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64-570: The organization was founded in October 1941 by a Chiot Air Force Lieutenant, Kostas Perrikos . Perrikos was a fervent Republican who had been dismissed from the Air Force after the failed Venizelist coup attempt in March 1935. In June 1941, he was a founding member of the "Army of Enslaved Victors" (Στρατιά Σκλαβωμένων Νικητών, SSN), one of the first resistance groups to spring up after Greece

128-626: A more spectacular and ultimately fatal success, when it blew up the headquarters of the National-Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO), the largest Greek National-Socialist organization, in central Athens. ESPO was trying to recruit volunteers for a " Greek Legion " to fight in the Eastern Front alongside the Germans. A team of four (K. Perrikos, A. Mytilinaios, Sp. Galatis and I. Bimba), carried out

192-631: A passage from Lesbos to Samos . After the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, Chios was for seven centuries part of the Byzantine Empire . This came to an end when the island was briefly held (1090–97) by Tzachas , a Turkish bey in the region of Smyrna during the first expansion of the Turks to the Aegean coast. However, the Turks were driven back from the Aegean coast by

256-569: A small Jewish population from at least 1049 AD. The original Greek ( Romaniote ) Jews, thought to have been brought over by the Romans, were later joined by Sephardic Jews welcomed by the Ottomans during the Iberian expulsions of the late 15th century . The mainstay of the island's famous wealth was the mastic crop. Chios was able to make a substantial contribution to the imperial treasury while at

320-587: A thousand infantrymen, a hundred cavalrymen and two galleys, expelled the Zacharia family from the island (1329) and dissolved the fiefdom. Local rule was brief. In 1346, a chartered company or Maona (the " Maona di Chio e di Focea ") was set up in Genoa to reconquer and exploit Chios and the neighbouring town of Phocaea in Asia Minor. Although the islanders firmly rejected an initial offer of protection,

384-402: Is mountainous and arid, with a ridge of mountains running the length of the island. The two largest of these mountains, Pelineon (1,297 m (4,255 ft)) and Epos (1,188 m (3,898 ft)), are situated in the north of the island. The center of the island is divided between east and west by a range of smaller peaks, known as Provatas. Chios can be divided into five regions. Midway up

448-625: Is the fifth largest Greek island , situated in the northern Aegean Sea , and the tenth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait . Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is "the Mastic Island". Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Administratively,

512-623: The Chios massacre , in which tens of thousands of Greeks on the island were massacred, expelled, and enslaved by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Chios remained a part of the Ottoman Empire until 1912. Chios island is crescent or kidney-shaped, 50 km (31 mi) long from north to south, and 29 km (18 mi) at its widest, covering an area of 842.289 km (325.210 sq mi). The terrain

576-578: The Ionian League . As a result, Chios, at the end of the 7th century BC, was one of the first cities to strike or mint coins, establishing the sphinx as its symbol. It maintained this tradition for almost 900 years. In the 6th century BC, Chios' government adopted a constitution similar to that developed by Solon in Athens and later developed democratic elements with a voting assembly and people's magistrates called damarchoi . In 546 BC, Chios

640-635: The Latin emperors of Constantinople , with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the Republic of Venice . However, defeats for the Latin empire resulted in the island reverting to Byzantine rule in 1225. The Byzantine rulers had little influence and through the Treaty of Nymphaeum , authority was ceded to the Republic of Genoa (1261). At this time the island was frequently attacked by pirates, and by 1302–1303

704-587: The Middle East . Four others, Th. Skouras, Ioannis Katevatis, D. Lois and D. Papadopoulos, although found not guilty, had been executed as a reprisal act on 7 January. Dalianis would soon be executed by fighters of the right-wing " Omiros " organisation, which members included later Junta officer Stylianos Pattakos . In September 1943, PEAN, the Athenian wing of EDES and the Sacred Brigade formed

