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76-450: PALOP or Palop may refer to: PALOP , the group of Portuguese-speaking African countries (Portuguese: P aíses A fricanos de L íngua O ficial P ortuguesa ) Andrés Palop , a Spanish footballer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PALOP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

152-437: A founding member of NATO . President Óscar Carmona died in 1951 after 25 years in office and was succeeded by Francisco Craveiro Lopes . However, Lopes was not willing to give Salazar the free hand that Carmona had given him, and was forced to resign just before the end of his term in 1958. Naval Minister Américo Tomás , a staunch conservative, ran in the 1958 elections as the official candidate. General Humberto Delgado

228-647: A 16-year struggle to sustain parliamentary democracy under republicanism – the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). The 28 May 1926 coup d'état or, during the period of Estado Novo , the National Revolution ( Portuguese : Revolução Nacional ), was a military action that put an end to the chaotic Portuguese First Republic and initiated the Ditadura Militar (Military Dictatorship) which in 1928 transitioned into

304-455: A corporatist state representing interest groups rather than individuals. The leaders wanted a system in which the people would be represented through corporations, rather than through divisive parties, and where national interest was given priority over sectional claims. Salazar thought that the party system had failed irretrievably in Portugal. Unlike Mussolini or Hitler , Salazar never had

380-434: A fast pace. Although Caetano was fundamentally authoritarian, he did make some efforts to open up the regime. Soon after taking power, he rebranded the regime as the "Social State", and slightly increased freedom of speech and the press. These measures did not go nearly far enough for a significant element of the population who had no memory of the instability which preceded Salazar. The people were also disappointed that Caetano

456-415: A free hand since appointing him prime minister and continued to do so. Carmona and his successors would largely be figureheads as Salazar wielded the true power. Wiarda argues that Salazar achieved his position of power not just because of constitutional stipulations, but also because of his character: domineering, absolutist, ambitious, hardworking, and intellectually brilliant. The corporatist constitution

532-665: A mixed economy that was neither capitalist nor communist, and was instead organized along quasi-traditional framework of corporatism. There was extensive state regulation as well as dominance of private ownership of the means of production. Major industrialists of Portugal accepted extensive control in return for a guarantee of minimal public ownership, along with restrictions on economic competition. Salazar's economy organized employers and workers into guilds and syndicates, divided into industries such as transport, commerce and banking; guilds were also organized for farmers and rural workers, fishermen, and skilled professions. Within this framework,

608-521: A multicultural, multiracial, and pluricontinental nation since the 15th century, losing its overseas territories in Africa and Asia would dismember the country and end Portuguese independence. In geopolitical terms, losing these territories would decrease the Portuguese state's self-sufficiency. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Salazar had strongly resisted Freyre's ideas, partly because Freyre claimed

684-424: A registered electorate of 1,330,258) counting as "yes". Hugh Kay points out that the large number of abstentions might be attributable to the fact that voters were presented with a package deal to which they had to say "yes" or "no" with no opportunity to accept one clause and reject another. In this referendum, women were allowed to vote for the first time in Portugal. Their right to vote had not been obtained during

760-603: A renegade Portuguese government in opposition to Salazar in Luanda . Galvão released the passengers in negotiation with Brazilian officials in exchange for political asylum in Brazil. Later that year hijackers forced an aircraft to circle Lisbon to drop leaflets against the dictatorship. After that, the six hijackers forced the crew to fly them back to Morocco. In 1962, the Academic Crisis occurred. The regime, fearing

836-438: A total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies. Although Portugal was a dictatorial country, it pursued economic policies aligned with those of democratic and developed nations. The first steps toward economic integration began in 1948 when Portugal joined

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912-478: A watershed of legislation in Portuguese history. Under Salazar's supervision, Teotónio Pereira , the Sub-Secretary of State of Corporations and Social Welfare, reporting directly to Salazar, enacted extensive legislation that shaped the corporatist structure and initiated a comprehensive social welfare system. This system was equally anti-capitalist and anti-socialist. The corporatization of the working class

988-803: Is sparsely used throughout the country. However, it was admitted into the CPLP in 2014, and it subsequently became FORPALOP's sixth member. These five African countries are former colonies of the Portuguese Empire, which collapsed shortly after the Carnation Revolution military coup of 1974 in Lisbon . The strains of the Portuguese Colonial War overextended and weakened the Portuguese dictatorship and precipitated

