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92-595: It was one of the first structures to be built outside the Old City of Jerusalem – the others being Kerem Avraham , the Bishop Gobat school , Mishkenot Sha’ananim , and the Russian Compound – and paved the way for the expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century . As a philanthropic institution offering academic and vocational training to hundreds of orphaned and abandoned Arab children, it also exerted

184-578: A Gerrer Talmud Torah , a training area for urban combat police, and municipal waste storage. The philosophy and mission of the Schneller Orphanage continued after World War II in two successor schools in the Middle East. Old City (Jerusalem) The Old City of Jerusalem ( Hebrew : הָעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה , romanized :  Ha'ír Ha'atiká ; Arabic : المدينة القديمة , romanized :  al-Madīna al-Qadīma )

276-713: A building belonging to the Kathros priestly family, which was found nearby. In 1968, the Trumpeting Place inscription was found at the southwest corner of Temple Mount, and is believed to mark the site where the priests used to declare the advent of Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. In the 1970s, while excavating the remains of the Nea Church (the New Church of the Theotokos) , a Greek inscription

368-684: A flour mill and bakery that produced 35,000 loaves of bread a year, a laundry and clothing-repair service, a carpentry, a pottery factory that produced all the clay utensils used in the orphanage, and a tree and plant nursery. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large brick and tile factory was erected on the premises, which produced one million bricks and 250,000 tiles annually. In 1889 Schneller acquired 1,235 acres (5,000 dunam) in Bir Salem (today Kibbutz Netzer Sereni ) in order to develop an agricultural school and land for settlement for his students and graduates. In 1906 another 890 acres (3,600 dunam)

460-524: A home for his family. The house was constructed from 1855 to 1856. After Schneller and his family took occupancy, the house was attacked several times by Arab robbers from the village of Beit Sorek , forcing them to retreat to the safety of the Old City. At the end of the decade, after the Turks had erected outposts and dispatched armed guards on horseback to patrol Jaffa Road (the route between Jerusalem and

552-455: A kitchen, a study hall, a library, a reading room, a small museum, and a Lutheran church in which students and staff worshipped. Johann Ludwig Schneller brought in skilled Arab laborers from Bethlehem and Beit Jala to construct a total of eight buildings, which were constructed in stages and completed in the early 20th century. The year of completion and the name of the German city in which

644-768: A ram's head around 200 meters south of the Temple Mount . The Israel Antiquities Authority said it was consistent with jewelry from the early Hellenistic period (3rd or early 2nd century BCE). Adding that it was the first time somebody finds a golden earring from the Hellenistic times in Jerusalem. Many structures dated to the Herodian period were discovered in the Jewish Quarter during archaeological excavations carried out between 1967 and 1983. Among them

736-472: A school for the blind was opened on the premises, including dormitories, classrooms and vocational workshops. The orphanage also operated its own printing press and bindery; flour mill and bakery; laundry and clothing-repair service; carpentry; pottery factory; tree and plant nursery; and brick and tile factory. Located on high ground and surrounded by a high stone wall, the orphanage's distinctive onion-dome tower, multistory buildings, and decorative facades exuded

828-617: A series of museums and outdoor parks, which tourists can visit by descending two or three stories beneath the level of the current city. Its population was 3,240 in 2020. There was previously a small Mughrabi Quarter in the Old City. Within a week of the Six-Day War 's end, the quarter was largely destroyed in order to give visitors better access to the Western Wall by creating the Western Wall Plaza . The parts of

920-527: A seventh, the New Gate, was added in 1887; several other, older gates, have been walled up over the centuries. The Golden Gate was at first rebuilt and left open by Suleiman's architects, only to be walled up a short while later. The New Gate was opened in the wall surrounding the Christian Quarter during the 19th century. Two secondary gates were reopened in recent times on the southeastern side of

1012-405: A square base reflects the former, while wide, rounded arches for doors and windows reflect the latter. A lightning rod extends from the onion dome. The H-shaped main building has two interior courtyards which held a water cistern , garden and play area. The entire building covers an area of 50,590 square feet (4,700 square meters). At three stories, the main building housed the central dining room,