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768-651: The Ottoman Empire after the surrender to Piyale Pasha . Subsequently, the Genoans were sent to the capital and after some time upon the request of the French ambassador they were allowed to return with a firman. During Ottoman rule, the government and tax gathering again remained in the hands of Greeks and the Turkish garrison was small and inconspicuous. As well as the Latin and Turkish influx, documents record

832-659: The Third Macedonian War , thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1,000 Galatian troops, as well as a number of horses, were sent by Eumenes II to his brother Attalus . Leaving from Elaea, they were headed to the harbour of Phanae, planning to disembark from there to Macedonia. However, Perseus 's naval commander Antenor intercepted the fleet between Erythrae (on the Western coast of Turkey) and Chios. According to Livy , they were caught completely off-guard by Antenor. Eumenes' officers at first thought

896-582: The moment magnitude scale , damaged a large portion of the island's buildings and resulted in great loss of life. Reports of the time spoke of 5,500–10,000 fatalities. Remarkably, despite the terrible devastation, in the later 19th century Chios emerged as the motherland of the modern Greek shipping industry. Indicatively, while in 1764, Chios had 6 vessels with 90 sailors on record, in 1875 there were 104 ships with over 60,000 registered tonnes, and in 1889 were recorded 440 sailing ships of various types with 3,050 sailors. The dynamic development of Chian shipping in

960-486: The 19th century is further attested by the various shipping related services that were present in the island during this time, such as the creation of the shipping insurance companies Chiaki Thalassoploia (Χιακή Θαλασσοπλοΐα), Dyo Adelfai (Δυο Αδελφαί), Omonoia (Ομόνοια) and the shipping bank Archangelos (Αρχάγγελος) (1863). The boom of Chian shipping took place with the successful transition from sailing vessels to steam. To this end, Chian ship owners were supported by

1024-720: The Byzantines aided by the First Crusade , and the island was restored to Byzantine rule by admiral Constantine Dalassenos . This relative stability was ended by the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade (1204) and during the turmoil of the 13th century the island's ownership was constantly affected by the regional power struggles. After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by

1088-623: The Chians were ultimately forced to retreat and were again subjected to Persian domination. The defeat of Persia at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC meant the liberation of Chios from Persian rule. When the Athenians formed the Delian League , Chios joined as one of the few members who did not have to pay tribute but who supplied ships to the alliance. By the fifth to fourth centuries BC,

1152-515: The People's Liberation Union (LAE) an alliance of Venizelist resistance organizations. The arrest of its leadership was a critical blow to the PEAN, which had never been very large, and severely limited its abilities. It did however carry on, in a purely political role, continuing to publish Doxa , and gradually moving to a more conservative stance, particularly through its rivalry with EAM. Its armed wing

1216-716: The Roman world and later. It has a pinkish coloured background containing yellow-orange, brown and grey spots of variable shape and size, separated by whitish or red veins. The name "portasanta" derives from the door jambs of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, being made of this marble. According to the Acts of the Apostles , Luke the Evangelist , Paul the Apostle and their companions passed Chios during Paul's third missionary journey, on

1280-494: The betrayal of the group by gendarmerie officer Polykarpos Dalianis, on 11 November they managed to arrest PEAN's core group, including Perrikos, and on 31 December, a court martial condemned the arrested to death. Perrikos was executed at Kaisariani on February 4, Ioulia Bimba was executed by beheading on 26 February 1943 in Vienna, Galatis' sentence was commuted to a life sentence, while Mytilinaios managed to escape and flee to

1344-509: The bombing, in which ca. 40 ESPO members and 6 Germans were wounded, most of them severely, including ESPO's founder, Dr. Spyros Sterodimas, who died shortly after of his wounds. The attack was widely publicized and praised by Allied radio stations, and marked the end of the ESPO and of German attempts to recruit Greeks into the Wehrmacht . The Germans initially blamed EAM for the act, but after

