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45-418: PNH can stand for: Police Nationale d’Haïti Police Nationale d’Haïti Football Club National Party of Honduras Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Parelli Natural Horsemanship IATA Airport Code for Phnom Penh International Airport Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

90-589: A gunny sack ( macoute ) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast. The Macoute were known for their brutality, state terrorism , and assassinations . In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale ( VSN , English: National Security Volunteers ). Though formally disbanded in 1986, its members continued to terrorize the country. After the July 1958 Haitian coup attempt against President François Duvalier , he purged

135-531: A national party for the Tontons Macoute . Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985; among the festivities, the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. In the exuberance, the Tonton Macoute went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party. The lack of funds going to the Tonton Macoute was a result of those funds being intercepted by

180-512: A national police force. The Avril government reported some success in cracking down on abuses within the security services, but violence continued to be a serious problem. Insecurity rose dramatically after 1986 with the formation of ad hoc paramilitary groups that had direct links to the VSN and indirect links to the military. Many of these paramilitary groups engaged in banditry with no political motivation. The security situation in rural regions and at

225-470: A number of section chiefs, and issued a decree in December 1988 that ended appointments of section chiefs and proposed putting the posts up for election (see Urban Dominance, Rural Stagnation, ch. 9). Harsh conditions prevailed in the prison system. Hygiene, food, and health care were inadequate, and prison staff regularly mistreated inmates. The Avril government closed two facilities closely associated with

270-432: A woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly taken as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Luckner Cambronne led the Tontons Macoute throughout

315-501: Is divided into different divisions to tackle the many problems facing Haiti. Many of these divisions are specialized to address particular chronic crimes that affect the nation, including kidnapping, drugs and gangs. The force also has a Coast Guard and paramilitary units. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti has implemented a series of plans to increase the size of the police force to 14,000. Under Jean-Claude Duvalier ,

360-603: Is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . Tonton Macoute The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole : Tonton Makout ) or simply the Macoute , was a Haitian paramilitary and secret police force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier . Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman , Tonton Macoute (" Uncle Gunnysack "), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in

405-740: Is located in the Clercine neighborhood at an extension of the Terminal Guy Malary and is housed in a thousand square meter building. All DCPJ units are housed together since September 2005, with the exception of Police Science and Technology Center. Previously the DCPJ shared the room with the Departmental Direction of the West is moved over two years towards the city center. The Central Directorate of Judicial Police's mission

450-427: Is to find the perpetrators of crimes, gather evidence and clues in order to bring them in front their natural judge within the time fixed by law. It fulfills its role primarily in the field of serious organized crime. It is also responsible for combating transnational crime in cooperation with Interpol. Furthermore, the diverse nature of crimes and criminals easy to change their method and procedure necessary to impose

495-589: The Duvalier dynasty . It sometimes took nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, but paid only 45 percent of the country's debts. This continued until the Tonton Macoute was left on its own when "Baby Doc" fled the country with an estimated $ 900 million. The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of Baby Doc ended in 1986, at the height of the Anti-Duvalier protest movement . Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from

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540-607: The MVSN and other vigilante groups . Some observers have argued that links between the senior army command and remnants of the MVSN have paralyzed reforms in Haiti's judicial system. An illustration of their point was the reported incorporation of some MVSN personnel into FAd'H units and some members of the VSN, as plainclothes paramilitary agents, in the Dessalines Battalion . Other MVSN members found their way into cadres of

585-828: The 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the Caribbean". He extorted blood plasma from locals for sale for his profit. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian"; he shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. He also sold cadavers to medical schools after buying them from Haitian hospitals for $ 3 per corpse. When the Hospital could not supply bodies, he used local funeral homes. In 1971, after Duvalier died, his widow Simone and son Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. Cambronne moved to Miami , Florida , US, where he lived until his death in 2006. When François Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou

630-536: The 1990s. Lasting improvements in internal security, however, appeared unlikely without the establishment of functional civilian institutions and some resolution of the status of the former members of the tonton makouts. In 1995, Haiti disbanded its military, which formerly provided police services in rural areas and operated the Port-au-Prince Police. During President Aristide's second term (2000−04) political appointees took over many key positions in

675-674: The DCPJ duty to dispose of bodies specialized in the fight against organized crime to carry out its mission. The Police Judiciaire includes the following services: These are the Police forces for the Departments of Haiti . The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissement offices, and 133 communal offices. The Haitian National Police has a Coast Guard. It currently has twelve vedettes and seven Go-fast patrol boats . Its main functions are law enforcement and surveillance of Haitian waters. The creation, training and deployment of