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1104-814: A strong influence on the Arab population of Jerusalem and the Middle East through its graduates, who spread its philosophies of "orderliness, discipline, and German language" throughout the region. The Syrian Orphanage was born out of South German Pietism , which combined Biblicism, idealism, and religious individualism. The orphanage provided both academic and vocational training to orphaned boys and girls from Palestine , Syria , Egypt , Ethiopia , Armenia , Turkey , Russia , Iran , and Germany , graduating students skilled in such trades as tailoring , shoemaking , engraving , carpentry , metalworking , pottery , painting , printing , farming , and gardening . In 1903

1196-730: Is a 0.9-square-kilometre (0.35 sq mi) walled area in East Jerusalem . In a tradition that may have begun with an 1840s British map of the city , the Old City is divided into four uneven quarters: the Muslim Quarter , the Christian Quarter , the Armenian Quarter , and the Jewish Quarter . A fifth area, the Temple Mount , known to Muslims as Al-Aqsa or Haram al-Sharif , is home to

1288-713: Is one of the longest and oldest major streets in Jerusalem . It crosses the city from east to west, from the Old City walls to downtown Jerusalem, the western portal of Jerusalem and the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway . It is lined with shops, businesses, and restaurants. It joins with Ben Yehuda Street and King George Street to form the Downtown Triangle central business district. Major landmarks along Jaffa Road are Tzahal Square ( IDF square), Safra Square (city hall), Zion Square , Davidka Square ,

1380-653: Is the largest and most populous of the four quarters and is situated in the northeastern corner of the Old City, extending from the Lions' Gate in the east, along the northern wall of the Temple Mount in the south, to the Western Wall – Damascus Gate route in the west. During the British Mandate, Sir Ronald Storrs embarked on a project to rehabilitate the Cotton Market, which was badly neglected under

1472-530: The 1948 Arab-Israeli War , which separated the Old City from much of modern Jerusalem, Jaffa Road's primacy as the city-centre was unchallenged. The Jerusalem Municipality , Jerusalem's main post office, the Mahane Yehuda Market are located on Jaffa Road. As a bustling thoroughfare, it has been targeted by terrorist groups and some of the most devastating terrorist attacks from the late 1960s onward have been carried out on this street, among them

1564-475: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War . During the 1967 Six-Day War , Israel occupied East Jerusalem; since then, the entire city has been under Israeli control. Israel unilaterally asserted in its 1980 Jerusalem Law that the whole of Jerusalem was Israel's capital. In international law, East Jerusalem is defined as territory occupied by Israel . In 1967, the Old City contained 17,000 Muslims, 6,000 Christians (including Armenians) and no Jews. The current population of

1656-639: The Church in Jerusalem, "a poor, but just and powerful man" would rise to be a protector and ally to the Christians of Jerusalem. Sophronius believed that `Umar, a great warrior who led an austere life, was a fulfillment of this prophecy. In the account by the Patriarch of Alexandria , Eutychius , it is said that `Umar paid a visit to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and sat in its courtyard. When

1748-542: The Damascus Gate in the east, where it borders the Muslim Quarter . The quarter contains the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , viewed by many as Christianity's holiest place. Its population was 3,870 in 2020. The Armenian Quarter ( Armenian : Հայկական Թաղամաս , Haygagan T'aġamas, Arabic : حارة الأرمن , Ḩārat al-Arman) is the smallest of the four quarters of the Old City. Although the Armenians are Christian,

1840-819: The Dome of the Rock , the Al-Aqsa Mosque , and was once the site of the Jewish Temple . The Old City's current walls and city gates were built by the Ottoman Empire from 1535 to 1542 under Suleiman the Magnificent . The Old City is home to several sites of key importance and holiness to the three major Abrahamic religions : the Temple Mount and the Western Wall for Judaism , the Church of

1932-522: The Generali office building. The buildings on its easternmost end constructed along the Old City walls were destroyed in July 1944 so as not to obscure the city's historic view. During this period the street took on its modern shape, and it became the heart of the city's developing central business district as most commerce left the Old City. During the city's 19-year division between Israel and Jordan after

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2024-612: The Jerusalem Law of 1980, which effectively annexed East Jerusalem to Israel, was declared null and void by United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 . East Jerusalem is now regarded by the international community as part of occupied Palestinian territory. According to the Hebrew Bible , before King David 's conquest of Jerusalem in the 11th century BCE the city was home to the Jebusites . The Bible describes

