Polyethoxylated tallow amine (also polyoxyethylene tallowamine, POE-tallowamine ) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats ( tallow ). They are a class of polyethoxylated amines (POEAs). The abbreviation 'POEA' is often erroneously used to refer to POE-tallowamine. They are used primarily as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations , such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate ).
15-577: POEA may refer to: Polyethoxylated tallow amine Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title POEA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=POEA&oldid=933085999 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
30-527: Is about 13 hours, "further supporting the concept that any potential direct effects of formulated products on organisms in natural waters are likely to occur very shortly post-treatment rather than as a result of chronic or delayed toxicity." A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was generally more potent in causing toxicity to aquatic organisms than glyphosate, and that POEA becomes more potent in more alkaline environments. (Potency
45-512: Is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate." Alkaline In chemistry , an alkali ( / ˈ æ l k ə l aɪ / ; from the Arabic word al-qāly , القلوي ) is a basic , ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal . An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water . A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline , and less often, alkalescent ,
60-773: Is between 6.0 and 9.0; fish species are harmed by water having a pH value outside of this range. A review published in 2000 examining the toxicity of POEA and other components in glyphosate formulations found "no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. ...Glyphosate, AMPA , and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. …Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies." Another review, published in 2004, said that with respect to glyphosate formulations, "experimental studies suggest that
75-536: Is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases. The word alkali is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali ), meaning ' the calcined ashes ' (see calcination ), referring to
90-496: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Polyethoxylated tallow amine Animal fat is hydrolysed to give a mixture of free fatty acids , typically oleic (37–43%), palmitic (24–32%), stearic (20–25%), myristic (3–6%), and linoleic (2–3%). These are then converted to fatty amines via the nitrile process before being ethoxylated with ethylene oxide ; this makes them water-soluble and amphiphilic . The length of
105-505: Is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50); a low LD50 means that just a little of the substance is lethal; a high LD50 means that it takes a high dose to kill.) Glyphosate has an LD50 ranging from 4.2 times that of POEA for midge larvae at pH 6.5, to 369 times that of POEA for rainbow trout at pH 9.5 (for comparison, at pH 6.5 the LC50 of glyphosate was 70 times that of POEA for rainbow trout). The pH value of most freshwater streams and lakes
120-691: Is on the United States Environmental Protection Agency List 3 of Inert Ingredients of Pesticides." Roundup Pro is a formulation of glyphosate that contains a "phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine" surfactant; as of 1997 there was no published information regarding the chemical differences between the surfactant in Roundup and Roundup Pro. POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates. POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and
135-424: Is toxic to aquatic species like fish and amphibians. Like other surfactants, it can affect membrane transport and can often act as a general narcotic . In laboratory experiments POEA has a half-life in soils of less than 7 days. Washout from soil is assumed to be minimal, and the estimated half-life in bodies of water would be about 2 weeks. Field experiments have shown that the half-life of POEA in shallow waters
150-636: The caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification , one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium , which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name Kalium ), which ultimately derived from al k ali. Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases , ones which form hydroxide ions (OH ) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include: The terms "base" and "alkali" are often used interchangeably, particularly outside
165-533: The context of chemistry and chemical engineering . There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen. The second subset of bases is also called an " Arrhenius base ". Alkali salts are soluble hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals , of which common examples are: Soils with pH values that are higher than 7.3 are usually defined as being alkaline. These soils can occur naturally due to
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#1732794076411180-422: The fatty tail and degree of exothylation will determine the overall properties of the surfactant . Due to it being synthesized from an impure material POEA is itself a mixture of compounds. The polyethoxylated tallow amine used as a surfactant is referred to in the literature as MON 0139 or polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA). It is contained in the herbicide Roundup . An ethoxylated tallow amine (CAS No. 61791-26-2),
195-435: The original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate , was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide ( slaked lime ), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash ( potassium hydroxide ) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps , one of
210-404: The phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro. Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic , and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off plants by rain. The chemical complexity of POEA makes it difficult to study in the environment. POEA
225-408: The toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants. Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence
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