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69-413: [REDACTED] Portable Network Graphics ( PNG , officially pronounced / p ɪ ŋ / PING , colloquially pronounced / ˌ p iː ɛ n ˈ dʒ iː / PEE -en- JEE ) is a raster-graphics file format that supports lossless data compression . PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)—unofficially, the initials PNG stood for

138-575: A MNG file from a series of PNG files. With the MNG plugin, Irfanview can read a MNG file. If MPlayer is linked against libmng, it and all its graphical front-ends like Gnome MPlayer can display MNG files. Mozilla browsers and Netscape 6.0, 6.01 and 7.0 included native support for MNG until the code was removed in 2003 due to code size and little actual usage, causing complaints on the Mozilla development site. Mozilla later added support for APNG as

207-519: A depth of 8 bits per channel (24 bits per palette entry). Additionally, an optional list of 8-bit alpha values for the palette entries may be included; if not included, or if shorter than the palette, the remaining palette entries are assumed to be opaque. The palette must not have more entries than the image bit depth allows for, but it may have fewer (for example, if an image with 8-bit pixels only uses 90 colors then it does not need palette entries for all 256 colors). The palette must contain entries for all

276-401: A given image file belongs) and for web servers (which should use a MIME type starting with image/ for stills and video/ for animations—GIF notwithstanding), but work soon started on MNG as an animation-supporting version of PNG. Version 1.0 of the MNG specification was released on 31 January 2001. Gwenview has native MNG support. GIMP can export images as MNG files. Imagemagick can create

345-425: A printer setting of 1200 DPI. Raster-based image editors, such as PaintShop Pro , Corel Painter , Adobe Photoshop , Paint.NET , Microsoft Paint , Krita , and GIMP , revolve around editing pixels , unlike vector-based image editors, such as Xfig , CorelDRAW , Adobe Illustrator , or Inkscape , which revolve around editing lines and shapes ( vectors ). When an image is rendered in a raster-based image editor,

414-461: A program encountering an ancillary chunk that it does not understand can safely ignore it. This chunk-based storage layer structure, similar in concept to a container format or to Amiga ' s IFF , is designed to allow the PNG format to be extended while maintaining compatibility with older versions—it provides forward compatibility , and this same file structure (with different signature and chunks)

483-423: A raster approach. Each on-screen pixel directly corresponds to a small number of bits in memory. The screen is refreshed simply by scanning through pixels and coloring them according to each set of bits. The refresh procedure, being speed critical, is often implemented by dedicated circuitry, often as a part of a graphics processing unit . Using this approach, the computer contains an area of memory that holds all

552-418: A significantly smaller file size. Before DEFLATE is applied, the data is transformed via a prediction method: a single filter method is used for the entire image, while for each image line, a filter type is chosen to transform the data to make it more efficiently compressible. The filter type used for a scanline is prepended to the scanline to enable inline decompression. There is only one filter method in

621-629: A simpler alternative. Similarly, early versions of the Konqueror browser included MNG support but it was later dropped. MNG support was never included in Google Chrome , Internet Explorer , Opera , or Safari . Web servers generally don't come pre-configured to support MNG files. The MNG developers had hoped that MNG would replace GIF for animated images on the World Wide Web , just as PNG had done for still images. However, with

690-499: A single image in an extensible structure of chunks , encoding the basic pixels and other information such as textual comments and integrity checks documented in RFC 2083. PNG files have the ".png" file extension and the "image/png" MIME media type. PNG was published as an informational RFC 2083 in March 1997 and as an ISO/IEC 15948 standard in 2004. The motivation for creating

759-432: A small subset of them. PNG offers a variety of transparency options. With true-color and grayscale images either a single pixel value can be declared as transparent or an alpha channel can be added (enabling any percentage of partial transparency to be used). For paletted images, alpha values can be added to palette entries. The number of such values stored may be less than the total number of palette entries, in which case

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828-412: A two-stage compression process: PNG uses DEFLATE , a non-patented lossless data compression algorithm involving a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding . Permissively licensed DEFLATE implementations, such as zlib , are widely available. Compared to formats with lossy compression such as JPEG, choosing a compression setting higher than average delays processing, but often does not result in