2116-557: The Mughrabi Quarter , was demolished following the Six-Day War . This 19th-century cartographic partition into four quarters represented the historical development of the city that had previously been divided into many more harat ( Arabic : حارَة , romanized :  Hārat : "quarters", "neighborhoods", "districts" or "areas", see wikt:حارة ); the Christian and Jewish areas of the city had grown considerably over

2208-855: The Persian King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews of Babylon to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great , 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple. In about 440 BCE, the city was rebuilt on a smaller scale during the Persian period, when, according to the Bible, Nehemiah led

2300-649: The Shuafat Refugee Camp , where many were shifted, leaving most of the properties empty of inhabitants. In 1968, after the Six Day War, Israel confiscated 12%, including the Jewish quarter and contiguous areas, of the Old City for public use. Some 80% of this confiscated infrastructure consisted of properties not owned by Jews. After reconstruction the parts of the quarter destroyed prior to 1967, these properties were then offered for sale exclusively to

2392-533: The Six-Day War of 1967. A few days later, Israeli authorities ordered the demolition of the adjacent Moroccan Quarter , forcibly relocating all of its inhabitants, in order to facilitate public access to the Western Wall. 195 properties – synagogues, yeshivas, and apartments – were registered as Jewish and fell under the control of Jordan's Custodian of Enemy Property . Most were occupied by Palestinian refugees expelled by Israeli forces from West Jerusalem and its contiguous villages until UNRWA and Jordan constructed

2484-476: The Temple Mount . The quarter has a rich history, with several long periods of Jewish presence covering much of the time since the eighth century BCE. In 1948, its population of about 2,000 Jews was besieged, and forced to leave en masse. The quarter was completely bombed during the Battle for Jerusalem . The Jewish quarter remained under Jordanian control until its recapture by Israeli paratroopers in

2576-669: The Western Christian army of the First Crusade and it remained in their hands until recaptured by the Arab Muslims , led by Saladin , on October 2, 1187. He summoned the Jews and permitted them to resettle in the city. In 1219, the walls of the city were razed by Sultan Al-Mu'azzam of Damascus ; in 1229, by treaty with Egypt , Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany . In 1239 he began to rebuild

2668-631: The Zion Square refrigerator bombing (1975), the 1984 Jaffa Road attack , the Jaffa Road bus bombings (1996), the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing (2001), and the Jaffa Street bombing (2002). For much of its hundred-year existence, Jaffa Road has served as Jerusalem's central artery. The municipality responded to problems in the struggling city-centre through focused efforts to redevelop

2760-407: The 1800s, the Schneller Orphanage was situated on high ground and was surrounded by a high stone wall, with an iron gate that was locked at night. The property exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem with its multistory buildings, a clock tower , and decorative façade, including reliefs in stone and epigrams . Engraved on the façade of the main building is the verse "Jesus

2852-554: The Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter . Despite the small size and population of this quarter, the Armenians and their Patriarchate remain staunchly independent and form a vigorous presence in the Old City. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the four quarters of the city came under Jordanian control. According to a 2007 study, the quarter housed 2,424 people (6.55% of Old City's total). Its population

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2944-878: The British abandoned the camp and the Etzioni Brigade of the Haganah used it as a home base during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . For the next 60 years, the compound served as a training base for the Israel Defense Forces and an army clinic; at one point, it also served as headquarters for the Home Front Command . In 1951 the Israeli army summoned representatives of the World Lutheran Church to remove religious artifacts from

3036-541: The Brüdergemeinde of Saint Chrischona, Riehen , Switzerland , in order to manage the German Protestant mission. On 11 October 1855 Schneller bought from the people of Lifta a parcel of land outside their village, approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest of Jaffa Gate , with the intention of living among and missionising to the local Arab population, and drew up plans for the construction of

3128-682: The Emperor Hadrian around 130, under the name Aelia Capitolina. In the Byzantine period Jerusalem was extended southwards and again enclosed by city walls. Muslims occupied Byzantine Jerusalem in the 7th century (637 CE) under the second caliph, ` Umar Ibn al-Khattab who annexed it to the Islamic Arab Empire . He granted its inhabitants an assurance treaty. After the siege of Jerusalem, Sophronius welcomed `Umar, allegedly because, according to biblical prophecies known to