1064-572: The Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship). Salazar became prime minister in 1932, and in 1933 renamed it the Estado Novo (New State), defining Portugal as a corporative, single-party and multi-continental country. With fascist organizations being popular and widely supported across many countries (like Italian Fascism and National Socialism ) as an antagonist of communist ideologies, António de Oliveira Salazar developed

1140-673: The Armed Forces Movement (MFA) – led to the end of the Estado Novo . King Carlos I of Portugal confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilized the situation in Portuguese Africa . These agreements were, however, unpopular in Portugal, where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. In addition, Portugal was declared bankrupt twice – first on 14 June 1892 and again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism, and press criticism of

1216-467: The Estado Novo as an alternative; Estado Novo a conservative authoritarian regime that was neither fascist nor totalitarian. Salazar's regime can be described as a syncretic corporatist government; Portuguese historian Ernesto C. Leal described the ideology of Salazar and his state as a combination of anti-liberalism, conservatism and authoritarian nationalism that featured social corporatism and Catholic corporatism . The basis of Salazar's regime

1292-643: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1962. Under Marcelo Caetano , who replaced an aging Salazar as prime minister in 1968, the country continued to liberalize its economy and advance European integration. This effort culminated in the signing of a free trade agreement with the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1972. When after Portugal, under the Third Portugese Republic, finally joined

1368-700: The German invasion of the Soviet Union . From 1943 onward, Portugal favoured the Allies, leasing air bases in the Azores . Portugal reluctantly leased the Azores as a direct result of being threatened with invasion should Portugal not cater to the requests of the Allies. As an official neutral, Portugal traded with both sides. It cut off vital shipments of tungsten and rubber to Germany in 1944, after heavy pressure from

1444-653: The Marshall Plan , and subsequently became a founding member of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). In 1960, Portugal joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which allowed the country to integrate its industries with European markets while protecting its agriculture and fisheries, where it could not compete with Northern European nations. Portugal also expanded its economic ties globally by joining

1520-534: The Northern Hemisphere . Salazar suffered a stroke in 1968. As it was thought that he did not have long to live, Tomás replaced him with Marcelo Caetano, former rector of the University of Lisbon and prominent scholar of its law school, and despite his protest resignation in 1962, a supporter of the regime. Salazar was never informed of this decision, and reportedly died in 1970 still believing he

1596-573: The Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). Following the First Republic, when not even public order had been achieved, this looked like an impressive breakthrough to most of the population; at this point, Salazar achieved the height of his popularity. This transformation of Portugal was then known as A Lição de Salazar  – "Salazar's Lesson". Salazar's program was opposed to communism , socialism , and liberalism . It

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1672-509: The death of Adolf Hitler . After World War II (1939–1945), however, the corporatist economic model was less and less applicable. And after decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s, the Portuguese regime became also a source of criticism and dissent by most of the international community. Nevertheless, Salazar clung to it, thereby slowing the nation's long-term economic development. Salazar's postwar policy allowed some liberalization in politics, in terms of organized opposition with more freedom of

1748-669: The 1970s. The legacy of Portuguese empire-building pervades the postcolonial discourse that attempts to explain the development of the modern nation state in Lusophone Africa and shed light on its failures. The Lusophone Compact is an initiative championed by the African Development Bank to accelerate inclusive, sustainable, and diversified private sector growth in the Portuguese-speaking African countries. The primary objectives of

1824-575: The 21st century, Africa would be home to the majority of Portuguese speakers worldwide. Equatorial Guinea adopted Portuguese as its third official language in October 2011. Originally a Portuguese colony before it was sold to Spain in 1778 as part of peace arrangements involving also the colony of Sacramento in the Southern Cone of the Americas, Equatorial Guinea has adopted Portuguese as

1900-484: The Allies. Lisbon was the base for International Red Cross operations aiding Allied POWs and was the main air transit point between Britain and the U.S. In 1942, Australian troops briefly occupied Portuguese Timor , but were soon overwhelmed by invading Japanese. Salazar worked to regain control of East Timor, which came about after the Japanese surrender in 1945. In 1945, Portugal declared two days of mourning for