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1408-662: The camp was closed and the inhabitants moved to Trikeri . Omiros (resistance group) Omiros ( Greek : Όμηρος , " Homer ") was a resistance organization in German-occupied Greece during World War II . It was established in September 1941 on the initiative of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos . It worked closely with the British military and intelligence. The majority of its members were Greek Army officers, but many civilians were also involved. Omiros

1472-476: The city gates, and on the road leading to the city. Of the 1,000 men, 800 were killed, 200 taken prisoner.' After the Roman conquest Chios became part of the province of Asia . In the spring of 14 BC, King Herod of Judaea , known for his extensive architectural projects, funded the construction of a stoa on Chios, which had suffered destruction during the Mithridatic War . Additionally, he settled

1536-444: The east coast lie the main population centers, the main town of Chios, and the regions of Vrontados and Kambos. Chios Town, with a population of 32,400, is built around the island's main harbour and medieval castle. The current castle, with a perimeter of 1,400 m (4,600 ft), was principally constructed during the time of Genoese and Ottoman rule, although remains have been found dating settlements there back to 2000 B.C. The town

1600-462: The educated urban youth of Athens. Its most notable achievements, however, are the two bombings carried out by its "destruction squad" (members: Dionysios Papadopoulos, Thanasis Skouras, Antonis Mytilinaios, Spyros Galatis, Dimitrios Lois, Ioulia Bimba). In August 1942, they blew up the headquarters of the Greek pro-Nazi organization OEDE, without causing any casualties. On September 20, the group achieved

1664-499: The far south of the island. Scholars lack information on this period. The size and duration of these settlements have therefore not been well-established. The British School at Athens under the direction of Sinclair Hood excavated the Emporeio site in 1952–1955, and most current information comes from these digs. The Greek Archaeological Service has also been excavating periodically on Chios since 1970, though much of its work on

1728-467: The frequent raids by marauding pirates. Between Chios Town and the Mastichochoria lie a large number of historic villages including Armolia ( Αρμόλια ), Myrmighi ( Μυρμήγκι ), and Kalimassia ( Καλλιμασιά ). Along the east coast are the fishing villages of Kataraktis ( Καταρράκτης ) and to the south, Nenita ( Νένητα ). Directly in the centre of the island, between the villages of Avgonyma to

1792-467: The hands of the local Greek landowners. Benedetto Zacharia was followed by his son Paleologo and then his grandsons or nephews Benedetto II and Martino . They attempted to turn the island towards the Latin and Papal powers, and away from the predominant Byzantine influence. The locals, still loyal to the Byzantine Empire, responded to a letter from the emperor and, despite a standing army of

1856-476: The intercepting fleet were friendly Romans, but scattered upon realizing they were facing an attack by their Macedonian enemy, some choosing to abandon ship and swim to Erythrae. Others, crashing their ships into land on Chios, fled toward the city. The Chians however closed their gates, startled at the calamity. And the Macedonians, who had docked closer to the city anyway, cut the rest of the fleet off outside

1920-487: The island after a series of clashes that lasted for over a month. The Ottoman Empire recognized Greece's annexation of Chios and the other Aegean islands by signing the Treaty of London (1913) . Although Greece was officially neutral, the island was occupied by the British during World War I, on 17 February 1916. This may have been due to the island's proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the city of İzmir in particular. It

1984-541: The island are the Mastichochoria (literally 'mastic villages'), the seven villages of Mesta ( Μεστά ), Pyrgi ( Πυργί ), Olympi ( Ολύμποι ), Kalamoti ( Καλαμωτή ), Vessa ( Βέσσα ), Lithi ( Λιθί ), and Elata ( Ελάτα ), which together have controlled the production of mastic gum in the area since the Roman period. The villages, built between the 14th and 16th centuries, have a carefully designed layout with fortified gates and narrow streets to protect against

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2048-460: The island forms a separate municipality within the Chios regional unit , which is part of the North Aegean region . The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Chios . Locals refer to Chios town as Chora ( Χώρα literally means land or country, but usually refers to the capital or a settlement at the highest point of a Greek island). The island was also the site of