3220-1081: The Essenes on Mount Zion , the gate of Herod's royal palace south of the citadel , and the vague remains of what 19th-century explorers identified as the Gate of the Funerals (Bab al-Jana'iz) or of al-Buraq (Bab al-Buraq) south of the Golden Gate ). Until 1887, each gate was closed before sunset and opened at sunrise. These gates have been known by a variety of names used in different historical periods and by different communities. Gates 1. Jaffa 2. Zion 3. Dung 4. Golden 5. Lions 6. Herod 7. Damascus 8. New ( Double, Single, Tanners ' ) Al-Mawazin 31°46′36″N 35°14′03″E  /  31.77667°N 35.23417°E  / 31.77667; 35.23417 Jaffa Road Jaffa Road , also called Jaffa Street ( Hebrew : רחוב יפו , romanized :  Rehov Yaffo ; Arabic : شارع يافا )

3312-579: The Holy Sepulchre for Christianity , and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Islam . The Old City, along with its walls, was added to the World Heritage Site list of UNESCO in 1981. In spite of its name, the Old City of Jerusalem's current layout is different from that of ancient times. Most archeologists believe that the City of David , an archaeological site on a rocky spur south of

3404-467: The Israeli and Jewish public. The prior owners mostly refused compensation, often because their properties were part of Islamic or family waqfs , which cannot be put up for sale. As of 2005 , the population stood at 2,348. Many large educational institutions have taken up residence. Before being rebuilt, the quarter was carefully excavated under the supervision of Hebrew University archaeologist Nahman Avigad . The archaeological remains are on display in

3496-410: The Jews who returned from the Babylonian Exile. An additional, so-called Second Wall, was built by King Herod the Great , who also expanded the Temple Mount and rebuilt the Temple. In 41–44 CE, Agrippa , king of Judea , started building the so-called "Third Wall" around the northern suburbs. The entire city was totally destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. The northern part of the city was rebuilt by

3588-487: The Messiah, have compassion upon us!" in German and Arabic, as well as the name of the institution, Syrian Orphanage ( German : Syrisches Waisenhaus ). There is also a stone relief of a lamb carrying a flag with a cross on it. Following the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm to Jerusalem in 1898, the orphanage received three bells for its tower. The architectural style of the main building is a combination of Southern German and local Arabic. The tile roof and onion-dome tower mounted on

3680-412: The Middle East. On March 17, 1948, the British abandoned the camp and the Etzioni Brigade of the Haganah used it as a base of operations during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war . For the next 60 years the site served as an Israeli army base known as Camp Schneller. The army vacated the premises in 2008. As of 2011, the compound is being developed for luxury housing. In 2015, remains of a Jewish settlement of

3772-403: The Muslim Quarter. Its population was 21,850 in 2020. The Christian Quarter ( Arabic : حارة النصارى , Ḩārat an-Naşāra) is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City, extending from the New Gate in the north, along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate , along the Jaffa Gate – Western Wall route in the south, bordering the Jewish and Armenian Quarters, as far as

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3864-416: The Old City resides mostly in the Muslim quarter. In 2007, the total population was 36,965; there were 27,500 Muslims (growing to over 30,000 by 2013); 5,681 non-Armenian Christians, 790 Armenians (who decreased in number to about 500 by 2013); and 3,089 Jews (with almost 3,000 plus some 1,500 yeshiva students by 2013). By 2020, Old City's population dropped to 31,120. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ,

3956-463: The Old City was captured by Jordan and all its Jewish residents were evicted. During the Six-Day War in 1967, which saw hand-to-hand fighting on the Temple Mount , Israeli forces captured the Old City along with the rest of East Jerusalem , subsequently annexing them as Israeli territory and reuniting them with the western part of the city. Today, the Israeli government controls the entire area, which it considers part of its national capital. However,

4048-400: The Ottoman Turkish sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The walls stretch for approximately 4.5 km (2.8 miles), and rise to a height of between 5 and 15 metres (16.4–49 ft), with a thickness of 3 metres (10 feet) at the base of the wall. Altogether, the Old City walls contain 35 towers, of which 15 are concentrated in the more exposed northern wall. Suleiman's wall had six gates, to which

4140-415: The Schneller Barracks, installing about 50 watchtowers and huts. The camp housed the largest ammunition stockpile in the Middle East, as well as grain storehouses. The Royal Army Pay Corps 90th Battalion occupied the barracks in the late 1940s. The British camp was targeted for attack by the Irgun on two occasions. On 27 June 1939, the paramilitary group placed a letter bomb in the mailbox attached to