1976-913: The EEC in 1986, most trade barriers with the rest of Western Europe had already been dismantled by the Estado Novo, with the exception of those relating to agricultural goods and fisheries and, more importantly, trade with Spain. On the political front, Portugal was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, and joined the United Nations (UN) in 1955. From 1950 until Salazar's death in 1970, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 5.7 per cent, leading to significant economic convergence with wealthier Western European nations. Despite this remarkable economic growth, by

2052-522: The First Republic, despite feminist efforts, and even in the referendum vote, secondary education was a requirement for female voters, whereas males only needed to be able to read and write. The right for women to vote was later broadened twice under the Estado Novo. The first time was in 1946 and the second time in 1968 under Marcelo Caetano, law 2137 proclaimed the equality of men and women for electoral purposes. The 1968 electoral law did not make any distinction between men and women. The year 1933 marked

2128-491: The Lusophone Compact activities are to deploy technical assistance tools and programs, leverage the risk mitigation tools available to the parties and leverage the financing tools available to the parties. Estado Novo (Portugal) Prime Minister of Portugal Government Other The Estado Novo ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ɨʃˈta.ðu ˈno.vu] , lit.   ' New State ' )

2204-567: The National Assembly—which was firmly controlled by the regime—serving as an electoral college . On 23 January 1961, military officer and politician Henrique Galvão led the hijacking of the Portuguese passenger ship Santa Maria . The terrorist operation was successful as anti-regime propaganda but killed one man in the process. Galvão claimed that his intentions were to sail to the Overseas Province of Angola to set up

2280-408: The Portuguese were more prone than other European nations to miscegenation . Salazar adopted lusotropicalism only after sponsoring Freyre on a visit to Portugal and some of its overseas territories in 1951 and 1952. Freyre's work, Aventura e Rotina ( Adventure and Routine ) resulted from this visit. Under the Estado Novo regime, Portugal's most notable sports star, Eusébio da Silva Ferreira , and

2356-878: The United States, many hundreds of thousands to Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Venezuela, or Brazil. Political parties, such as the Socialist Party , persecuted at home, were established in exile. The only party which managed to continue (illegally) operating in Portugal during all the dictatorship was the Portuguese Communist Party. In 1964, Delgado founded the Portuguese National Liberation Front in Rome , stating in public that

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2432-513: The budget and stabilized Portugal's currency. Restoring order to the national accounts, enforcing austerity, and red-penciling waste, Salazar produced the first of many budgetary surpluses, an unparalleled novelty in Portugal. In July 1940, the American Life magazine featured an article on Portugal, and, referring to its recent chaotic history, asserted that "anyone who saw Portugal 15 years ago might well have said it deserved to die. It

2508-538: The building of a major oil processing center in Sines . The economy reacted very well at first, but into the 1970s some serious problems began to show, due in part to two-digit inflation (from 1970 and on) and to the effects of the 1973 oil crisis . However, the 1973 oil crisis had a potentially beneficial effect on Portugal because the largely unexploited oil reserves that Portugal had in its overseas territories of Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe were being developed at

2584-640: The country's third official language in order to be allowed into the CPLP , despite its limited historical and cultural commonalities with the other countries. Equatorial Guinea was traditionally not considered part of the PALOP, and it was not a founding member of FORPALOP in June 2014, a recently created institution that includes the PALOP, a forum for political-diplomatic cooperation to deepen historical friendship ties and solidarity between these African states. Portuguese

2660-518: The fall of the Estado Novo in 1974, Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe. However, this economic convergence slowed or even reversed after the end of the Estado Novo, as political and economic instability in the post-1974 period hampered further progress. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon , a military coup organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers –

2736-484: The family. We are against class warfare, irreligion and disloyalty to one's country; against serfdom, a materialistic conception of life, and might over right." however the Estado Novo adopted many fascist characteristics with the Legião Portuguesa , Mocidade Portuguesa , and Corporatism being the most prominent examples; after the end of World War II, Salazar distanced his regime from fascism. Portugal