2112-549: The island had grown to an estimated population of over 120,000 (two to three times the estimated population in 2005), based on the huge necropolis at the main city of Chios. It is thought that the majority of the population lived in that area. In 412 BC, during the Peloponnesian War , Chios revolted against Athens, and the Athenians besieged it. Relief only came the following year when the Spartans were able to raise

2176-529: The island is attested by ceramics, while a Phoenician presence is noted at Erythrae , the traditional competitor of Chios on the mainland. Pherecydes, native to the Aegean, wrote that the island was occupied by the Leleges , Pre-Greeks who were reported to be subjected to the Minoans on Crete . They were eventually driven out by invading Ionians . Chios was one of the original twelve member states of

2240-510: The island remained under Genoese control for two centuries. A notable Genoese inhabitant from this period was Christopher Columbus who lived in Chios in the 1470s before his voyages to the Americas. In 1566, when Genoa lost Chios to the Ottoman Empire , there were 12,000 Greeks and 2,500 Genoese (or 17% of the total population) in the island. In April 1566, the island of Chios was captured by

2304-596: The island remains unpublished. The noticeable uniformity in the size of houses at Emporeio leads some scholars to believe that there may have been little social distinction during the Neolithic era on the island. The inhabitants apparently all benefited from agricultural and livestock farming. It is also widely held by scholars that the island was not occupied by humans during the Middle Bronze Age (2300–1600), though researchers have recently suggested that

2368-479: The island was invaded by a Genoese fleet, led by Simone Vignoso , and the castle besieged. Again rule was transferred peacefully, as on 12 September the castle was surrendered and a treaty signed with no loss of privileges to the local landowners as long as the new authority was accepted. The Maona was controlled by the Giustiniani family. The Genoese, being interested in profit rather than conquest, controlled

2432-546: The island. Theopompus was exiled again sometime after Alexander's death and took refuge in Egypt. During this period, the island also had become the largest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relatively high quality (see " Chian wine "). Chian amphoras , with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grapes, have been found in nearly every country with whom the ancient Greeks traded. These countries included Gaul , Upper Egypt , and Southern Russia . During

2496-429: The lack of evidence from this period may only demonstrate the lack of excavations on Chios and the northern Aegean . By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a monarchy, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly tyrannic ) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Future excavations may reveal more information about this period. 9th-century Euboean and Cypriote presence on

2560-481: The merchant Dionysios Papavasilopoulos, the doctor Nikolaos Ailianos and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis. Some of them were members of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos ' National Unionist Party  [ el ] , and Kanellopoulos himself would become the group's political mentor. Through Kanellopoulos, PEAN would develop close cooperation with another organization, the "Sacred Brigade" (Ιερά Ταξιαρχία, ΙΤ). Politically, PEAN, like most other similar groups formed in that period,

2624-404: The orchards of Kampos and their bodies driven through the main town on the back of a truck. In March 1948, the island was used as an internment camp for female political detainees (communists or relatives of guerillas) and their children, who were housed in military barracks near the town of Chios. Up to 1300 women and 50 children were housed in cramped and degrading conditions, until March 1949 when

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2688-409: The outstanding taxes owed by the people of Chios to the Romans. Pliny remarks upon the islanders' use of variegated marble in their buildings, their appreciation for such stone above murals or other forms of artificial decoration, and the cosmetic properties of the local earth . The marble from Chios, called marmor chium or "portasanta" today, became one of the most desireable and expensive in

2752-404: The poet Ion of Chios believed the island received its name from Chios , the son of Poseidon by a nymph of the island, who was born amidst snowfall ( Ancient Greek : χιών chiōn 'snow'). Known as Ophioussa ( Ὀφιοῦσσα , 'snake island') and Pityoussa ( Πιτυοῦσσα , 'pine-tree island') in antiquity, during the later Middle Ages the island was ruled by a number of non-Greek powers and