4232-539: The Temple Mount, was the original settlement core of Jerusalem during the Bronze and Iron Ages . At times, the ancient city spread to the east and north, covering Mount Zion and the Temple Mount. The Old City as defined by the walls of Suleiman is thus shifted a bit northwards compared to earlier periods of the city's history, and smaller than it had been in its peak, during the late Second Temple period . The Old City's current layout has been documented in significant detail, notably in old maps of Jerusalem over

4324-500: The Turks. He describes it as a public latrine with piles of debris up to five feet high. With the help of the Pro-Jerusalem Society , vaults, roofing and walls were restored, and looms were brought in to provide employment. Like the other three quarters of the Old City, until the riots of 1929 the Muslim quarter had a mixed population of Muslims, Christians, and also Jews. Today, there are "many Israeli settler homes" and "several yeshivas ", including Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim , in

4416-434: The altar. The Lutherans negotiated for it to be moved to the Lutheran church at Augusta Victoria Hospital , where it was inaugurated in November 2010. During the 60 years of occupancy by the Israeli army, the base was served by an army synagogue in one of the halls of the main building, including a Torah ark , bookcase, and a balcony door set with 12 stained-glass windows depicting the Twelve Tribes of Israel . In 2008

4508-445: The area of the Israelite Tower , probably including parts of a gate where numerous projectiles were found, attesting to the Babylonian sack of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. Another part of the late 8th-century BCE fortification discovered was dubbed the "broad wall" , after the way it was described in the Book of Nehemiah , built to defend Jerusalem against the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem of 701 BCE. In 2015, archaeologists uncovered

4600-400: The army base relocated to the Ofrit base near Mount Scopus . The Jerusalem municipality put together a "preservation and construction plan" for the Schneller compound, calling for the eight historic buildings to be developed for public use by the Orthodox Jewish community nearby. In November 2010, part of the Schneller grounds were designated as a public parking lot by the municipality to ease

4692-421: The city as heavily fortified with a strong city wall , a fact confirmed by archaeology. The Bible names the city ruled by King David as the City of David , in Hebrew Ir David, which was identified southeast of the Old City walls, outside the Dung Gate . In the Bible, David's son, King Solomon , extended the city walls to include the Temple and Temple Mount. After the partition of the United Kingdom of Israel ,

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4784-401: The city from a spring outside its walls. He made at least two major preparations that would help Jerusalem to resist conquest: the construction of the Siloam Tunnel , and construction of the Broad Wall . The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as Nebuchadnezzar's Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Judah and Jerusalem , and laid waste to Solomon's Temple and the city. In 538 BCE,

4876-406: The city walls as a result of archaeological work. In 1980, Jordan proposed that the Old City be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It was added to the List in 1981. In 1982, Jordan requested that it be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger . The United States government opposed the request, noting that the Jordanian government had no standing to make such a nomination and that

4968-429: The consent of the Israeli government would be required since it effectively controlled Jerusalem. In 2011, UNESCO issued a statement reiterating its view that East Jerusalem is "part of the occupied Palestinian territory , and that the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations." Among the Israelite period finds in the Old City are two portions of the 8th and 7th century BCE city walls, in

5060-413: The donors for that building lived were engraved on each building façade. One of the buildings, called “the Red House” or “the model house,” was built entirely from materials produced on the orphanage grounds, including bricks, floor tiles and wrought-iron work. For most of its existence, the orphanage was in a continual state of expansion and modernization. Ruth Kark et al. notes: ... the locksmith-shop

5152-416: The end of 1861 had enrolled 41 boys in what became known as the Syrian Orphanage ( German : Syrisches Waisenhaus ). Over the next four years Schneller expanded his property to 13.6 acres (55 dunam ) and erected a 3.5 metres (11 ft)-high stone wall around it. Through 1867 Schneller expanded and added new infrastructure, creating a kitchen, dining room, storage cellar, bedrooms and living areas. In 1867

5244-424: The entire structure. The upper story of the building was rebuilt in stone. Building and expansion continued up to World War I, by which time the orphanage occupied 150 acres (600 dunam) of land. The Schneller grounds reached all the way to present-day Romema , where Schneller planted forests on land that eventually housed the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo . The orphanage's holdings were gradually reduced to 17.5 acres with

