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46-401: Technical details of the microprocessor were first presented at the 2003 Hot Chips conference. A more complete description was given at Microprocessor Forum 2003 on 14 October 2003. The POWER5 was not sold openly and was used exclusively by IBM and their partners. Systems using the microprocessor were introduced in 2004. The POWER5 competed in the high-end enterprise server market, mostly against

92-604: A quintillion 64-bit floating point arithmetic calculations per second. Frontier clocked in at approximately 1.1 exaflops , beating out the previous record-holder, Fugaku . Some major systems are not on the list. A prominent example is the NCSA's Blue Waters which publicly announced the decision not to participate in the list because they do not feel it accurately indicates the ability of any system to do useful work. Other organizations decide not to list systems for security and/or commercial competitiveness reasons. One such example

138-626: A clock frequency of between 1.5 and 1.8 GHz. IBM uses the DCM and MCM POWER5 microprocessors in its System p and System i server families, in its DS8000 storage server, and as embedded microprocessors in its high-end Infoprint printers. DCM POWER5 microprocessors are used by IBM in its high-end IntelliStation POWER 285 workstation. Third-party users of POWER5 microprocessors are Groupe Bull , in its Escala servers, and Hitachi, in its SR11000 computers with up to 128 POWER5+ microprocessors, which have several installations featured in

184-569: A cluster with over 100,000 H100s. xAI Memphis Supercluster (also known as "Colossus") allegedly features 100,000 of the same H100 GPUs, which could have put in on the first place, but it is reportedly not in full operation due to power shortages. IBM Roadrunner is no longer on the list (nor is any other using the Cell coprocessor, or PowerXCell ). Although Itanium -based systems reached second rank in 2004, none now remain. Similarly (non- SIMD -style) vector processors (NEC-based such as

230-514: A petaflop on the HPCG benchmark , delivering 2.9 petaflops and 1.8 petaflops, respectively. The average HPCG result on the current list is 213.3 teraflops, a marginal increase from 211.2 six months ago. Microsoft is back on the TOP500 list with six Microsoft Azure instances (that use/are benchmarked with Ubuntu , so all the supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors,

276-688: A portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers. The most recent edition of TOP500 was published in November 2024 as the 64th edition of TOP500, while the next edition of TOP500 will be published in June 2025 as the 65th edition of TOP500. Since November 2024, the United States' El Capitan is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1742 petaFlops (1.742 exaFlops) on

322-471: A single vector processor by a technology called ViVA (Virtual Vector Architecture). The POWER5+ is an improved iteration of the POWER5 introduced on 4 October 2005. Improvements initially were lower power consumption, due to the newer process it was fabricated in. The POWER5+ chip uses a 90 nm fabrication process. This resulted in the die size decrease from 389 mm to 243 mm. Clock frequency

368-545: Is anticipated to be operational in 2021 and, with a performance of greater than 1.5 exaflops, should then be the world's most powerful computer. Since June 2019, all TOP500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops. In May 2022, the Frontier supercomputer broke the exascale barrier , completing more than

414-567: Is because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance. AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of the list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku , Sunway TaihuLight , and K computer . Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000 accelerators. Two computers which first appeared on

460-624: Is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim , Germany . The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth). In

506-531: Is fabricated by IBM in a 0.13 μm silicon on insulator (SOI) complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process with eight layers of copper interconnect . The POWER5 die is packaged in either a dual chip module (DCM) or a multi-chip module (MCM). The DCM contains one POWER5 die and its associated L3 cache die. The MCM contains four POWER5 dies and four L3 cache dies, one for each POWER5 die, and measures 95 mm by 95 mm. Several POWER5 processors in high-end systems can be coupled together to act as

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552-520: Is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 G FLOPS . As of June 2022 , all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit supercomputers, mostly based on CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set architecture , 384 of which are Intel EMT64 -based and 101 of which are AMD AMD64 -based, with

598-655: Is the National Supercomputing Center at Qingdao's OceanLight supercomputer, completed in March 2021, which was submitted for, and won, the Gordon Bell Prize . The computer is an exaflop computer, but was not submitted to the TOP500 list; the first exaflop machine submitted to the TOP500 list was Frontier. Analysts suspected that the reason the NSCQ did not submit what would otherwise have been

644-523: The ARMv8 architecture. The Flagship2020 program, by Fujitsu for RIKEN plans to break the exaflops barrier by 2020 through the Fugaku supercomputer , (and "it looks like China and France have a chance to do so and that the United States is content – for the moment at least – to wait until 2023 to break through the exaflops barrier." ) These processors will also implement extensions to