2812-560: The finance ministry. He pleaded ill-health, devotion to his aged parents and a preference for the academic cloisters. In 1927, under the ministry of Sinel de Cordes , the public deficit kept on growing. The government tried to obtain loans from Baring Brothers under the auspices of the League of Nations , but the conditions were considered unacceptable. With Portugal under the threat of an imminent financial collapse, Salazar finally agreed to become its 81st finance minister on 26 April 1928 after

2888-502: The five Lusophone African countries formed an interstate organisation called PALOP, a colloquial acronym that translates to "African Countries of Portuguese Official Language" ( Portuguese : Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa ). The PALOP countries have signed official agreements with Portugal , the European Union and the United Nations , and they work together to promote the development of culture, education and

2964-460: The gravity of the offence, were usually sent to jail or transferred from one university to another in order to destabilize oppositionist networks and their hierarchical organization. The students, with strong support from the clandestine Portuguese Communist Party , responded with demonstrations which culminated on 24 March with a huge student demonstration in Lisbon, which was vigorously suppressed by

3040-450: The growing popularity of both purely democratic and communist ideas among the students, carried out the boycott and closure of several student associations and organizations, including the important National Secretariat of Portuguese Students. Most members of this organization were opposition militants, among them many communists. Anti-regime political activists were investigated and persecuted by PIDE-DGS (the secret police), and according to

3116-400: The hardliners in the regime—most notably Tomás, who was not nearly as willing to give Caetano the free rein that he gave Salazar. Caetano was thus in no position to resist when Tomás and the other hardliners forced the end of the reform experiment in 1973. Portugal's overriding problem in 1926 was its enormous public debt. Several times between 1926 and 1928, Salazar turned down appointments to

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3192-526: The intention to create a party-state. Salazar was against the whole-party concept, he rejected the concept of a mass-mobilizing party that sought to control all aspects of life, as seen in fascist regimes and in 1930 he created the National Union , a single-party, but he created it as a non-ideological, non-party, a passive institution, serving more as a facade of political order rather than a power-holding organization in its own right. The National Union

3268-443: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PALOP&oldid=1254794851 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Portuguese-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Portuguese-speaking African countries In 1992,

3344-399: The monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution. In 1908, Carlos I was assassinated in Lisbon by anti-monarchists. The Portuguese monarchy lasted until 1910 when, through the 5 October revolution , it was overthrown and Portugal was proclaimed a republic . The overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 led to

3420-594: The most decorated military officer of the Portuguese Armed Forces, Marcelino da Mata , were both black Portuguese citizens born and raised in Portugal's African territories. The Estado Novo based its political philosophy around a close interpretation of the Catholic social doctrine , much like the contemporary regime of Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria. The economic system, known as corporatism ,

3496-564: The official workers' syndicates that replaced free trade unions. According to Howard Wiarda, "The men who came to power in the Estado Novo were genuinely concerned with the poverty and backwardness of their nation, divorcing themselves from Anglo-American political influences while developing a new indigenous political model and alleviating the miserable living conditions of both rural and urban poor." The new constitution introduced by Salazar established an anti-parliamentarian and authoritarian government that would last until 1974. The president

3572-542: The only way to end the Estado Novo would be by a military coup , while many others advocated a "national uprising" approach. Delgado and his Brazilian secretary, Arajaryr Moreira de Campos, were murdered on 13 February 1965 in Spain in an ambush by PIDE. According to some Portuguese right-wing scholars like Jaime Nogueira Pinto and Rui Ramos , Salazar's early reforms and policies allowed political and financial stability and therefore social order and economic growth, after

3648-476: The overthrow of António de Oliveira Salazar's regime. Younger military officers, who were disillusioned by a war that was far-off and taxing, began to side with the pro-independence resistance against Portugal and eventually led to the military coup d'état on April 25, 1974. The long-lasting rule of the Portuguese colonial empire had varying effects on the African states even after they gained independence in

3724-412: The perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism , with Angola , Mozambique , and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, it being a supposed source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. Under the Estado Novo , Portugal tried to perpetuate a vast, centuries-old empire with

3800-475: The politically unstable and financially chaotic years of the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). Other historians, like left-wing politician Fernando Rosas , point out that Salazar's policies from the 1930s to the 1950s, led to economic and social stagnation and rampant emigration, turning Portugal into one of the poorest countries in Europe, that was also thwarted by scoring lower on literacy than its peers of