5336-457: The era of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for instance, Jerusalem had four gates, one on each side. The current walls were built by Suleiman the Magnificent , who provided them with six gates; several older gates, which had been walled up before the arrival of the Ottomans, were left as they were. As to the previously sealed Golden Gate, Suleiman at first opened and rebuilt it, but then walled it up again as well. The number of operational gates

5428-422: The highway to Jaffa , the road quickly became a focal point for the 19th century expansion out of Jerusalem's Old City walls, and early neighbourhoods like the Russian Compound , Nahalat Shiva , and Mahane Yehuda blossomed around it, as well as Shaare Zedek hospital . Proximity to the artery quickly became a measure of real-estate value in the booming city. Traffic originally consisted of camels and mules, and

5520-418: The importance of the Nea complex at the time. The Old City is currently divided into four uneven quarters: the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Armenian Quarter and the Jewish Quarter. Matthew Teller writes that this four-quarter convention may have originated in the 1841 British Royal Engineers map of Jerusalem , or at least Reverend George Williams ' subsequent labelling of it. A fifth quarter,

5612-435: The last 1,500 years. Until the mid-19th century, the entire city of Jerusalem, with the exception of David's Tomb complex , was enclosed within the Old City walls. The departure from the walls began in the 19th century, when the city's municipal borders were expanded to include Arab villages such as Silwan and new Jewish neighborhoods such as Mishkenot Sha'ananim . The Old City came under Jordanian control following

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5704-455: The late Second Temple period were discovered at the site. In 2016, archaeologists unearthed an ancient Roman bathhouse and a large wine production facility. In the mid-19th century, English and German Protestant missions were operating in the Old City of Jerusalem. In 1854 de:Johann Ludwig Schneller (1820–1896), a German Lutheran missionary, came to Jerusalem from Württemberg together with his wife Magdalene Böhringer and six other members of

5796-430: The management of the institution until its confiscation by the British in 1940. The orphanage was under the direction of the Near East Relief Committee for over a year when the first issue of the "Jerusalem News" appeared on December 9, 1919. It was printed by the orphans of the Syrian Orphanage and in the English language. Near East Relief was established by a United States Charter during the Armenian Genocide and its goal

5888-657: The orphanage began accepting girls. Funds for construction and expansion, together with clothing and blankets, were solicited from Protestant communities in Germany and Switzerland. Between 1861 and 1885 Schneller collected a total of 550,000 francs in donations. Schneller was determined to give orphaned and abandoned Arab children a complete education, including teaching them a trade. To that end, he employed both academic and vocational teachers, primarily from Germany. The latter led professional workshops in tailoring, shoemaking, engraving, carpentry, metalworking, pottery, painting, printing, farming, and gardening. Children stayed at

5980-435: The orphanage church; church representatives removed bells, windows and a pipe organ , but left the heavy marble altar encased in a wooden chest. The church was then converted into a basketball arena for the soldiers. In October 2009, on a tour of the facility after the army had vacated the grounds, the provost of the Evangelical German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer noticed the chest and asked for it to be opened, exposing

6072-429: The orphanage for up to 10 years, graduating at the age of 18. They came from all parts of Palestine as well as Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Germany. They were also of differing religious denominations, including Protestant, Greek Orthodox , Catholic , Coptic , and Maronite. Notwithstanding the ethnic diversity of the student body, the language of instruction was German and Arabic . Most of

6164-406: The orphanage from 1927 until its confiscation by the British army in 1940. The orphanage's German funding sources were severely curtailed during the 1930s when the Nazi government of Germany banned citizens from sending funds abroad. When World War II broke out, the British shut down the orphanage and deported its German teachers. The British turned the compound into a closed military camp known as

6256-486: The orphanage in 1910. In 1901 a German noble bequeathed his entire fortune of 700,000 marks toward the establishment of a school for the blind at the orphanage. It opened in 1903 with space for 40 to 50 children, plus workshops to teach the blind weaving and spinning . Besides classes and vocational workshops, the orphanage operated its own printing press and bindery where it produced its own textbooks, Braille books, and German-language newspapers. It also operated

