109-436: Perfluorooctanoic acid ( PFOA ; conjugate base perfluorooctanoate ; also known colloquially as C8 , for its 8-carbon chain structure) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock . PFOA is considered a surfactant, or fluorosurfactant, due to its chemical structure, which consists of a perfluorinated, n -heptyl "tail group" and
218-414: A buffer solution . In a buffer, a weak acid and its conjugate base (in the form of a salt), or a weak base and its conjugate acid, are used in order to limit the pH change during a titration process. Buffers have both organic and non-organic chemical applications. For example, besides buffers being used in lab processes, human blood acts as a buffer to maintain pH. The most important buffer in our bloodstream
327-419: A carboxylic acid "head group". The head group can be described as hydrophilic while the fluorocarbon tail is both hydrophobic and lipophobic . The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as carcinogenic to humans. PFOA is one of many synthetic organofluorine compounds collectively known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Many PFAS such as PFOS , PFOA are
436-443: A 2009 EPA study of 116 products, purchased between March 2007 and May 2008 and found to contain at least 0.01% fluorine by weight, the concentrations of PFOA were determined. Concentrations shown below range from not detected, or ND, (with the detection limit in parentheses) to 6750 with concentrations in nanograms of PFOA per gram of sample ( parts per billion ) unless stated otherwise. PFOA contaminates every continent . Two of
545-486: A 2009 study. PFOA exposure was associated with decreased semen quality , increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and increased occurrence of thyroid disease . In a study of 2003–2004 US samples, a higher (9.8 milligram per deciliter ) total cholesterol level was observed when the highest quartile was compared to the lowest. Along with other related compounds, PFOA exposure was associated with an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in
654-502: A 2015 study which tested the effects on rats, GenX caused many of the same health problems as PFOA, but required much higher concentrations. This is because GenX (C3) is a short chain alternative to PFOA. GenX also has a significantly shorter half-life than PFOA so it is not as bio-persistent as PFOA or other long chain perfluorinated chemicals. In the Autumn of 2000, lawyer Robert Bilott , a partner at Taft Stettinius & Hollister , won
763-411: A before and after sense. The before is the reactant side of the equation, the after is the product side of the equation. The conjugate acid in the after side of an equation gains a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of the equation the compound that has one less hydrogen ion of the conjugate acid is the base. The conjugate base in the after side of the equation lost a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of
872-465: A cavalry patrol, killing 11 Union soldiers and capturing a dozen on March 11, 1865. During the late nineteenth century, North Carolina adopted Jim Crow laws that imposed racial segregation . Cumberland County's population increased in the post- World War II years, with its 43% increase in the 1960s the largest in any of North Carolina's 100 counties. Construction was fast-paced as shopping developments, and suburban subdivisions began to spread outside
981-450: A chemical is a strong acid, its conjugate base will be weak. An example of this case would be the splitting of hydrochloric acid HCl in water. Since HCl is a strong acid (it splits up to a large extent), its conjugate base ( Cl ) will be weak. Therefore, in this system, most H will be hydronium ions H 3 O instead of attached to Cl anions and the conjugate bases will be weaker than water molecules. On
1090-467: A city that generally supported the war. Anti-war groups invited the actress and activist Jane Fonda to Fayetteville to participate in three anti-war events. The era also saw an increase in crime and drug addiction, especially along Hay Street, with media giving the city the nickname "Fayettenam". At this time, Fayetteville also made headlines after Army doctor Jeffrey R. MacDonald murdered his pregnant wife and two daughters in their Ft. Bragg home in 1970;
1199-493: A concern because they do not break down via natural processes and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants or "forever chemicals". They can also move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources and can build up ( bioaccumulate ) in fish and wildlife. Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife. PFOA is used in several industrial applications, including carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textiles, fire fighting foam and sealants. PFOA serves as
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#17327756967281308-430: A conjugate base, depending on which substance is involved and which acid–base theory is used. The simplest anion which can be a conjugate base is the free electron in a solution whose conjugate acid is the atomic hydrogen. In an acid–base reaction , an acid and a base react to form a conjugate base and a conjugate acid respectively. The acid loses a proton and the base gains a proton. In diagrams which indicate this,
