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15-459: Fielded on June 3 1968, it was the first missile system in the world to be launched from a submerged submarine. From 1968 to 1987, a total of 631 missiles were built. The P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3 Shaddock) missile required the Project 659 submarines carrying them to stay surfaced after firing to send mid-flight guidance updates. This made submarines very vulnerable to enemy attack, so in the 1960s

30-449: A radar on the submarine. Consequently, along with the addition of the radar-altimeter (which allowed for a much lower cruise altitude than previous missiles), the novel sub-surface launch capability meant that reaction time for surface targets was minimal. As a result, the ability to deploy in littoral and close-range combat scenarios without necessitating exposure of the launching submarine more than made up for its lack of range compared to

45-467: A strategic rather than anti-shipping role because of the lack of fire control and guidance radars. As the Soviet SSBN force built up, the need for these boats diminished so they were converted to the Project 659T SSNs between 1969 and 1974. The conversion involved the removal of the cruise missiles, the plating over and the streamlining of the hull to reduce underwater noise of the launchers and

60-598: The Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 24, 2008. ^ "Jackspeak of the Royal Canadian Navy" . ReadyAyeReady.com . Retrieved 19 September 2020 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sail_(submarine)&oldid=1242175586 " Categories : Submarine design Submarine components Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description

75-793: The periscope(s) , radar and communications masts ( antenna ). When above the water's surface, the sail serves as an observation platform. It also provides an entrance and exit point on the submarine that has enough freeboard to prevent the submarine being swamped. Under water, the sail acts as a vertical stabilizer . In some submarines, the sail also supports diving planes (or fairwater planes), which are control surfaces used for depth control while underwater. See also [ edit ] Dorsal fin References [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Submarine sails . ^ Office of Naval Research . Submarines - How They Work Archived 2009-01-22 at

90-417: The pressure hull . To fire the missiles, the ship had to surface and the missile was elevated to 15 degrees. The Echo II class also had fire control and guidance radar. The Echo II class could fire all eight missiles in 30 minutes, but would have to wait on the surface until the missile mid-course correction and final target selection had been sent unless guidance had been handed over to a third party. From

105-533: The French nuclear submarine Casabianca showing the diving planes , camouflaged masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows. In naval parlance, the sail (American usage) or fin (British/Commonwealth usage) (also known as a fairwater ) of a submarine is the tower-like structure found on the dorsal (topside) surface of submarines. Submarine sails once housed the conning tower (command and communications data center), and continue to house

120-724: The P-20L, later renamed the P-70 Ametist. The P-15M was fitted with an L band active radar homing sensor and a new radar altimeter both developed for the P-120, but there was no room for a datalink in the smaller P-15M. Folding wings were added to reduce the size of the missile, and the missile could be launched at a maximum depth of 30 m (98 ft). The short range of the P-70 meant it could rely on inertial navigation and radar-homing, and as such did not need mid-course updates from

135-589: The P-5. The P-70 went into service with the Soviet Navy on the first Project 670, on June 3, 1968. About 200 were produced. India leased the " Chakra " Project 670 submarine from January 1988 to 1992, to gain experience of operating a nuclear submarine. Echo-class submarine The Echo class were nuclear cruise missile submarines of the Soviet Navy built during the 1960s. Their Soviet designation

150-662: The P-500 and its range was extended to 700 kilometres (430 mi). It replaced steel components with titanium to reduce weight, and had an improved propulsion system. It appeared to have used a similar fire-control system to the P-500, the Argon-KV and Argument radar. The P-1000 was installed on three units of the Northern Fleet between 1987 and 1993. The conversion of two boats of the Pacific Fleet, K-10 and K-34 ,

165-654: The Soviets started working on a new missile that could be fired whilst submerged, and a submarine would carry it. These became the P-120 Malakhit and Project 670 submarine . However, problems with the engines of the P-120 Malakhit forced the Soviets to design a sub-launched missile based on the P-15M Termit (SS-N-2C 'Styx') as a stopgap measure for the first batch of Charlie submarines. This became

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180-592: The mid-1970s, fourteen of the 29 Echo II class were converted during overhauls to carry the P-500 Bazalt (SS-N-12 "Sandbox") anti-ship cruise missile, with a range of 550 kilometres (340 mi). The conversions (Project 675M) could be distinguished by the fitting bulges either side of the sail . Three of these modified units were further upgraded under Project 675MKV towards the end of the Cold War . The P-1000 Vulkan (GRAU 3M70) flew faster (Mach 2.3–2.5) than

195-659: The modification of the sonar systems to the standard of the November-class SSNs. All the Echo Is were deployed in the Pacific Fleet . The last two boats were scrapped in the early 1990s. The Echo II class (Project 675 class) were built at Severodvinsk (18 vessels) and Komsomolsk (11 vessels) between 1962 and 1967 as anti-carrier missile submarines. The Echo II class carried eight P-6 (SS-N-3a "Shaddock") anti-ship cruise missiles mounted in pairs above

210-597: Was Project 659 for the first five vessels, and Project 675 for the following twenty-nine. Their NATO reporting names were Echo I and Echo II. All were decommissioned by 1994. The Soviet Echo I class (Project 659 class) were completed at Komsomolsk in the Soviet far east in 1960 to 1963. The Echo I class were classed as SSGNs armed with six launchers for the P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3C, "Shaddock") land-attack cruise missile . The Echo I class had to operate in

225-521: Was abandoned due to lack of funds. The Echo II class were divided evenly between the Pacific and Northern Fleets . The boats were obsolete by the mid-1980s, and were deleted in 1989 and 1995. Submarines of the Echo class were involved in several accidents : Sail (submarine) Vertical structure on dorsal surface of a submarine [REDACTED] Sail of

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