6348-416: The orphanage, the school for the blind, and vocational workshops for youth. In 1910, the jubilee year of the orphanage's founding, a fire destroyed the third floor and wooden roof of the main building, and damaged the second floor where the church was housed. Ludwig Schneller, a son of the founder who was the administrator at the time, managed to collect over 200,000 marks in donations from Germany and rebuilt

6440-418: The outside wall; the subsequent explosion collapsed part of the wall and injured five Arabs in the vicinity. On 12 March 1947, the Irgun penetrated the camp itself in a pre-dawn operation and detonated explosives in one of the buildings to protest the imposition of martial law on Jerusalem. One British soldier was killed and eight injured in the blasts; martial law was lifted four days later. On 17 March 1948,

6532-399: The parking problems in the neighboring Geula commercial district. One hundred parking spaces were made available for up to three hours. In 2011 the Israel Land Administration approved plans for the development of 218 luxury apartments on the property while preserving the eight historic orphanage buildings. As of 2012, parts of the complex are being used for a Bais Yaakov girls' school,

6624-711: The port city of Jaffa , which lay near the Schneller compound), Schneller and his family were able to return to their home. In 1860 Lebanese Druze massacred thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon and Syria . Schneller travelled to Beirut with the intention of rescuing battle-orphaned children. He was rebuffed by the local community, which did not trust foreign Protestant missionaries, but managed to bring back nine orphaned boys to Jerusalem in October 1860. He decided to open an orphanage for them in his home, and by

6716-473: The power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem in the mid-19th century. Continuous building and land acquisitions increased the size of the orphanage grounds to nearly 150 acres (600 dunam ) by World War I. At the beginning of World War II, the British mandatory government deported the German teachers and turned the compound into a closed military camp with the largest ammunition stockpile in

6808-509: The preceding centuries. Despite the names, there was no governing principle of ethnic segregation: 30 percent of the houses in the Muslim quarter were rented out to Jews, and 70 percent of the Armenian quarter. Below is a table of the historically recorded quarters of the city, from 1495 up until the modern system: The Muslim Quarter ( Arabic : حارَة المُسلِمين , Hārat al-Muslimīn)

6900-517: The quarter that were not destroyed are now part of the Jewish Quarter. Simultaneously with the demolition, a new regulation was set into place by which the only access point for non-Muslims to the Temple Mount is through the Gate of the Moors , which is reached via the so-called Mughrabi Bridge . During different periods, the city walls followed different outlines and had a varying number of gates. During

6992-470: The remnants of an impressive fort, built by Greeks in the center of old Jerusalem. It is believed that it is the remnants of the Acra fortress . The team also found coins that date from the time of Antiochus IV to the time of Antiochus VII . In addition, they found Greek arrowheads, slingshots, ballistic stones and amphorae . In 2018, archaeologists discovered a 4-centimeter-long filigree gold earring with

7084-619: The route was eventually improved enough to allow for horse-drawn carriages . The German Templers , who established the German Colony , first began a regular carriage service along the road to Jaffa. During the period of the British Mandate , the street was further developed with the establishment of many central institutions including the city hall, the city's central post office, the Anglo-Palestine Bank , and

7176-465: The sale of land to the new neighborhoods of Mekor Baruch and Kerem Avraham . During World War I, the compound was used by the Ottoman army and its allies as a barracks. From 1921 to 1927, Theodor Schneller resumed management of the orphanage, overseeing the modernization of the property with electrical and sewage installations, as well as new machinery for the various workshops. His son Ernst directed

7268-540: The southern tribes remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah . Jerusalem was largely extended westwards after the Neo-Assyrian destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel and the resulting influx of refugees. King Hezekiah had been preparing for an Assyrian invasion by fortifying the walls of the capital, building towers, and constructing a tunnel to bring fresh water to

7360-449: The street from the main entrance, as well as three of the original five homes built several yards to the west (near the present corner of Malkhei Yisrael and Sarei Yisrael Streets). A plaque on each home bears the name of the German city of its donors. The cities are: Halle , Stuttgart , Kletz, Munich , Hamburg , Petersberg, and Erpfingen, Schneller's birthplace. By 1903 the educational facility had grown to eight buildings and included

7452-431: The street; Jaffa Road was limited to public transit (buses and taxis) in an attempt to divert traffic congestion from the area, and became the centrepiece of a new development plan for revitalising the downtown. A tunnel was excavated under the street at Tzahal Square in 2004 to allow the city's central north-south route to bypass it. In order to accommodate the new system, new utility lines were laid under one side of