897-399: A very different meaning, and this can be misleading. Because, through the dithering process, the printer builds a single image pixel out of several printer dots to increase color depth , the printer's DPI setting must be set far higher than the desired PPI to ensure sufficient color depth without sacrificing image resolution. Thus, for instance, printing an image at 250 PPI may actually require

966-430: Is a format that is natively supported by Gecko - and Presto -based web browsers and is also commonly used for thumbnails on Sony's PlayStation Portable system (using the normal PNG file extension). In 2017, Chromium based browsers adopted APNG support. In January 2020, Microsoft Edge became Chromium based, thus inheriting support for APNG. With this all major browsers now support APNG. The original PNG specification

1035-488: Is a separate table contained in the PLTE chunk. Sample data for a single pixel consists of a tuple of between one and four numbers. Whether the pixel data represents palette indices or explicit sample values, the numbers are referred to as channels and every number in the image is encoded with an identical format. The permitted formats encode each number as an unsigned integer value using a fixed number of bits, referred to in

1104-402: Is based on a (usually rectangular, square-based) tessellation of the 2D plane into cells, each containing a single value. To store the data in a file, the two-dimensional array must be serialized. The most common way to do this is a row-major format, in which the cells along the first (usually top) row are listed left to right, followed immediately by those of the second row, and so on. In

1173-521: Is based on an algorithm by Alan W. Paeth . Compare to the version of DPCM used in lossless JPEG , and to the discrete wavelet transform using 1 × 2, 2 × 1, or (for the Paeth predictor) 2 × 2 windows and Haar wavelets . Compression is further improved by choosing filter types adaptively on a line-by-line basis. This improvement, and a heuristic method of implementing it commonly used by PNG-writing software, were created by Lee Daniel Crocker , who tested

1242-460: Is lost, although certain vectorization operations can recreate salient information, as in the case of optical character recognition . Early mechanical televisions developed in the 1920s employed rasterization principles. Electronic television based on cathode-ray tube displays are raster scanned with horizontal rasters painted left to right, and the raster lines painted top to bottom. Modern flat-panel displays such as LED monitors still use

1311-418: Is more sophisticated than GIF's 1-dimensional, 4-pass scheme, and allows a clearer low-resolution image to be visible earlier in the transfer, particularly if interpolation algorithms such as bicubic interpolation are used. However, the 7-pass scheme tends to reduce the data's compressibility more than simpler schemes. The core PNG format does not support animation. MNG is an extension to PNG that does; it

1380-589: Is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize, it must abort reading the file or supply the user with an appropriate warning. The case of the second letter indicates whether the chunk is "public" (either in the specification or the registry of special-purpose public chunks) or "private" (not standardized). Uppercase is public and lowercase is private. This ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with each other (although two private chunk names could conflict). The third letter must be uppercase to conform to

1449-505: Is publicly documented and there are free software reference implementations available. MNG is closely related to the PNG image format. When PNG development started in early 1995, developers decided not to incorporate support for animation , because the majority of the PNG developers felt that overloading a single file type with both still and animation features is a bad design, both for users (who have no simple way of determining to which class

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1518-408: Is similar to the line above, since the differences from prediction will generally be clustered around 0, rather than spread over all possible image values. This is particularly important in relating separate rows, since DEFLATE has no understanding that an image is a 2D entity, and instead just sees the image data as a stream of bytes. There are five filter types for filter method 0; each type predicts

1587-424: Is then stored for each pixel. For most images, this value is a visible color, but other measurements are possible, even numeric codes for qualitative categories. Each raster grid has a specified pixel format , the data type for each number. Common pixel formats are binary , gray-scale , palettized , and full-color , where color depth determines the fidelity of the colors represented, and color space determines

1656-440: Is used in the associated MNG , JNG , and APNG formats. A chunk consists of four parts: length (4 bytes, big-endian ), chunk type/name (4 bytes), chunk data (length bytes) and CRC (cyclic redundancy code/checksum; 4 bytes). The CRC is a network-byte-order CRC-32 computed over the chunk type and chunk data, but not the length. Chunk types are given a four-letter case sensitive ASCII type/name; compare FourCC . The case of