720-628: The Haitian Police was part of the Haitian Army from 1912 and had 14,000 members divided between the blue-uniformed Port-au-Prince Police and the Rural Security Companies. Since 1987, successive governments attempted to reform the national police as stated by the constitution it was created to maintain peace, enforce law and order in accordance with the rule of law, to protect its citizens and to arrest those that violate

765-739: The MINUSTAH and UN civilian police, was an opportunity for capacity building Haitian, development of curriculum, the 'teaching and administration of the National Police Academy. The specific objectives of reform include: In 2022, the Head of the Haitian Police Academy, Harington Rigaud, was fatally shot at the doors of the police training facility in the country's capital of Port-au-Prince. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which

810-722: The National Security , or VSN). They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear or were found killed for no apparent reason. This group answered to him only. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence, terrorism, and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti . Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. Many times they put

855-641: The PNH and MINUSTAH. Nevertheless, rampant crime and gang violence continue to be the most immediate problem facing Haitian authorities. In September 2023, the PNH presented a police tactical unit dedicated to anti-gang operations known as UTAG or the Temporary Anti-Gang Unit. The PNH is currently headed by the Director General ( chief of police ) Rameau Normil appointed by the government of Garry Conille . Although officially part of

900-497: The PNH's effectiveness and reliability. Former military personnel exert considerable influence within the police force, and some have begun to push for the reestablishment of the Haitian army. Since its inception, the PNH has suffered from mismanagement, corruption, and a lack of funding. MINUSTAH has helped make up for the shortfalls of the PNH since it arrived in Haiti in 2004. Many security operations have been undertaken jointly by

945-483: The PNH, had greatly influenced the recruitment of new Haitian officers. The personal allegiance required of new graduates of the academy and the police school by the Head of State made training and effective monitoring of the members of the police force difficult. This resulted in an officer cadre whose training and ethics are inadequate, and that a significant fraction is related to human rights abuses, drug trafficking, illicit enrichment, and most vicious crimes, including

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990-406: The PNH. In many instances, these appointees lacked security experience and compromised the political neutrality of the force. After Aristide fled the country, the interim president removed 200 corrupt and inexperienced officers in an effort to improve the PNH's effectiveness. New training ensued to teach police officers how to balance security and human rights concerns. However, numerous problems limit

1035-565: The Police Academy, it is important to modernize the curriculum and management training programs, and to strengthen the capacity of Haitian management. In Haiti, the pressing need for police personnel had helped train more than 5,000 police officers in six months as part of a training program administered mainly by international donors. The Haitian Police Academy is under the control of the Police Nationale d'Haiti, which appoints

1080-828: The Port-au-Prince police force, particularly in the Criminal Investigation Unit (Recheraches Criminelles—renamed in 1988 the Anti-Gang Investigations Bureau), which was traditionally based at the Dessalines barracks. The demise of the Dessalines Battalion and the Leopards, the latter of which had served as Haiti's special weapons and tactics unit, raised questions in the spring of 1989 about the future of

1125-473: The army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers perceived to be a threat to his regime. To counteract such activity, he created a military force that bore several names. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"). They were renamed to Milice Civile ( Civilian Militia ) and, after 1962, Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale ( Volunteers of

1170-657: The commission of crimes and offenses against the established order, maintain order and restore where appropriate, the DCPA is thus to design and make implement measures to: Administrative Police directorates: Administrative police special units are: Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire or DCPJ (Central Directorate of the Judicial police) is the Detective service of the Haitian Police. It has six (6) offices in thirty sections or services, and two hundred sixty nine staff. It

1215-439: The corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. Anyone who challenged the VSN risked assassination. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion, and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from

1260-587: The director with the approval of the Supreme Council of the National Police (CSPN). Formed in 1994, the academy hosted its first director in May 1995, and was able to transfer responsibility for the training of national police from 1998 under the supervision of instructors Haitians instead of foreign instructors ICITAP. In 2006, the presence of a large contingent of foreign police within the mission of

1305-663: The first contingents of the PNH, as a new police force separate from the Haitian Army , had raised difficult issues for decisions on the integration of former military officers experienced in Police Affairs in the ranks of the new National Police of Haiti, since it was important not to import the abusive practices that have made the reputation of some former members of the Armed Forces of Haiti . In addition, attention to executive reward Haitian militancy of its supporters by awarding positions in public administration, including