1417-656: A court order forcing DuPont to share all documentation related to PFOA. This included 110,000 files, consisting of confidential studies and reports conducted by DuPont scientists over decades. By 1993, DuPont understood that "PFOA caused cancerous testicular, pancreatic and liver tumors in lab animals" and the company began to investigate alternatives. However, because products manufactured with PFOA were such an integral part of DuPont's earnings, $ 1 billion in annual profit, they chose to continue using PFOA. Bilott learned that both "3M and DuPont had been conducting secret medical studies on PFOA for more than four decades", and by 1961 DuPont
1526-491: A covered area under which business could be conducted since every store in Fayetteville had been destroyed in the fire. Completed in 1832, it became the town's and county's administrative building. It was a town market until 1906 and served as Fayetteville Town Hall until 1907. Currently (2020), it is a local history museum. In March 1865, Gen. William T. Sherman and his 60,000-man army attacked Fayetteville and destroyed
1635-454: A decrease in PFOA, the longer perfluorinated carboxylic acid PFNA is increasing in the blood of US consumers. PFAS are also found in paper mill residuals, digestates, composts, and soils. Given the ubiquity of PFAS, and the comparative background levels which may be found in wastewater, biosolids, and leachates, setting requirements near analytical detection limits on these sources may not provide
1744-637: A detection limits of 20 parts per billion—non-detectable levels for both PFOA and PFOS in cattle muscle tissue. PFOA is frequently found in household dust, making it an important exposure route for adults, but more substantially, children. Children have higher exposures to PFOA through dust compared to adults. Hand-to-mouth contact and proximity to high concentrations of dust make them more susceptible to ingestion, and increases PFOA exposure. One study showed significant positive associations were recognized between dust ingestion and PFOA serum concentrations. However, an alternate study found exposure due to dust ingestion
1853-484: A discernable benefit to protecting public health. PFOA is released directly from industrial sites. For example, the estimate for the DuPont Washington Works facility is a total PFOA emissions of 80,000 pounds ( lbs ) in 2000 and 1,700 pounds in 2004. A 2006 study, with two of four authors being DuPont employees, estimated about 80% of historical perfluorocarboxylate emissions were released to
1962-411: A hydrogen ion to produce the water molecule. Also, OH can be considered as the conjugate base of H 2 O , since the water molecule donates a proton to give NH 4 in the reverse reaction. The terms "acid", "base", "conjugate acid", and "conjugate base" are not fixed for a certain chemical substance but can be swapped if the reaction taking place is reversed. The strength of a conjugate acid
2071-627: A larger Revolutionary force at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge . The area also included several active Revolutionaries. In late June 1775, residents drew up the " Liberty Point Resolves ," which preceded the Declaration of Independence by a little more than a year. It said, "This obligation to continue in full force until a reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and America, upon constitutional principles, an event we most ardently desire; and we will hold all those persons inimical to
2180-438: A lifetime of exposure are 0.07 ppb (70 ppt). In March 2021 EPA announced that it would develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for these contaminants. The State of New Jersey published drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS in 2020. A standard for PFNA was published in 2018. This was the first state to publish PFAS standards in the absence of federal regulations. See U.S. state government actions . In 2018
2289-665: A part of Fayetteville) is named for a British regiment during the American Revolution – the 71st Regiment of Foot or "Fraser's Highlanders", as they were first called. Fayetteville had what is sometimes called its "golden decade" during the 1780s. It was the site in 1789 for the state convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution , and for the General Assembly session that chartered the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Fayetteville lost out to
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#17327756967282398-543: A place where poor whites and free blacks lived and gained a reputation for lawlessness. In 1783, Cross Creek and Campbellton united, and the new town was incorporated as Fayetteville in honor of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette , a French military hero who significantly aided the American forces during the war. Fayetteville was the first city to be named in his honor in the United States. Lafayette visited
2507-424: A possible immune system toxicant, and also exerts hormonal effects including alteration of thyroid hormone levels at very high concentrations Animal studies show developmental toxicity from reduced birth size, physical developmental delays, endocrine disruption , and neonatal mortality . PFOA alters lipid metabolism . It is an agonist of PPARα and is a peroxisome proliferator in rodents contributing to
2616-426: A reactive intermediate in the production of fluoroacrylic esters. As a salt , its dominant use is as an emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers such as PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride , and fluoroelastomers . For this use, 3M subsidiary Dyneon has a replacement emulsifer despite DuPont stating PFOA is an "essential processing aid". In the past PFOA was used in the production of Gore-Tex as it