1725-495: Is usually implemented as vector graphics in digital systems. Many raster manipulations map directly onto the mathematical formalisms of linear algebra , where mathematical objects of matrix structure are of central concern. The word "raster" has its origins in the Latin rastrum (a rake), which is derived from radere (to scrape). It originates from the raster scan of cathode-ray tube (CRT) video monitors , which draw

1794-512: Is vector, rendering specifications and software such as PostScript are used to create the raster image. Three-dimensional voxel raster graphics are employed in video games and are also used in medical imaging such as MRI scanners . Geographic phenomena are commonly represented in a raster format in GIS . The raster grid is georeferenced , so that each pixel (commonly called a cell in GIS because

1863-629: The Blink rendering engine; support was re-added in Opera 46 (inherited from Chromium 59). Microsoft Edge has supported APNG since version 79.0, when it switched to a Chromium-based engine. The PNG Group decided in April 2007 not to embrace APNG. Several alternatives were under discussion, including ANG, aNIM/mPNG, "PNG in GIF" and its subset "RGBA in GIF". However, currently only APNG has widespread support. With

1932-666: The Exif standard. High-resolution raster grids contain a large number of pixels, and thus consume a large amount of memory. This has led to multiple approaches to compressing the data volume into smaller files. The most common strategy is to look for patterns or trends in the pixel values, then store a parameterized form of the pattern instead of the original data. Common raster compression algorithms include run-length encoding (RLE), JPEG , LZ (the basis for PNG and ZIP ), Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) (the basis for GIF ), and others. For example, Run length encoding looks for repeated values in

2001-538: The Usenet newsgroup "comp.graphics" in which he devised a plan for a free alternative to GIF. Other users in that thread put forth many propositions that would later be part of the final file format. Oliver Fromme, author of the popular JPEG viewer QPEG , proposed the PING name, eventually becoming PNG, a recursive acronym meaning PING is not GIF , and also the .png extension . Other suggestions later implemented included

2070-540: The deflate compression algorithm and 24-bit color support, the lack of the latter in GIF also motivating the team to create their file format. The group would become known as the PNG Development Group, and as the discussion rapidly expanded, it later used a mailing list associated with a CompuServe forum. The full specification of PNG was released under the approval of W3C on 1 October 1996, and later as RFC 2083 on 15 January 1997. The specification

2139-533: The recursive acronym "PNG's not GIF". PNG supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors), grayscale images (with or without an alpha channel for transparency), and full-color non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images. The PNG working group designed the format for transferring images on the Internet , not for professional-quality print graphics; therefore, non-RGB color spaces such as CMYK are not supported. A PNG file contains

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2208-551: The visible spectrum ; the large CCD bitmapped sensor at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory captures 3.2 gigapixels in a single image (6.4 GB raw), over six color channels which exceed the spectral range of human color vision. Most computer images are stored in raster graphics formats or compressed variations, including GIF , JPEG , and PNG , which are popular on the World Wide Web . A raster data structure

2277-446: The "picture" part of "pixel" is not relevant) represents a square region of geographic space. The value of each cell then represents some measurable ( qualitative or quantitative ) property of that region, typically conceptualized as a field . Examples of fields commonly represented in rasters include: temperature, population density, soil moisture, land cover, surface elevation, etc. Two sampling models are used to derive cell values from

2346-666: The Mozilla Foundation. It is based on PNG, supports animation and is simpler than MNG. APNG offers fallback to single-image display for PNG decoders that do not support APNG. Today, the APNG format is supported by all major web browsers. APNG is supported in Firefox 3.0 and up, Pale Moon (all versions), and Safari 8.0 and up. Chromium 59.0 added APNG support, followed by Google Chrome. Opera supported APNG in versions 10–12.1, but support lapsed in version 15 when it switched to

2415-557: The PNG format was the realization, on 28 December 1994, that the Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) data compression algorithm used in the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) format was patented by Unisys . The patent required that all software supporting GIF pay royalties, leading to a flurry of criticism from Usenet users. One of them was Thomas Boutell, who on 4 January 1995 posted a precursory discussion thread on