690-417: The ARMv8.2 based Fugaku increased its performance on the new mixed precision HPC-AI benchmark to 2.0 exaflops, besting its 1.4 exaflops mark recorded six months ago. These represent the first benchmark measurements above one exaflop for any precision on any type of hardware. Summit, a previously fastest supercomputer, is currently highest-ranked IBM-made supercomputer; with IBM POWER9 CPUs. Sequoia became

736-535: The Linux kernel . Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure cloud computer was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center 's Magic Cube as the only Windows-based supercomputer on

782-483: The United States Department of Energy and Intel announced the first exaFLOP supercomputer would be operational at Argonne National Laboratory by the end of 2021. The computer, named Aurora , was delivered to Argonne by Intel and Cray . On 7 May 2019, The U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build the "Frontier" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Frontier

828-639: The 2007 TOP500 list of supercomputers. IBM uses the POWER5+ QCM in its System p5 510Q, 520Q, 550Q and 560Q servers. Hot Chips Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 915264776 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:37:01 GMT TOP500 The TOP500 project ranks and details

874-694: The 500 most powerful non- distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks ,

920-721: The ARMv8 architecture equivalent to HPC-ACE2 that Fujitsu is developing with Arm . In June 2016, Sunway TaihuLight became the No. 1 system with 93 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s) on the Linpack benchmark. In November 2016, Piz Daint was upgraded, moving it from 8th to 3rd, leaving the US with no systems under the TOP3 for the 2nd time. Inspur , based out of Jinan , China, is one of the largest HPC system manufacturers. As of May 2017 , Inspur has become

966-775: The Intel Itanium 2 and to a lesser extent, the Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC IV and the Fujitsu SPARC64 V . It was superseded in 2005 by an improved iteration, the POWER5+. The POWER5 is a further development of the POWER4 . The addition of two-way multithreading required the duplication of the return stack, program counter , instruction buffer, group completion unit and store queue so that each thread may have its own. Most resources, such as

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1012-516: The Internet, including the following sources: The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993, the TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only. Since 1993, performance of the No. 1 ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law , doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, Summit was fastest with an Rpeak of 187.6593 P FLOPS . For comparison, this

1058-521: The LINPACK benchmarks. As of 2018, the United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%). As of 2023, the United States has the highest number of systems with 161 supercomputers, and China is in second place with 104. The 59th edition of TOP500, published in June 2022, was the first edition of TOP500 to feature only 64-bit supercomputers; as of June 2022, 32-bit supercomputers are no longer listed. The TOP500 list

1104-732: The TOP500 list up until November 2017. Inspur and Supermicro released a few platforms aimed at HPC using GPU such as SR-AI and AGX-2 in May 2017. In June 2018, Summit, an IBM-built system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US, took the No. 1 spot with a performance of 122.3 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s), and Sierra, a very similar system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, US took #3. These systems also took

1150-573: The TOP500 measures a specific benchmark algorithm using a specific numeric precision. In March 2024, Meta AI disclosed the operation of two datacenters with 24,576 H100 GPUs, which is almost 2x as on the Microsoft Azure Eagle (#3 as of September 2024), which could have made them occupy 3rd and 4th places in TOP500, but neither have been benchmarked. During company's Q3 2024 earnings call in October, M. Zuckerberg disclosed usage of

1196-562: The TOP500 systems are Linux -family based, but Linux above is generic Linux. Sunway TaihuLight is the system with the most CPU cores (10,649,600). Tianhe-2 has the most GPU/accelerator cores (4,554,752). Aurora is the system with the greatest power consumption with 38,698 kilowatts. In November 2014, it was announced that the United States was developing two new supercomputers to exceed China's Tianhe-2 in its place as world's fastest supercomputer. The two computers, Sierra and Summit , will each exceed Tianhe-2's 55 peak petaflops. Summit,

1242-430: The TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2024, United States has the most supercomputers on the list, with 172 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 6,324 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (919 Pflop/s) and Germany third (396 Pflop/s). (As of November 2023 ) By number of systems as of November 2024 : Note: All operating systems of

1288-479: The ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC , MIPS , PA-RISC , and Alpha . All the fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux . Since November 2017 , all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on

1334-449: The early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks . A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on

1380-422: The fastest one currently 11th, and another older/slower previously made 10th. And Amazon with one AWS instance currently ranked 64th (it was previously ranked 40th). The number of Arm-based supercomputers is 6; currently all Arm-based supercomputers use the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 25th. Legend: Numbers below represent the number of computers in