2725-494: A study of US children aged 12–15. In a paper presented at the 2009 annual meeting of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology, PFOA appeared to act as an endocrine disruptor by a potential mechanism on breast maturation in young girls. A C8 Science Panel status report noted an association between exposure in girls and a later onset of puberty . Conjugate acid A conjugate acid , within
2834-553: A surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers and as a building block for the synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds, polymers, and polymeric materials. PFOA has been manufactured since the 1940s in industrial quantities. It is also formed by the degradation of precursors such as some fluorotelomers . PFOA is used as a surfactant because it can lower the surface tension of water more than hydrocarbon surfactants while having exceptional stability due to having perfluoroalkyl tail group. The stability of PFOA
2943-657: A variety of precursor molecules. In fact, the main products of the fluorotelomer industry, fluorotelomer-based polymers, have been shown to degrade to form PFOA and related compounds, with half-lives of decades, both biotically and by simple abiotic reaction with water. It has been argued that fluorotelomer-based polymers already produced might be major sources of PFOA globally for decades to come. Other precursors that degrade to PFOA include 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (F(CF 2 ) 8 CH 2 CH 2 OH), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfactants (PAPS), and possibly N -EtFOSE alcohol (F(CF 2 ) 8 SO 2 N(Et)CH 2 CH 2 OH). When PTFE (Teflon)
3052-499: A variety of substances. In 2013, Gore-Tex eliminated the use of PFOAs in the manufacture of its weatherproof functional fabrics. Major companies producing PFOA signed with the Global PFOA Stewardship Program with the goal of elimination of PFOA by 2015. Since then it has been eliminated from the production of non-stick materials used in cookware. GenX has been introduced as a replacement for PFOA, but in
3161-483: A well understood form of oxidative stress . PFOA has been described as a member of a group of "classic non-genotoxic carcinogens". However, a provisional German assessment notes that a 2005 study found PFOA to be genotoxic via a peroxisome proliferation pathway that produced oxygen radicals in HepG2 cells, and a 2006 study demonstrated the induction and suppression of a broad range of genes ; therefore, it states that
3270-442: Is PTFE-based. In PTFE processing, PFOA is in aqueous solution and forms micelles that contain tetrafluoroethylene and the growing polymer . PFOA can be used to stabilize fluoropolymer and fluoroelastomer suspensions before further industrial processing and in ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography it can act as an extraction agent. PFOA also finds uses in electronic products and as an industrial fluorosurfactant . In
3379-639: Is a table of common buffers. A second common application with an organic compound would be the production of a buffer with acetic acid. If acetic acid, a weak acid with the formula CH 3 COOH , was made into a buffer solution, it would need to be combined with its conjugate base CH 3 COO in the form of a salt. The resulting mixture is called an acetate buffer, consisting of aqueous CH 3 COOH and aqueous CH 3 COONa . Acetic acid, along with many other weak acids, serve as useful components of buffers in different lab settings, each useful within their own pH range. Ringer's lactate solution
Perfluorooctanoic acid - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-532: Is also formed as an unintended byproduct in the production of fluorotelomers and is present in finished goods treated with fluorotelomers, including those intended for food contact. Fluorotelomers are applied to food contact papers because they are lipophobic : they prevent oil from soaking into the paper from fatty foods. Also, fluorotelomers can be metabolized into PFOA. In a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) study, lipophobic fluorotelomer-based paper coatings (which can be applied to food contact paper in
3597-576: Is an example where the conjugate base of an organic acid, lactic acid , CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 is combined with sodium, calcium and potassium cations and chloride anions in distilled water which together form a fluid which is isotonic in relation to human blood and is used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma , surgery , or a burn injury . Below are several examples of acids and their corresponding conjugate bases; note how they differ by just one proton (H ion). Acid strength decreases and conjugate base strength increases down
3706-732: Is best known as the home of Fort Liberty , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city. Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times. As of the 2020 census , it had a population of 208,501, It is the 6th-most populous city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region, on
3815-410: Is considered an insignificant exposure pathway to PFOA. PFOA and PFOS were detected in "very high" (low parts per million ) levels in agricultural fields for grazing beef cattle and crops around Decatur, Alabama . The approximately 5000 acres of land were fertilized with "treated municipal sewage sludge , or biosolids ". PFOA was also detected in fodder grass grown in these soils and the blood of