2484-421: The PNG specification as the bit depth . Notice that this is not the same as color depth , which is commonly used to refer to the total number of bits in each pixel, not each channel. The permitted bit depths are summarized in the table along with the total number of bits used for each pixel. The number of channels depends on whether the image is grayscale or color and whether it has an alpha channel . PNG allows

2553-414: The PNG specification. It is reserved for future expansion. Decoders should treat a chunk with a lower case third letter the same as any other unrecognized chunk. The case of the fourth letter indicates whether the chunk is safe to copy by editors that do not recognize it. If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. If uppercase, it may only be copied if

2622-503: The array, and replaces them with the value and the number of times it appears. Thus, the raster above would be represented as: This technique is very efficient when there are large areas of identical values, such as a line drawing, but in a photograph where pixels are usually slightly different from their neighbors, the RLE file would be up to twice the size of the original. Some compression algorithms, such as RLE and LZW, are lossless , where

2691-490: The current PNG specification (denoted method 0), and thus in practice the only choice is which filter type to apply to each line. For this method, the filter predicts the value of each pixel based on the values of previous neighboring pixels, and subtracts the predicted color of the pixel from the actual value, as in DPCM . An image line filtered in this way is often more compressible than the raw image line would be, especially if it

2760-472: The data that are to be displayed. The central processor writes data into this region of memory and the video controller collects them from there. The bits of data stored in this block of memory are related to the eventual pattern of pixels that will be used to construct an image on the display. An early scanned display with raster computer graphics was invented in the late 1960s by A. Michael Noll at Bell Labs , but its patent application filed February 5, 1970,

2829-648: The development of the Third Edition of the PNG Specification, now maintained by the PNG working group, APNG will finally be incorporated into the specification as an extension. 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A 00 00 00 0D 49 48 44 52 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 08 02 00 00 00 90 77 53 DE 00 00 00 0C 49 44 41 54 08 D7 63 F8 CF C0 00 00 03 01 01 00 18 DD 8D B0 00 00 00 00 49 45 4E 44 AE 42 60 82 .PNG.... ....IHDR ..............wS . ....IDAT..c.... ......... ....IEN D.B`. Displayed in

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2898-402: The different letters in the name (bit 5 of the numeric value of the character) is a bit field that provides the decoder with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize. The case of the first letter indicates whether the chunk is critical or not. If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical; if not, the chunk is ancillary. Critical chunks contain information that

2967-916: The entire MNG specification, just as the SVG standard offers the "SVG Basic" and "SVG Tiny" subsets. MNG does not have a registered MIME media type, but video/x-mng or image/x-mng can be used. MNG animations may be included in HTML pages using the <embed> or <object> tag. MNG can either be lossy or lossless, depending whether the frames are encoded in PNG (lossless) or JNG (lossy). Most modern web browsers support animations in APNG , SVG , WebP , and WebM . As of February 2024 only Apple Safari supports HEIF and JPEG XL . The most common alternatives have been Animated GIF and – up until its deprecation in 2017 – Adobe Flash . GIF images are restricted to 256 colors with limited compression, but

3036-478: The example at right, the cells of tessellation A are overlaid on the point pattern B resulting in an array C of quadrant counts representing the number of points in each cell. For purposes of visualization a lookup table has been used to color each of the cells in an image D. Here are the numbers as a serial row-major array: 1 3 0 0 1 12 8 0 1 4 3 3 0 2 0 2 1 7 4 1 5 4 2 2 0 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 5 1 9 3 3 3 4 5 0 8 0 2 4 3 2 8 4 3 2 2 7 2 3 2 10 1 5 2 1 3 7 To reconstruct

3105-462: The expiration of LZW patents and existence of alternative file formats such as APNG, Flash and SVG , combined with lack of MNG-supporting viewers and services, web usage was far less than expected. The structure of MNG files is essentially the same as that of PNG files, differing only in the slightly different signature ( 8A 4D 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A in hexadecimal , where 4D 4E 47 is ASCII for "MNG" – see Portable Network Graphics: File header ) and

