up by
15312-504: The target that produced large amounts of electrons when struck by photons, and the electrons were accelerated to the target with several hundred volts. These tubes were used for tracking satellite debris. Plumbicon is a registered trademark of Philips from 1963, for its lead(II) oxide (PbO) target vidicons. It was demonstrated in 1965 at the NAB Show . Used frequently in broadcast camera applications, these tubes have low output, but
15444-627: The target, the excess electrons deposited by the splash will be read as a dark region by the scanning electron beam. This effect was actually cultivated by tube manufacturers to a certain extent, as a small, carefully controlled amount of the dark halo has the effect of crispening the visual image due to the contrast effect . (That is, giving the illusion of being more sharply focused than it actually is). The later vidicon tube and its descendants (see below) do not exhibit this effect, and so could not be used for broadcast purposes until special detail correction circuitry could be developed. A vidicon tube
15576-651: The target, were introduced in 1969 for the Picturephone . They are very resistant to burn-in, have low image lag and very high sensitivity but are not considered suitable for broadcast TV production as they suffer from high image blooming and image non uniformity. The targets in these tubes are made on silicon substrates and require 10 volts to operate, they are made with semiconductor device fabrication processes. These tubes could be used with an image intensifier in which case they were known as silicon intensified tubes (SITs) which had an additional photocathode in front of
15708-493: The television industry slang for a TV camera image orthicon tube . In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event to honor shows aired nationwide on broadcast television . In 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast . While the ATAS maintained a separate ceremony to honor shows aired locally in
15840-423: The television networks had phased the cameras out. An image orthicon camera can take television pictures by candlelight because of the more ordered light-sensitive area and the presence of an electron multiplier at the base of the tube, which operated as a high-efficiency amplifier. It also has a logarithmic light sensitivity curve similar to the human eye . However, it tends to flare in bright light, causing
15972-441: The transmitted image failed to impress H.P. Davis, the general manager of Westinghouse , and Zworykin was asked "to work on something useful". A patent for a television system was also filed by Zworykin in 1923, but this filing is not a definitive reference because extensive revisions were done before a patent was issued fifteen years later and the file itself was divided into two patents in 1931. The first practical iconoscope
16104-489: The use of a straight camera tube, because the scene to be transmitted, the charge storage plate, and the electron gun can be aligned one after the other. The first fully functional low-velocity scanning beam tube, the CPS Emitron, was invented and demonstrated by the EMI team under the supervision of Sir Isaac Shoenberg . In 1934, the EMI engineers Blumlein and McGee filed for patents for television transmitting systems where
16236-491: The year, each with their own set of rules and award categories. The two events that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming, respectively. Other notable U.S. national Emmy events include the Children's & Family Emmy Awards for children's and family-oriented television programming,
16368-598: Was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ( photoelectrons ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed Radioskop. After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in
16500-453: Was also easier to manufacture and produced a very clear image. The iconoscope was the primary camera tube used by RCA broadcasting from 1936 until 1946, when it was replaced by the image orthicon tube. The original iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The EMI team under
16632-405: Was at one point colloquially referred to as an Immy. Harry Lubcke , the then-President of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences , decided to have their award named after this nickname. Since the statuette was female, it was feminized into Emmy . The Image orthicon was used until the end of black and white television production in the 1960s. An image orthicon consists of three parts:
16764-476: Was constructed in 1931 by Sanford Essig, when he accidentally left a silvered mica sheet in the oven too long. Upon examination with a microscope, he noticed that the silver layer had broken up into a myriad of tiny isolated silver globules. He also noticed that, "the tiny dimension of the silver droplets would enhance the image resolution of the iconoscope by a quantum leap". As head of television development at Radio Corporation of America (RCA) , Zworykin submitted
16896-459: Was designed by television engineer Louis McManus , who used his wife as the model. The ATAS rejected forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus's design in 1948. The statuette "has since become the symbol of the TV Academy's goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television: The wings represent the muse of art; the atom the electron of science." When deciding a name for
17028-466: Was only the tiny piece of light viewed at the instant that the scanning system passed over it. A practical functional camera tube needed a different technological approach, which later became known as Charge - Storage camera tube. It was based on a new physical phenomenon which was discovered and patented in Hungary in 1926, but became widely understood and recognised only from around 1930. An iconoscope
17160-601: Was possible that "no photoelectric phenomenon at present known will provide what is required". A cathode-ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906; his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909. Campbell-Swinton later expanded on his vision in a presidential address given to the Röntgen Society in November 1911. The photoelectric screen in
17292-431: Was successfully transmitted on September 7 of 1927, and a patent was issued in 1930. Farnsworth quickly made improvements to the device, among them introducing an electron multiplier made of nickel and using a "longitudinal magnetic field" in order to sharply focus the electron image . The improved device was demonstrated to the press in early September 1928. The introduction of a multipactor in October 1933 and
17424-421: Was to scan the mosaic with a low-velocity electron beam which produced less energy in the neighborhood of the plate such that no secondary electrons were emitted at all. That is, an image is projected onto the photoelectric mosaic of a charge storage plate, so that positive charges are produced and stored there due to photo-emission and capacitance , respectively. These stored charges are then gently discharged by
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