3876-456: The preservation of the Portuguese language. In 1996, together with Portugal and Brazil , the Portuguese-speaking African countries established the Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese : Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa , abbreviated to CPLP), which East Timor later joined in 2002 and Equatorial Guinea in 2014. In 2016, it was projected that by the end of

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3952-405: The press. Opposition parties were tolerated to an extent, but they were also controlled, limited, and manipulated, with the result that they split into factions and never formed a united opposition. He permitted the formation of Movement of Democratic Unity ( Movimento de Unidade Democrática ) in 1945. It boycotted the election and Salazar won handily on 18 November 1945. In 1949 Portugal became

4028-463: The principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, [and] the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the Estado Novo . Salazar's own party, the National Union , was formed as a subservient umbrella organization to support the regime itself, and therefore did not have its own philosophy. At

4104-423: The republican and Freemason Óscar Carmona was elected president. However, before accepting the position, he personally secured from Carmona a categorical assurance that as finance minister he would have a free hand to veto expenditure in all government departments, not just his own. Salazar was the financial czar virtually from the day he took office. Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced

4180-510: The riot police. Marcelo Caetano , a distinguished member of the regime and the incumbent rector of the University of Lisbon , resigned. The reluctance of many young men to embrace the hardships of the Portuguese Colonial War resulted in tens of thousands of Portuguese citizens each year leaving to seek economic opportunities abroad in order to escape conscription. In over 15 years, nearly one million emigrated to France, another million to

4256-437: The state exercised extensive authority regarding private investment decisions and the level of wages. A relocation or constructions of an industrial plan, as well as investments into machinery or equipment to increase the capacity of already existing enterprises, required government approval. According to Howard J. Wiarda , "in reality both labor and capital and indeed the entire corporate institutional network were subordinate to

4332-654: The time, many European countries feared the destructive potential of communism. Many members of the National Syndicalist Movement eventually joined the National Union. One overriding criticism of his regime is that stability was bought and maintained at the expense of suppression of human rights and liberties. The corporatist state had some similarities to Benito Mussolini 's Italian fascism, but considerable differences in its moral approach to governing. Although Salazar admired Mussolini and

4408-475: Was a platform of stability, in direct contrast to the unstable environment of the First Republic . According to some Portuguese scholars like Jaime Nogueira Pinto and Rui Ramos, his early reforms and policies changed the whole nation by permitting political and financial stability and therefore a calm social order and economic growth , after the politically unstable and financially chaotic years of

4484-402: Was accompanied by strict legislation regulating business. Workers' organizations were subordinated to state control but granted a legitimacy that they had never before enjoyed and were made beneficiaries of a variety of new social programs. Nevertheless, it is important to note that even in the enthusiastic early years, corporatist agencies were not at the center of power and therefore corporatism

4560-424: Was approved in the national Portuguese constitutional referendum of 19 March 1933. A draft had been published one year before, and the public was invited to state any objections in the press. These tended to stay in the realm of generalities and only a handful of people, less than 6,000, voted against the new constitution. The new constitution was approved with 99.5% of the vote, but with 488,840 abstentions (in

4636-624: Was atrociously governed, bankrupt, squalid, ridden with disease and poverty. It was such a mess that the League of Nations coined a word to describe the absolute low in national welfare: 'Portuguese'. Then the Army overthrew the Republic which had brought the country to this sorry pass". Life added that ruling Portugal was difficult and explained how Salazar "found a country in chaos and poverty" and then reformed it". Under Salazar, Estado Novo featured

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4712-427: Was based on similar interpretations of the papal encyclicals Rerum novarum ( Leo XIII , 1891) and Quadragesimo anno ( Pius XI , 1931), which were meant to prevent class struggle and transform economic concerns secondary to social values. Rerum novarum argued that labour associations were part of the natural order, like the family. The right of men to organize into trade unions and to engage in labour activities

4788-469: Was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar , who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968. Opposed to communism , socialism , syndicalism , anarchism , liberalism and anti-colonialism , and fascism , the regime was conservative corporatist , and nationalist in nature, defending Portugal's traditional Catholicism . Its policy envisaged