3174-616: The fashion of hex editors , with on the left side byte values shown in hex format , and on the right side their equivalent characters from ISO-8859-1 with unrecognized and control characters replaced with periods. Additionally the PNG signature and individual chunks are marked with colors. Note they are easy to identify because of their human readable type names (in this example PNG, IHDR, IDAT, and IEND). Reasons to use this International Standard: Raster graphics The printing and prepress industries know raster graphics as contones (from continuous tones ). In contrast, line art

3243-407: The field: in a lattice , the value is measured at the center point of each cell; in a grid , the value is a summary (usually a mean or mode) of the value over the entire cell. Raster graphics are resolution dependent, meaning they cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without loss of apparent quality . This property contrasts with the capabilities of vector graphics , which easily scale up to

3312-410: The following combinations of channels, called the color type . The color type is specified as an 8-bit value however only the low three bits are used and, even then, only the five combinations listed above are permitted. So long as the color type is valid it can be considered as a bit field as summarized in the adjacent table: With indexed color images, the palette always stores trichromatic colors at

3381-489: The highest end systems). Alpha storage can be "associated" (" premultiplied ") or "unassociated", but PNG standardized on "unassociated" ("non-premultiplied") alpha, which means that imagery is not alpha encoded ; the emissions represented in RGB are not the emissions at the pixel level. This means that the over operation will multiply the RGB emissions by the alpha, and cannot represent emission and occlusion properly. PNG uses

3450-547: The image is composed of millions of pixels. At its core, a raster image editor works by manipulating each individual pixel. Most pixel-based image editors work using the RGB color model , but some also allow the use of other color models such as the CMYK color model . Multiple-image Network Graphics Multiple-image Network Graphics ( MNG ) is a graphics file format published in 2001 for animated images. Its specification

3519-469: The image line by line by magnetically or electrostatically steering a focused electron beam . By association, it can also refer to a rectangular grid of pixels. The word rastrum is now used to refer to a device for drawing musical staff lines. The fundamental strategy underlying the raster data model is the tessellation of a plane, into a two-dimensional array of squares, each called a cell or pixel (from "picture element"). In digital photography ,

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3588-417: The inclusion of ICC color profiles . The lowercase first letter in these chunks indicates that they are not needed for the PNG specification. The lowercase last letter in some chunks indicates that they are safe to copy, even if the application concerned does not understand them. Pixels in PNG images are numbers that may be either indices of sample data in the palette or the sample data itself. The palette

3657-516: The methods on many images during the creation of the format; the choice of filter is a component of file size optimization, as discussed below. If interlacing is used, each stage of the interlacing is filtered separately, meaning that the image can be progressively rendered as each stage is received; however, interlacing generally makes compression less effective. PNG offers an optional 2-dimensional, 7-pass interlacing scheme—the Adam7 algorithm . This

3726-773: The modifications have not touched any critical chunks. A decoder must be able to interpret critical chunks to read and render a PNG file. As stated in the World Wide Web Consortium , bit depth is defined as "the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel)". The PLTE chunk is essential for color type 3 (indexed color). It is optional for color types two and six (truecolor and truecolor with alpha) and it must not appear for color types 0 and 4 (grayscale and grayscale with alpha). Other image attributes that can be stored in PNG files include gamma values, background color, and textual metadata information. PNG also supports color management through

3795-496: The most appropriate image resolution for a given printer-resolution can pose difficulties, since printed output may have a greater level of detail than a viewer can discern on a monitor. Typically, a resolution of 150 to 300 PPI works well for 4-color process ( CMYK ) printing. However, for printing technologies that perform color mixing through dithering ( halftone ) rather than through overprinting (virtually all home/office inkjet and laser printers), printer DPI and image PPI have

3864-474: The original pixel values can be perfectly regenerated from the compressed data. Other algorithms, such as JPEG, are lossy , because the parameterized patterns are only an approximation of the original pixel values, so the latter can only be estimated from the compressed data. Vector images (line work) can be rasterized (converted into pixels), and raster images vectorized (raster images converted into vector graphics), by software. In both cases some information

3933-434: The pixel values present in the image. The standard allows indexed color PNGs to have 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits per pixel; grayscale images with no alpha channel may have 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits per pixel. Everything else uses a bit depth per channel of either 8 or 16. The combinations this allows are given in the table above. The standard requires that decoders can read all supported color formats, but many image editors can only produce