3924-489: Is credited with building the first church in town, the African Meeting House, in 1796. Evans Metropolitan AME Zion Church is named in his honor. On March 4–5, 1825, General Lafayette visited his namesake town - the first one named for him and the only one he personally visited as part of his 1824-1825 tour of all the states as " The Nation's Guest ." Admirers stood in mud and pouring rain to welcome him. He
4033-436: Is degraded by heat ( pyrolysis ) it can form PFOA as a minor product. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has compiled a list of 615 chemicals that have the potential to break down into perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) including PFOA. However, not all 615 have the potential to break down to form PFOA. A majority of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) that have been tested output more PFOA than
4142-514: Is desired industrially but is a cause of concern environmentally. The primary manufacturer of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), the 3M Company (known as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company from 1902 to 2002), began a production phase-out in 2002 in response to concerns expressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Eight other companies agreed to gradually phase out
4251-484: Is featured in the documentary The Devil We Know , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2018, and Dark Waters , directed by Todd Haynes . PFOA has two main synthesis routes, electrochemical fluorination (ECF) and telomerization . The ECF route sees octanoyl chloride (the acid chloride of octanoic acid ) reacted with hydrofluoric acid . Multiple products are formed by ECF with
4360-521: Is in the blood or vital organs of Atlantic salmon, swordfish, striped mullet, gray seals, common cormorants, Alaskan polar bears, brown pelicans, sea turtles, sea eagles, Midwestern bald eagles, California sea lions and Laysan albatrosses on Sand Island, a wildlife refuge on Midway Atoll, in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean, about halfway between North America and Asia. Because PFAS are ubiquitous in households, consumer products, food, and
4469-445: Is input, and this increased output has been attributed to the biodegradation of fluorotelomer alcohols. A current PFOA precursor concern are fluorotelomer -based polymers; fluorotelomer alcohols attached to hydrocarbon backbones via ester linkages may detach and be free to biodegrade to PFOA. Food , drinking water , outdoor air , indoor air, dust , and food packagings are all implicated as sources of PFOA to people. However, it
Perfluorooctanoic acid - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-457: Is legally recognized as harmful, DuPont was "not satisfied" with data showing their Chinese workers accumulated an average of about 2,250 parts per billion of PFOA in their blood from a starting average of around 50 parts per billion less than a year prior. Single cross-sectional studies on consumers have been published noting multiple associations. Blood serum levels of PFOA were associated with an increased time to pregnancy—or " infertility "—in
4687-422: Is proportional to its splitting constant . A stronger conjugate acid will split more easily into its products, "push" hydrogen protons away and have a higher equilibrium constant . The strength of a conjugate base can be seen as its tendency to "pull" hydrogen protons towards itself. If a conjugate base is classified as strong, it will "hold on" to the hydrogen proton when dissolved and its acid will not split. If
4796-480: Is resistant to degradation by natural processes such as metabolism , hydrolysis , photolysis , or biodegradation and has been found to persist in the environment. PFOA is found in environmental and biological fluids as the anion perfluorooctanoate. PFOA can be absorbed from ingestion and can penetrate skin . The acid headgroup of PFOA enables binding to proteins with fatty acid or hormone substrates such as serum albumin , liver fatty acid-binding protein, and
4905-636: Is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer , which prevents drastic pH changes when CO 2 is introduced. This functions as such: CO 2 + H 2 O ↽ − − ⇀ H 2 CO 3 ↽ − − ⇀ HCO 3 − + H + {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3^- + H+}}} Furthermore, here
5014-564: Is to provide airlift to American armed forces and humanitarian missions flown worldwide. Pope Field mainly includes air transportation for the 82nd Airborne, among other airborne units on Fort Liberty. All of Pope's fighter jet squadrons have been relocated to Moody AFB , Georgia. The central entity at Pope is now the Air Force Reserve, although they still have a small number of active personnel. In September 2008, Fayetteville annexed 85% of Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty), bringing
5123-855: Is unclear which exposure routes dominate because of data gaps. When water is a source, blood levels are approximately 100 times higher than drinking water levels. People who lived in the PFOA-contaminated area around DuPont's Washington Works facility were found to have higher levels of PFOA in their blood from drinking water. The highest PFOA levels in drinking water were found in the Little Hocking water system, with an average concentration of 3.55 parts per billion during 2002–2005. Individuals who drank more tap water, ate locally grown fruits and vegetables, or ate local meat, were all associated with having higher PFOA levels. Residents who used water carbon filter systems had lower PFOA levels. PFOA