1350-668: The following components: Direction Centrale de la Police Administrative or DCPA (Central Directorate of the Administrative Police force) Under Article 28 of the Act establishing and organizing the National Police, the Central Directorate of Administrative Police (DCPA) is the body responsible for designing and implementing measures to safeguard the peace, tranquility and good public order. Administrative Police objectives are: to observe laws and regulations, prevent

1395-486: The heads of these 562 rural communal sections (sections rurales communales) functioned as police chiefs, as adjuncts of the nation's military infrastructure. This fusion of civil and military administration continued to be possible because of the broad range of responsibilities assigned to the Ministry of Interior and National Defense. After 1986 the armed forces failed to reestablish a nationwide police force and to subdue

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1440-445: The latest fashion is to say the kidnapping of peaceful and honest citizens, as well as their wives and their children. In recruiting members, including the transfer or promotion of any member to a new assignment, the PNH will: Haiti's National Police has only 9,000 active duty officers in a country of more than 11 million people, and officials say the department remains under resourced and understaffed despite international help. At

1485-407: The law. However the police, being plagued by militarism, factionalism, and corruption, is mainly viewed by citizens as being repressive. The 1987 Constitution proposed the establishment of a separate police corps and a new police academy under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. Political developments in Haiti since 1987, however, have precluded implementation of these changes. Nevertheless,

1530-450: The mission of the police corps was almost indistinguishable from the mission spelled out for the FAd'H . The characterization of the police as a corps armée (armed corps) reinforced this similarity in missions. The only identifiable police force in Haiti operated in Port-au-Prince as part of the armed forces. This 1,000-member force had few operational or technical capabilities, even though it

1575-447: The most important members of the Tontons Macoute were Vodou leaders. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in the paramilitary's actions. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Both their allusions to

1620-543: The official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent 1,320,748 to 0 , electing him to another term. They appeared in force again at the polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life . From 1985, the United States began to stop funding aid to Haiti, cutting nearly a million dollars within a year. Nonetheless, the Baby Doc regime pushed forward and even had

1665-550: The police force, the Presidential Security Unit operates with its own budget and administration. The National organization of the PNH is as follows: Direction Centrale de l’Administration et des Services Généraux or DCASG (Central Directorate of the Administration and General Services) is responsible for human resources, the finances, and logistics needs of the National Police of Haiti It includes

1710-527: The r-Macoutes continued during the following decade. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH), which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes , and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be. Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to

1755-606: The repression of the Duvalier regimes— Fort Dimanche and the detention center of the Criminal Investigation Unit, both in Port-au-Prince—because of the abuses that had commonly taken place there. Political turmoil between 1986 and 1989 resulted in popular justice and mob violence. The international media reported on some of this violence and featured scenes of burning or dismembered bodies. Continued human-rights violations are likely to attract international criticism during

1800-875: The section chief level remained unclear in 1989. The human-rights record of post-Duvalier governments was generally negative. A major problem was the inability, or the unwillingness, of the FAd'H to contain domestic political violence. Government and military personnel apparently sanctioned and participated in attacks on politicians and other activists, particularly during the second Namphy government. The Avril government boasted an improved record in this area, but as of mid-1989, it had proved incapable of restoring order. Haitian military and police often brutally interrogated detainees. Rural section chiefs, who wielded considerable power within their limited jurisdictions, arbitrarily harassed and physically abused citizens, according to some reports. In an effort to address this problem, Avril dismissed

1845-403: The supernatural and their physical presentations were used to instill fear and respect among the common people, including any opposition actors. Their title of Tonton Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his sack, or Makoute. The Tontons Macoute were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in 1961, when Duvalier held a presidential referendum in which

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1890-464: The title PNH . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNH&oldid=884774777 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Haitian National Police The police force

1935-529: The will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York City , Montreal , and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994. Wolfen - in the film Wolfen(1981) the bodyguard that is killed by the Wolfen at the beginning of the film is referred to as being tough and formerly of

1980-481: Was becoming celebrated as authentic Haitian culture by intellectuals and the griots , after it had been dropped for years by those with education. The Tonton Macoute were strongly influenced by Vodou tradition and adopted denim uniforms resembling clothing like that of Azaka Medeh , the patron of farmers. They carried and used machetes in symbolic reference to Ogun , a great general in Vodou tradition. Some of

2025-579: Was responsible for narcotics and immigration control and criminal investigations. In the late 1980s, the Narcotics Bureau, commanded by an army major, had acquired some visibility and resources of its own, with a reported staff of about twenty-five people. There was no true rural police. Small garrisons, operating under military department command, with some cooperation from the lowest central government administrative head, section chief (chef de section), were responsible for rural security. In effect,

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