2816-463: The port of Piraeus , among other actions. Although Omiros was relatively small in size, it had in its ranks many people who went on to play a leading role in Greek politics in the post-war decades. Among its members were Konstantinos Dovas (future general and Chief of the Defence Staff ), Menios Koutsogiorgas (Deputy Prime Minister of Greece) and Stylianos Pattakos (a leading member of

2880-464: The revolution and launched attacks against the Turks, at which point islanders decided to join the struggle. Ottomans landed a large force on the island consequently and put down the rebellion. The Ottoman massacre of Chios expelled, killed or enslaved thousands of the inhabitants of the island. It wiped out whole villages and affected the Mastichochoria area, the mastic growing villages in

2944-582: The royalist right and the Communist Party -controlled National Liberation Front (EAM), which at the time rejected PEAN's calls for sabotage acts and condemned them as "urban terrorism", a bitter feud that would continue throughout the Occupation. PEAN published a number of newspapers, most important of which was Doxa (Δόξα, "Glory"), first published in April 1942, and gained some popularity among

3008-491: The same time maintaining only a light level of taxation. The Ottoman government regarded it as one of the most valuable provinces of the Empire. When the Greek War of Independence broke out, the island's leaders were reluctant to join the revolutionaries, fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. However, in March 1822, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They proclaimed

3072-537: The siege. In the 4th century BC, Chios was a member of the Second Athenian League but revolted against Athens during the Social War (357–355 BC) , and Chios became independent again until the rise of Macedonia . Theopompus returned to Chios with the other exiles in 333 BC after Alexander had invaded Asia Minor and decreed their return, as well as the exile or trial of Persian supporters on

3136-576: The south of the island. It triggered also negative public reaction in Western Europe, as portrayed by Eugène Delacroix , and in the writing of Lord Byron and Victor Hugo . In 1825, Thomas Barker of Bath painted a fresco depicting the Chios Massacre on the walls of Doric House, Bath, Somerset . Finally, Chios was not included in the modern Greek state and remained under Ottoman rule. The 1881 Chios earthquake , estimated as 6.5 on

3200-635: The strong diaspora presence of Chian merchants and bankers, and the connections they had developed with the financing centers of the time (Istanbul, London), the establishment in London of shipping businessmen, the creation of shipping academies in Chios and the expertise of Chian personnel on board. Chios joined the rest of independent Greece after the First Balkan War (1912). The Greek Navy landed at Chios in November 1912 and took control of

3264-491: The trade-posts and warehouses, in particular the trade of mastic, alum, salt and pitch. Other trades such as grain, wine oil and cloth and most professions were run jointly with the locals. After a failed uprising in 1347, and being heavily outnumbered (less than 10% of the population in 1395), the Latins maintained light control over the local population, remaining largely in the town and allowing full religious freedom. In this way

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3328-499: The west and Karyes to the east, is the 11th century monastery of Nea Moni , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The monastery was built with funds given by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX , after three monks, living in caves nearby, had petitioned him while he was in exile on the island of Lesbos . The monastery had substantial estates attached, with a thriving community until the massacre of 1822 . It

3392-548: The year, with wind direction predominantly northerly (" Etesian " Wind—locally called the "Meltemi") or southwesterly (Sirocco). The Chios Basin is a hydrographic sub-unit of the Aegean Sea adjacent to the island of Chios. A kind of white dirt found near Pyrgi on the southern part of the island was famed as an astringent and cosmetic since antiquity as Chian earth ( Latin : Chia terra ; Greek : πηλομαιοτικο , pēlomaiotiko ). Extracted around May each year, it

3456-561: Was overrun by the Germans in April 1941. However, Perrikos was dissatisfied by the SSN's neutrality on the crucial issue of the post-war regime (monarchy or republic), and together with a number of others, split off to form the PEAN. The founding members of PEAN were, aside from Perrikos, lawyer Athanasios Dimitrios Skouras, who was chosen as president of the Governing Commission, the lawyers Ioannis Katevatis and Georgios Alexiadis,