5232-409: Is used to separate PFOA from the other perfluorinated carboxylic acids. The telomerization synthesis of PFOA was pioneered by DuPont , and is not well suited to the laboratory. PFOA formed by telomerization is completely linear, in contrast to the mixture of structures formed by ECF. PFOA has widespread applications. In 1976, PFOA was reported as a water and oil repellent "in fabrics and leather and in
5341-461: The Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory , is a chemical compound formed when an acid gives a proton ( H ) to a base —in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as it loses a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. On the other hand, a conjugate base is what remains after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a substance formed by
5450-539: The Cape Fear River . With an estimated population of 392,336 in 2023, the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the second- most populous in southeastern North Carolina and 142th-most populous in the United States . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Liberty , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . The area of present-day Fayetteville
5559-630: The Confederate arsenal (designed by the Scottish architect William Bell ). Sherman's troops also destroyed foundries and cotton factories, and the offices of The Fayetteville Observer . Not far from Fayetteville, Confederate and Union troops engaged in the last cavalry battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Monroe's Crossroads . Downtown Fayetteville was the site of a skirmish, as Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton and his men surprised
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#17327756967285668-536: The Hoke boundary. It is bordered on the north by the town of Spring Lake . According to the United States Census Bureau , Fayetteville has a total area of 150.08 square miles (388.7 km ), of which 148.26 square miles (384.0 km ) is land and 1.82 square miles (4.7 km ) (1.21%) is water. Fayetteville is in the Sandhills of North Carolina, which are between the coastal plain to
5777-579: The Office of Management and Budget , the Department of Defense , and the Department of Health and Human Services showed an effort to suppress the release of a draft report on the toxicology of PFOS and PFOA done by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . The report found that these chemicals endanger human health at a far lower level than EPA has previously called safe. After media accounts of
5886-547: The State of New York adopted drinking water standards of 10 ppt for PFOA and 10 ppt for PFOS, the most stringent such standards in the United States. The standards apply to public water systems and took effect in 2019 after a public comment period. Using information gained through a Freedom of Information Act request, in May 2018 it was learned that January 2018 emails between the EPA ,
5995-726: The nuclear receptors PPARα and possibly CAR . In animals, PFOA is mainly present in the liver , blood , and kidneys . PFOA does not accumulate in fat tissue , unlike traditional organohalogen persistent organic pollutants . In humans, PFOA has an average elimination half-life of about three years. Because of this long half-life, PFOA has the potential to bioaccumulate . The levels of PFOA exposure in humans vary widely. While an average American might have 3 or 4 parts per billion of PFOA present in their blood serum, individuals occupationally exposed to PFOA have had blood serum levels over 100,000 parts per billion (100 parts per million or 0.01%) recorded. While no amount of PFOA in humans
6104-713: The removal of a proton from an acid, as it can gain a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction. Because some acids can give multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction : acid + base ↽ − − ⇀ conjugate base + conjugate acid {\displaystyle {\text{acid}}+{\text{base}}\;{\ce {<=>}}\;{\text{conjugate base}}+{\text{conjugate acid}}} Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry introduced
6213-703: The 18th century. A merchant and entrepreneur, he settled in Cross Creek in the 1760s. He served as an officer in the French and Indian War , as sheriff , justice and legislator, and as a leader of the Patriot cause in the Revolutionary War. Rowan Street and Rowan Park in Fayetteville and a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution are named for him, though Rowan County (founded in 1753)
6322-489: The Brønsted–Lowry theory, which said that any compound that can give a proton to another compound is an acid, and the compound that receives the proton is a base. A proton is a subatomic particle in the nucleus with a unit positive electrical charge. It is represented by the symbol H because it has the nucleus of a hydrogen atom , that is, a hydrogen cation . A cation can be a conjugate acid, and an anion can be
6431-534: The Fayetteville city limits toward Fort Liberty and Pope Air Force Base . The Fayetteville and Cumberland County school systems moved toward integration gradually, beginning in the early 1960s; busing brought about wider-scale student integration in the 1970s. Segregation of public facilities continued. Marches and sit-ins during the Civil Rights Movement , with students from Fayetteville State Teachers College ( Fayetteville State University ) at