4002-455: The plane is the visual field as projected onto the image sensor ; in computer art , the plane is a virtual canvas; in geographic information systems , the plane is a projection of the Earth's surface. The size of each square pixel, known as the resolution or support , is constant across the grid. Raster or gridded data may be the result of a gridding procedure. A single numeric value

4071-409: The quality of the device rendering them. Raster graphics deal more practically than vector graphics with photographs and photo-realistic images, while vector graphics often serve better for typesetting or for graphic design . Modern computer-monitors typically display about 72 to 130 pixels per inch (PPI), and some modern consumer printers can resolve 2400 dots per inch (DPI) or more; determining

4140-399: The range of color coverage (which is often less than the full range of human color vision ). Most modern color raster formats represent color using 24 bits (over 16 million distinct colors), with 8 bits (values 0–255) for each color channel (red, green, and blue). The digital sensors used for remote sensing and astronomy are often able to detect and store wavelengths beyond

4209-421: The remaining entries are considered fully opaque. The scanning of pixel values for binary transparency is supposed to be performed before any color reduction to avoid pixels becoming unintentionally transparent. This is most likely to pose an issue for systems that can decode 16-bits-per-channel images (as is required for compliance with the specification) but only output at 8 bits per channel (the norm for all but

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4278-423: The two-dimensional grid, the file must include a header section at the beginning that contains at least the number of columns, and the pixel datatype (especially the number of bits or bytes per value) so the reader knows where each value ends to start reading the next one. Headers may also include the number of rows, georeferencing parameters for geographic data, or other metadata tags, such as those specified in

4347-411: The use of a much greater variety of chunks to support all the animation features that it provides. Images to be used in the animation are stored in the MNG file as encapsulated PNG or JNG images. Two versions of MNG of reduced complexity are also defined: MNG-LC (low complexity) and MNG-VLC (very low complexity). These allow applications to include some level of MNG support without having to implement

4416-484: The value of each byte (of the image data before filtering) based on the corresponding byte of the pixel to the left ( A ), the pixel above ( B ), and the pixel above and to the left ( C ) or some combination thereof, and encodes the difference between the predicted value and the actual value. Filters are applied to byte values, not pixels; pixel values may be one or two bytes, or several values per byte, but never cross byte boundaries. The filter types are: The Paeth filter

4485-469: Was abandoned at the Supreme Court in 1977 over the issue of the patentability of computer software. During the 1970s and 1980s, pen plotters , using Vector graphics , were common for creating precise drawings, especially on large format paper. However, since then almost all printers create the printed image as a raster grid, including both laser and inkjet printers. When the source information

4554-454: Was authored by an ad hoc group of computer graphics experts and enthusiasts. Discussions and decisions about the format were conducted by email. The original authors listed on RFC 2083 are: A PNG file starts with an eight- byte signature (refer to hex editor image on the right): After the header, comes a series of chunks , each of which conveys certain information about the image. Chunks declare themselves as critical or ancillary , and

4623-464: Was designed by members of the PNG Group. MNG shares PNG's basic structure and chunks, but it is significantly more complex and has a different file signature, which automatically renders it incompatible with standard PNG decoders. This means that most web browsers and applications either never supported MNG or dropped support for it. The complexity of MNG led to the proposal of APNG by developers at

4692-683: Was initially decided that PNG should be a single-image format. In 2001, the developers of PNG published the Multiple-image Network Graphics (MNG) format, with support for animation. MNG achieved moderate application support, but not enough among mainstream web browsers and no usage among web site designers or publishers. In 2008, certain Mozilla developers published the Animated Portable Network Graphics (APNG) format with similar goals. APNG

4761-487: Was revised on 31 December 1998 as version 1.1, which addressed technical problems for gamma and color correction . Version 1.2, released on 11 August 1999, added the iTXt chunk as the specification's only change, and a reformatted version of 1.2 was released as a second edition of the W3C standard on 10 November 2003, and as an International Standard ( ISO/IEC 15948:2004 ) on 3 March 2004. Although GIF allows for animation , it

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