3520-506: Was a target for the renewed Turkish fleets. To prevent Turkish expansion, the island was reconquered and kept as a renewable concession, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus , by the Genovese Benedetto I Zaccaria (1304), then admiral to Philip of France. Zaccaria installed himself as ruler of the island, founding the short-lived Lordship of Chios . His rule was benign and effective control remained in

3584-594: Was affected also by the population exchange after the Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922 , with the incoming Greek refugees settling in Kastro (previously a Turkish neighborhood) and in new settlements hurriedly built south of Chios town. The island saw some local violence during the Greek Civil War setting neighbour against neighbour. This ended when the final band of communist fighters was trapped and killed in

3648-423: Was considered less valuable than the similar medicinal earth produced by Lemnos given that the Limnian earth was considered protective against venoms and poisons but nonetheless reputed to be "the greatest of all cosmetics... giv[ing] a whiteness and smoothness to the skin and prevent[ing] wrinkles beyond any of the other substances... for the same purposes." The ancient writer Pausanias tells us that

3712-648: Was further damaged during the 1881 earthquake. In 1952, due to the shortage of monks, Nea Moni was converted to a convent. The island's climate is warm and moderate, categorised as temperate, Mediterranean ( Köppen : Csa ), with modest variation due to the stabilising effect of the surrounding sea. Average temperatures normally range from a summer high of 30 °C (86 °F) to a winter low of 7 °C (45 °F) in January, although temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) or below freezing can sometimes be encountered. The island normally experiences steady breezes (average 3–5 m/s (6.7–11.2 mph)) throughout

3776-465: Was involved in intelligence-gathering, sabotage, publication of an illegal resistance newspaper (Μαχόμενη Ελλάς, Machomeni Hellas , "Fighting Hellas") and organizing the escape of Greek and British officers to the Middle East; it also created a youth section, the Sacred Brigade (Ιερά Ταξιαρχία). The organization's sabotage group, Unit 309 successfully destroyed Luftwaffe aircraft stationed in Hasani airfield and caused damage to Axis ships anchored in

3840-482: Was known as Scio ( Genoese ), Chio (Italian) and Sakız ( صاقيز in Ottoman Turkish ). The capital during that time was Kastron ( Κάστρον , 'castle'). Archaeological research on Chios has found evidence of habitation dating back at least to the Neolithic era. The primary sites of research for this period have been cave dwellings at Hagio(n) Galas in the north and a settlement and accompanying necropolis in modern-day Emporeio (also known as Emporio) at

3904-399: Was leftist-socialist, advocating "social justice" and state takeover of crucial sectors of the industry, while being vehemently opposed to any return of the monarchy in the person of King George II . What set it apart from the majority of them, however, was its insistence on active struggle against the occupying forces. Nevertheless, from the outset, PEAN was engaged in a war of words with both

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3968-492: Was reactivated only from March 1944 onwards, when it carried out a number of sabotage attacks on the Germans. During the December events of 1944 , PEAN sided with the right-wing groups, the British and the government of George Papandreou against the forces of EAM-ELAS . Chios Chios ( / ˈ k aɪ . ɒ s , ˈ k aɪ . oʊ s , ˈ k iː -/ ; Greek : Χίος , romanized :  Chíos [ˈçi.os] , traditionally known as Scio in English)

4032-412: Was subjected to the Persian Empire . Chios joined the Ionian Revolt against the Persians in 499 BC. The naval power of Chios during this period is demonstrated by the fact that the Chians had the largest fleet (100 ships) of all of the Ionians at the Battle of Lade in 494 BC. At Lade, the Chian fleet doggedly continued to fight the Persian fleet even after the defection of the Samians and others, but

4096-418: Was substantially damaged by an earthquake in 1881, and only partially retains its original character. North of Chios Town lies the large suburb of Vrontados (population 4,500), which claims to be the birthplace of Homer . The suburb lies in the Omiroupoli municipality, and its connection to the poet is supported by an archaeological site known traditionally as "Teacher's Rock". In the southern region of

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