6540-539: The US state of California in 2008. A bill, sponsored by State Senator Ellen Corbett and the Environmental Working Group , was passed in the house and senate that would have banned PFOA, PFOS , and seven or more related fluorinated carbon compounds in food packaging starting in 2010, but the bill was vetoed by Governor Schwarzenegger . The bill would have affected fluorochemical manufacturers outside of
6649-520: The United States. The toxicity, mobility and bioaccumulation potential of PFOS and PFOA pose potential adverse effects for the environment and human health. 3M (then the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) began producing PFOA by electrochemical fluorination in 1947. Starting in 1951, DuPont purchased PFOA from 3M for use in the manufacturing of specific fluoropolymers —commercially branded as Teflon, but DuPont internally referred to
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#17327756967286758-471: The area with associated businesses and families. FORSCOM awards over $ 300 billion in contracts annually. In the November/December 2009 issue of Where to Retire , the magazine named Fayetteville as one of the best places to retire in the United States for military retirements. In April 2019, a report by GoBankingRates (which analyzed data from 175 American cities) listed Fayetteville as one of
6867-532: The best-known public buildings were lost, including the old "State House". Fayetteville leaders moved quickly to help the victims and rebuild the town. There was no point in rebuilding the State House since the state government was firmly installed in Raleigh . On its site, the city built a Market House , recreating the city around it just as it had previously surrounded the State House. The new building had
6976-624: The book and movie Fatal Vision were based on these events. To combat the dispersal of suburbanization , Fayetteville has worked to redevelop its downtown through various revitalization projects; it has attracted large commercial and defense companies such as Purolator, General Dynamics and Wal-Mart Stores and Distribution Center. Development of the Airborne & Special Operations Museum , Fayetteville Area Transportation Museum, Fayetteville Linear Park, and Fayetteville Festival Park, which opened in late 2006, have added regional attractions to
7085-510: The cattle feeding on this grass. The water treatment plant received process wastewater from a nearby perfluorochemical manufacturing plant. 3M says they managed their own wastes, but Daikin America "discharged process wastewater to the municipal waste treatment plant". If traced to meat, it would be the first time perfluorochemicals were traced from sludge to food. However, the USDA reported—with
7194-663: The center. In the first decade of the 21st century, the towns and rural areas surrounding Fayetteville had rapid growth. Suburbs such as Hope Mills , Raeford , and Spring Lake had population increases. In 2005, Congress passed the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Act, resulting in several new commands relocating to Fort Bragg. These include the U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) and U.S. Army Reserve Command , both of which relocated from Fort McPherson in Atlanta . More than 30,000 people were expected to relocate to
7303-526: The city on March 4 and 5, 1825, during his grand tour of the United States . The local region was heavily settled by Scots in the mid/late 1700s, and most of these were Gaelic -speaking Highlanders . The vast majority of Highland Scots, recent immigrants, remained loyal to the British government and rallied to the call to arms from the Royal Governor. Despite this, they were eventually defeated by
7412-878: The city's population to 206,000. Fort Liberty retains its police, fire, and EMS services. Fayetteville hopes to attract large retail businesses to the area using the new population figures. On September 5, 2008, Cumberland County announced it was the "World's First Sanctuary for Soldiers and Their Families"; it marked major roads with blue and white "Sanctuary" signage. Within the county, soldiers were to be provided with local services, ranging from free childcare to job placement for soldiers' spouses. Five hundred volunteers have signed up to watch over military families. They were recruited to offer one-to-one services; member businesses will also offer discounts and preferential treatment. Time magazine recognized Fayetteville for its support of military families and identified it as "America's Most Pro-Military Town". The city limits extend west to
7521-435: The city. The population density was 1,401 inhabitants per square mile (541/km ). There were 87,005 housing units at an average density of 230.3 units/km (596.3 persons/sq mi). The racial composition of the city was 45.7% White , 41.9% Black or African American , 2.6% Asian American , 1.1% Native American , 0.4% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , 3.3% some other race , and 4.9% two or more races . 10.1% of
7630-679: The concentration range of 0.4%) were found to contain 88,000–160,000 parts per billion PFOA before application, while the oil from microwave popcorn bags contained 6–290 parts per billion PFOA after heating. Toxicologists estimate that microwave popcorn could account for about 20% of the PFOA levels measured in an individual consuming 10 bags a year if 1% of the fluorotelomers are metabolized to PFOA. In 2008 as news stories began to raise concerns about PFOA in microwaved popcorn, Dan Turner, DuPont's global public relations chief, said, "I serve microwave popcorn to my three-year-old." Five years later, journalist Peter Laufer wrote to Turner to ask if his child