4864-542: Was expelled from the Portuguese military and took refuge in the Brazilian embassy before going into exile, spending much of it in Brazil and later in Algeria. Even though the electoral system was so heavily rigged in favour of the National Union that Tomás could not have possibly been defeated, Salazar was not willing to leave anything to chance. He abolished the direct election of presidents in favour of indirect election by

4940-497: Was influenced by his Labour Charter of 1927 , Salazar distanced himself from fascist dictatorship, which he considered a pagan Caesarist political system that recognized neither legal nor moral limits. Salazar also viewed German Nazism as espousing pagan elements that he considered repugnant. Just before World War II, Salazar made this declaration: "We are opposed to all forms of Internationalism, Communism, Socialism, Syndicalism and everything that may divide or minimize, or break up

5016-680: Was not the true base of the whole system. In 1934, Portugal crushed the Portuguese Fascist Movement and exiled Francisco Rolão Preto as a part of a purge of the leadership of the Portuguese National Syndicalists , also known as the camisas azuis ("Blue Shirts"). Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action,

5092-495: Was officially neutral in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), but quietly furnished help to the nationalists of Francisco Franco . During World War II, 1939–1945, Portugal remained officially neutral , giving its highest priority to avoiding a Nazi invasion of the sort that was so devastating in most other European countries. The regime at first showed some pro- Axis sympathies; Salazar for example expressed approval for

5168-419: Was prime minister. Most of the people hoped Caetano would soften the edges of Salazar's authoritarian regime and modernize the already growing economy. Caetano moved on to foster economic growth and made important social improvements, such as the awarding of a monthly pension to rural workers who had never had the chance to pay social security . Some large-scale investments were made at the national level, such as

5244-507: Was pro- Catholic , conservative , and nationalistic . Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental empire, financially autonomous and politically independent from the dominating superpowers , and a source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions . To support his colonial policies, Salazar eventually adopted Brazilian historian Gilberto Freyre 's notion of lusotropicalism by asserting that, since Portugal had been

5320-675: Was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to mobilize it; the goal was to strengthen and preserve traditional values rather than to induce a new social order. Ministers, diplomats, and civil servants were never compelled to join the National Union. The legislature, called the National Assembly, was restricted to members of the National Union . It could initiate legislation, but only concerning matters that did not require government expenditures. The parallel Corporative Chamber included representatives of municipalities, religious, cultural, and professional groups, and of

5396-614: Was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship") formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the unstable First Republic . Together, the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo are recognised by historians as the Second Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : Segunda República Portuguesa ). The Estado Novo , greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies,

5472-606: Was the opposition candidate—the only time in both incarnations of the Second Republic that an opposition candidate was still in the race on election day. Delgado was credited with only around 25% of the votes with 52.6% in favour of Tomás. The election had initially been seen as little better than a pantomime of democracy before a reporter asked Delgado whether he would retain Salazar if elected. Delgado famously replied, " Obviamente, demito-o! " ("Obviously, I'll sack him!") He

5548-418: Was thus inherent and could not be denied by employers or the state. Quadragesimo anno provided the blueprint for the erection of the corporatist system. A new constitution was drafted by a group of lawyers, businessmen, clerics, and university professors, with Salazar as the leading spirit and Marcelo Caetano also playing a major role. The constitution created the Estado Novo ('New State'), in theory

5624-427: Was to be elected by popular vote for a period of seven years. On paper, the new document vested sweeping, almost dictatorial powers in the hands of the president, including the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. The president was elevated to a position of preeminence as the "balance wheel", the defender and ultimate arbiter of national politics. President Carmona, however, had allowed Salazar more or less

5700-466: Was unwilling to open up the electoral system. The conduct of the 1969 and 1973 elections was little different from past elections over the previous four decades. The National Union—renamed People's National Action—swept every seat, as before. Also as before, the opposition was still barely tolerated; opposition candidates were subjected to harsh repression. However, Caetano had to expend all of his political capital to wring even these meager reforms out of

5776-459: Was well aware that the president's ability to dismiss the prime minister was, on paper, the only check on Salazar's power. Delgado's rallies subsequently attracted vast crowds. Evidence later surfaced that the PIDE had stuffed the ballot boxes with votes for Tomás, leading many neutral observers to conclude that Delgado would have won had Salazar allowed an honest election. After the elections, Delgado

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