1426-536: The first two spots on the HPCG benchmark. Due to Summit and Sierra, the US took back the lead as consumer of HPC performance with 38.2% of the overall installed performance while China was second with 29.1% of the overall installed performance. For the first time ever, the leading HPC manufacturer was not a US company. Lenovo took the lead with 23.8% of systems installed. It is followed by HPE with 15.8%, Inspur with 13.6%, Cray with 11.2%, and Sugon with 11%. On 18 March 2019,

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1472-504: The last IBM Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade). For the first time, all 500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops." However, for a different benchmark "Summit and Sierra remain the only two systems to exceed

1518-459: The latter including the top eight supercomputers. 15 other supercomputers are all based on RISC architectures, including six based on ARM64 and seven based on the Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors . In recent years, heterogeneous computing has dominated the TOP500, mostly using Nvidia 's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors . This

1564-503: The leader on Green500 is JEDI, a Bull Sequana XH3000 system using the Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 Superchip. In June 2022, the top 4 systems of Graph500 used both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators. After an upgrade, for the 56th TOP500 in November 2020, Fugaku grew its HPL performance to 442 petaflops, a modest increase from the 416 petaflops the system achieved when it debuted in June 2020. More significantly,

1610-412: The list in 2018 were based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from a collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen -based AMD EPYC ) and was ranked 38th, now 117th, and the other was the first ARM -based computer on the list – using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs. Before

1656-462: The list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008. There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at a time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of

1702-562: The loss of performance. The number of integer and floating-point registers is increased to 120 each, from 80 integer and 72 floating-point registers in the POWER4. The floating-point issue queue is also increased in capacity to 24 entries from 20. The capacity of the L2 unified cache was increased to 1.875 MB and the set-associativity to 10-way. The unified L3 cache was brought on-package instead of located externally in separate chips. Its capacity

1748-600: The more powerful of the two, will deliver 150–300 peak petaflops. On 10 April 2015, US government agencies banned selling chips, from Nvidia to supercomputing centers in China as "acting contrary to the national security ... interests of the United States"; and Intel Corporation from providing Xeon chips to China due to their use, according to the US, in researching nuclear weapons – research to which US export control law bans US companies from contributing – "The Department of Commerce refused, saying it

1794-411: The register files and execution units, are shared, although each thread sees its own set of registers. The POWER5 implements simultaneous multithreading (SMT), where two threads are executed simultaneously. The POWER5 can disable SMT to optimize for the current workload. As many resources such as the register files are shared by two threads, they are increased in capacity in many cases to compensate for

1840-484: The supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such ZettaScaler-2.2 -based systems take first three spots). At 19.86 million cores, it was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight . As of November 2024 , the number one supercomputer is El Capitan ,

1886-471: The third manufacturer to have manufactured a 64-way system – a record that has previously been held by IBM and HP . The company has registered over $ 10B in revenue and has provided a number of systems to countries such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Inspur was also a major technology partner behind both the Tianhe-2 and Taihu supercomputers, occupying the top 2 positions of

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1932-669: The whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004, the System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X ( Xserve , with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place. It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off the list though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor" ) made

1978-626: The world's first exascale supercomputer was to avoid inflaming political sentiments and fears within the United States, in the context of the United States – China trade war. Additional purpose-built machines that are not capable or do not run the benchmark were not included, such as RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 and MDGRAPE-4 . A Google Tensor Processing Unit v4 pod is capable of 1.1 exaflops of peak performance, while TPU v5p claims over 4 exaflops in Bfloat16 floating-point format , however these units are highly specialized to run machine learning workloads and

2024-515: Was concerned about nuclear research being done with the machine." On 29 July 2015, President Obama signed an executive order creating a National Strategic Computing Initiative calling for the accelerated development of an exascale (1000 petaflop) system and funding research into post-semiconductor computing. In June 2016, Japanese firm Fujitsu announced at the International Supercomputing Conference that its future exascale supercomputer will feature processors of its own design that implement

2070-498: Was increased to 36 MB. Like the POWER4, the cache is shared by the two cores. The cache is accessed via two unidirectional 128-bit buses operating at half the core frequency. The on-die memory controller supports up to 64 GB of DDR and DDR2 memory. It uses high-frequency serial buses to communicate with external buffers that interface the dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) to the microprocessor. The POWER5 contains 276 million transistors and has an area of 389 mm. It

2116-426: Was not increased at launch and remained between at 1.5 to 1.9 GHz. On 14 February 2006, new versions raised the clock frequency to 2.2 GHz and then to 2.3 GHz on 25 July 2006. The POWER5+ was packaged in the same packages as previous POWER5 microprocessors, but was also available in a quad-chip module (QCM) containing two POWER5+ dies and two L3 cache dies, one for each POWER5+ die. These QCM chips ran at

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