7739-581: The east side of Fayetteville into the Cape Fear River. Fayetteville is located in the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) zone, with mostly moderate temperatures year round. Winters are mild but can get cool, with snow occurring a few days per year. Summers are hot, with levels of humidity that can cause spontaneous thunderstorms and rain showers. Temperature records range from −5 °F (−21 °C) on February 13, 1899, to 110 °F (43 °C) on August 21, 1983, which
7848-535: The effort surfaced, the regional EPA administrator for Colorado denied that EPA had anything to do with suppressing the report. The report was finally released on June 21, 2018. The new ATSDR analysis derives provisional Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) of 3x10 mg/kg/day for PFOA and 2x10 mg/kg/day for PFOS during intermediate exposure. The European Food Safety Authority opinion sets a provisional tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 6 x10 mg/kg body weight per week for PFOA. An attempt to regulate PFOA in food packaging occurred in
7957-402: The environment from fluoropolymer manufacture and use. PFOA can be measured in water from industrial sites other than fluorochemical plants. PFOA has also been detected in emissions from the carpet industry , paper and electronics industries. The most important emission sources are carpet and textile protection products, as well as fire-fighting foams. PFOA can form as a breakdown product from
8066-412: The environment from Dupont's Parkersburg, West Virginia-based Washington Works plant between 1951 and 2003. Research on PFOA has demonstrated ubiquity, animal-based toxicity, and some associations with human health parameters and potential health effects. Additionally, advances in analytical chemistry in recent years have allowed the routine detection of low- and sub- parts per billion levels of PFOA in
8175-469: The environment generally, some trace levels reflecting this ubiquitous broad use of these compounds will make their way into the wastewater and solid waste streams. However, wildlife has much less PFOA than humans, unlike PFOS and other longer perfluorinated carboxylic acids ; in wildlife, PFOA is not as bioaccumulative as longer perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Municipal wastewater and landfill leachates are considered as important sources of PFOA to
8284-584: The environment. Most industrialized nations have average PFOA blood serum levels ranging from 2 to 8 parts per billion ; the highest consumer sub-population identified was in Korea—with about 60 parts per billion . In Peru , Vietnam , and Afghanistan blood serum levels have been recorded to be below one part per billion. In 2003–2004 99.7% of Americans had detectable PFOA in their serum with an average of about 4 parts per billion, and concentrations of PFOA in US serum have declined by 25% in recent years. Despite
8393-522: The equation, the compound that has one more hydrogen ion of the conjugate base is the acid. Consider the following acid–base reaction: Nitric acid ( HNO 3 ) is an acid because it donates a proton to the water molecule and its conjugate base is nitrate ( NO 3 ). The water molecule acts as a base because it receives the hydrogen cation (proton) and its conjugate acid is the hydronium ion ( H 3 O ). One use of conjugate acids and bases lies in buffering systems, which include
8502-503: The forefront, led to the end of whites-only service at restaurants and segregated seating in theaters. Blacks and women gained office in significant numbers from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. The Vietnam Era was a time of change in the Fayetteville area. From 1966 to 1970, more than 200,000 soldiers trained at Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty) before leaving for Vietnam. This buildup stimulated area businesses. Anti-war protests in Fayetteville drew national attention because of Fort Bragg,
8611-440: The formation of a new telogen. The product is oxidized by SO 3 to form PFOA. Since each addition produces a new teleomer, fluorotelomers like these form with varying length chains containing an even number of carbon atoms, depending on reaction conditions. Typically, most products within will contain between two and six taxogens (that is, from CF 3 (CF 2 ) 5 I to CF 3 (CF 2 ) 13 I). After oxidation, distillation
8720-662: The future city of Raleigh in the bid to become the permanent state capital. In 1793, the Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry formed and is still active as a ceremonial unit. It is the second-oldest militia unit in the country. Henry Evans (circa 1760–1810), a free black preacher, is locally known as the "Father of Methodism" in the area. Evans was a shoemaker by trade and a licensed Methodist preacher. He met opposition from whites when he began preaching to enslaved people in Fayetteville, but he later attracted whites to his services. He
