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28-556: During the 1980s, the Philippine Air Force (PAF) wanted to reduce dependence on foreign aircraft by starting indigenous programs. This resulted in the "Hummingbird". The project was not allowed to proceed by the government until July 1997, when then-President Fidel Ramos authorized spending. After then-President Joseph Estrada was elected, an assessment was conducted on the Hummingbird. The review concluded that

56-459: A civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in the sector. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections, plebiscites , initiatives , referendums, and recalls . It decides on all decisions surrounding election protests and contests and has the right to deputize and take control of law enforcement and state security forces to ensure

84-889: Is bicameral , consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives . The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay , while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City , both of which are in Metro Manila . The Senate of

112-640: Is led by the President of the Senate . The current senate president is Francis Escudero . The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from

140-533: The Cabinet and all executive departments , led by the president . The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected unlimited number of times (but not consecutively ), the president is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte , respectively, who were elected in 2022 . The president of

168-489: The chief justice . Under the 1973 constitution, the executive committee led by the prime minister was to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the president, if the president-elect had died, failed to qualify, or if the president had not have been chosen. If the Batasang Pambansa , the national legislature, withdraws confidence in the prime minister, the legislature's speaker would have presided over

196-410: The incapacity , death, resignation, or removal from office (by impeachment and subsequent disqualification) of a sitting president or a president-elect . The current presidential line of succession to the office of the president of the Philippines is specified by the 1987 Constitution . The line of presidential succession follows the order of: vice president, president of the Senate and speaker of

224-424: The House of Representatives. In case of death, permanent disability, or inability of these officials, Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner of selection of the person who is to act as president until a president or vice president shall have qualified and the line of succession will change of who those new national officials are. Contrary to popular belief, the presidential line of succession does not include

252-598: The House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The current speaker is Martin Romualdez . Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a chief justice as its head and 14 associate justices , occupies

280-673: The Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam,

308-457: The Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines —the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. The Executive Branch of government comprise

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336-446: The Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government . The president heads all executive departments . The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet , are appointed by the president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments . The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances , grant pardons , and exercise

364-444: The Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases. The Senate

392-722: The creation of two autonomous regions, one in the Cordilleras of Luzon and another in Muslim Mindanao ; at present, only the latter exists, with the former remaining an administrative division. The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from

420-506: The executive committee. In an absence of an executive committee, the Batasang Pambansa speaker would be acting president until a new president was elected or qualified. If the presidency was vacated with more than 18 months left in the term of the previous president, the Batasang Pambansa was obliged to organize a special election, with the elected president to serve the unexpired term of their predecessor. The executive committee

448-508: The free and orderly conduct of elections. The Commission on Audit is responsible for examining, auditing , and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies. The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the Office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ). The ombudsman is given

476-525: The highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting chief justice is Alexander Gesmundo , the 27th to serve in that position. Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following: Article 9 of the Constitution of

504-442: The highest to the lowest division: Regions are the highest administrative division in the Philippines, primarily used to coordinate planning and organize national services. Administrative regions are not local government units themselves but instead consist of several local government units. Meanwhile, autonomous regions are regions that have control over their governance, culture, and economy. The 1987 Constitution only allows for

532-406: The legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system . The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitution of

560-478: The mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially graft and corruption . The ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the overall deputy, the deputy for Luzon, the deputy for Visayas, the deputy for Mindanao, the deputy for the armed forces, and the special prosecutor. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from

588-561: The national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister , the Council of Leaders , and the Bangsamoro Cabinet . Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament . The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia . Philippine presidential line of succession The Philippine presidential line of succession defines who becomes or acts as president upon

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616-405: The power of eminent domain . Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress. The vice president of the Philippines , the deputy chief executive, is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of

644-541: The president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Commission of Appointments. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines . The Congress

672-613: The project was likely to be unjustifiably lengthy and expensive. Another factor was that the Hummingbird was an unlicensed copy of the MBB/Eurocopter Bo 105C and Eurocopter planned to raise lawsuits regarding the project. Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Government of the Philippines The government of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) has three interdependent branches:

700-435: Was chairman of the committee, and Imelda Marcos who is also a committee member, Marcos' wife and the first lady . A member of the committee, Emmanuel Pelaez lobbied for a constitutional amendment which would allow Prime Minister Virata to assume as acting president in an event Marcos vacates the presidency while Assemblyman Arturo Tolentino campaigned for the restoration of the post of vice president. Another plebiscite

728-409: Was created under the said constitution, which should have at most 14 members and at least half of which should be Assemblymen. The executive committee assists the president in fulfilling their executive function. There was uncertainty regarding the presidential line of succession during the later years of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos , particularly in the 1980s. It is implied that the member who

756-424: Was deemed the best performing would be Marcos' successor whose health is already deteriorating. The failing economy at that time also called for the clarity on who exactly would succeed Marcos. In 1983, President Marcos announced who ever was prime minister at the time the presidency becomes vacant would succeed him. Among those who were considered as candidates to succeed Marcos are Prime Minister Cesar Virata who

784-408: Was held in 1984 which restored the position of vice president, as well as restoring the holder of the position as the first in line in the presidential succession. A vice president should have been elected in a scheduled national elections in 1987, which was never held because President Marcos announced snap elections in 1985 . The ratified provisions of the 1984 plebiscite also obliged the speaker of

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