7544-412: The teachers employed during the orphanage's first 50 years were German, with some Armenians and Arabs. In 1876 the orphanage had an enrollment of 70 students aged 4 to 17. By 1898 enrollment stood at 200 students. By the time of Schneller's death on 18 October 1896, 1500 students had passed through the orphanage's doors. The actual number of graduates totaled 425 in 1885 and 1169 at the 50th anniversary of

7636-457: The time for prayer arrived, however, he left the church and prayed outside the compound, in order to avoid having future generations of Muslims use his prayer there as a pretext for converting the church into a mosque. Eutychius adds that `Umar also wrote a decree which he handed to the Patriarch, in which he prohibited Muslims gathering in prayer at the site. In 1099, Jerusalem was captured by

7728-861: The triple intersection ( Hameshulash ) at King George V Street and Straus Street , the Ben Yehuda Street pedestrian mall , the Mahane Yehuda market , and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station . Jaffa Road has been redeveloped as a car-free pedestrian mall served by the Jerusalem Light Rail , as well as by the Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station directly adjacent to the Central Bus Station. Originally paved in 1861 as part of

7820-459: The walls, but they were demolished again by Da'ud , the emir of Kerak . In 1243, Jerusalem came again under the control of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Khwarazmian Turks took the city in 1244 and Sultan Malik al-Muazzam razed the walls, rendering it again defenseless and dealing a heavy blow to the city's status. The current walls of the Old City were built in 1535–42 by

7912-572: Was 2,160 in 2020. The Jewish Quarter ( Hebrew : הרובע היהודי , HaRova HaYehudi , known colloquially to residents as HaRova , Arabic : حارة اليهود , Ḩārat al-Yahūd ) lies in the southeastern sector of the walled city, and stretches from the Zion Gate in the south, bordering the Armenian Quarter on the west, along the Cardo to Chain Street in the north and extends east to the Western Wall and

8004-497: Was added to the original parcel. Although the agricultural school did not materialise, the grain, fruits and vegetables produced by the farm supplemented the orphanage diet during the food shortages of World War I. In 1889 Schneller gave over the operation of the orphanage to a consortium based in Stuttgart , while his eldest son, Theodor (1856–1935), became manager of the institution. In 1927 Theodor's youngest son, Ernst, took over

8096-611: Was brought back to seven after the addition of the New Gate in 1887; a smaller one, popularly known as the Tanners' Gate , has been opened for visitors after being discovered and unsealed during excavations in the 1990s. The sealed historic gates comprise four that are at least partially preserved (the double Golden Gate in the eastern wall, and the Single, Triple, and Double Gates in the southern wall), with several other gates discovered by archaeologists of which only traces remain (the Gate of

8188-496: Was found. It reads: "This work too was donated by our most pious Emperor Flavius Justinian , through the provision and care of Constantine, most saintly priest and abbot, in the 13th year of the indiction ." A second dedicatory inscription bearing the names of Emperor Justinian and of the same abbot of the Nea Church was discovered in 2017 among the ruins of a pilgrim hostel about a kilometre north of Damascus Gate, which proves

8280-513: Was remodeled and changed location within the complex five times between the period of 1861 and 1930 (1861, 1867, 1900, 1908, 1930). The bakery changed place and was modernized six times and – in a similar way – most of the functions and uses of the rooms changed during the seventy years of the institution’s existence. Johann Ludwig Schneller also purchased land in the vicinity of the orphanage and constructed houses for workers. Two of these Batei Schneller (Schneller Houses) still stand across

8372-586: Was to deliver humanitarian assistance to the refugees and orphans of the Near East, regardless of race or religion, although the majority of the victims and refugees were of ethnic Armenian origin. During and in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide of 1915–1923, it is estimated that 1.5 million Armenians were systematically massacred by the Ottoman and later by modern Turkish governments. Like other European Christian institutions built in Jerusalem in

8464-570: Was unearthed a palatial mansion from the Herodian period, believed to be the residence of Annas the High Priest . In its vicinity, a depiction of the Temple menorah was discovered, carved while its model still stood in the Temple, engraved in a plastered wall. The palace has been destroyed during the final days of the Roman siege of 70 CE , suffering the same fate as the so-called Burnt House ,

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