8829-701: The indirect genotoxic (and thus carcinogenic) potential of PFOA cannot be dismissed. As of November 2023, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on “sufficient” evidence for cancer in animals and “strong” mechanistic evidence in exposed humans. An additional study has shown PFOA to be developmentally toxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, and to have negative effects of thyroid hormone production. Criteria have been proposed that would allow PFOA, and other perfluorinated compounds, to be classified as "weakly non-specific genotoxic ". PFOA
8938-424: The liberty of the colonies, who shall refuse to subscribe to this Association; and we will in all things follow the advice of our General Committee respecting the purposes aforesaid, the preservation of peace and good order, and the safety of individual and private property." Robert Rowan, who apparently organized the group, signed first. Robert Rowan (circa 1738–1798) was one of the area's leading public figures of
9047-425: The manufacturing of the chemical by 2015. By 2014, EPA had listed PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonates ( salts of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOS) as emergent contaminants : PFOA and PFOS are extremely persistent in the environment and resistant to typical environmental degradation processes. [They] are widely distributed across the higher trophic levels and are found in soil, air and groundwater at sites across
9156-414: The material as C8. In 1968, organofluorine content was detected in the blood serum of consumers, and in 1976 it was suggested to be PFOA or a related compound such as PFOS . In 1999, EPA ordered companies to examine the effects of perfluorinated chemicals after receiving data on the global distribution and toxicity of PFOS. For these reasons, and EPA pressure, in May 2000, 3M announced the phaseout of
9265-400: The most common types (PFOS and PFOA) were phased out of production in the United States (US) in 2002 and 2015 respectively, but are still present in some imported products. PFOA and PFOS are found in every American person's blood stream in the parts per billion range, though those concentrations have decreased by 70% for PFOA and 84% for PFOS between 1999 and 2014, which coincides with the end of
9374-444: The new bond formed between the base and the proton is shown by an arrow that starts on an electron pair from the base and ends at the hydrogen ion (proton) that will be transferred: [REDACTED] In this case, the water molecule is the conjugate acid of the basic hydroxide ion after the latter received the hydrogen ion from ammonium . On the other hand, ammonia is the conjugate base for the acidic ammonium after ammonium has donated
9483-657: The northern part of the city of Fayetteville. Several U.S. Army airborne units are stationed at Fort Liberty, most prominently the XVIII Airborne Corps HQ, the 82nd Airborne Division , the United States Army Special Operations Command , the 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) , and the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School . Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty)
9592-462: The other hand, if a chemical is a weak acid its conjugate base will not necessarily be strong. Consider that ethanoate, the conjugate base of ethanoic acid, has a base splitting constant (Kb) of about 5.6 × 10 , making it a weak base. In order for a species to have a strong conjugate base it has to be a very weak acid, like water. To identify the conjugate acid, look for the pair of compounds that are related. The acid–base reaction can be viewed in
9701-446: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 78,274 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were headed by married couples living together, 19.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
9810-428: The production and phase out of PFOA and PFOS in the US. PFOA has been detected in the central Pacific Ocean at low parts per quadrillion ranges, and at low parts per trillion (ppt) levels in coastal waters . Due to the surfactant nature of PFOA, it has been found to concentrate in the top layers of ocean water. PFOA is detected widely in surface waters , and is present in numerous mammals, fish, and bird species. PFOA
9919-724: The production of PFOA, PFOS, and PFOS-related products—the company's best-selling repellent. 3M stated that they would have made the same decision regardless of EPA pressure. Because of the 3M phaseout, in 2002, DuPont built its own plant in Fayetteville, North Carolina , to manufacture the chemical. The chemical has received attention due to litigation from the PFOA-contaminated community around DuPont's Washington Works facility in Washington, West Virginia , along with EPA focus. In 2004, ChemRisk —an "industry risk assessor" that had been contracted by Dupont, reported that over 1.7 million pounds of C8 had been "dumped, poured and released" into
10028-440: The production of floor waxes and waxed papers "; however, it is believed that paper is no longer treated with perfluorinated compounds , but with fluorotelomers with less than 0.1% PFOA. The compound is also used in " insulators for electric wires , planar etching of fused silica ", fire fighting foam , and outdoor clothing. As a protonated species, the acid form of PFOA was the most widely used perfluorocarboxylic acid used as
10137-660: The southeast and the Piedmont to the northwest. The city is built on the Cape Fear River , a 202-mile-long (325 km) river that originates in Haywood and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Carver's Falls, measuring 150 feet (46 m) wide and two stories tall is on Carver Creek, a tributary of the Cape Fear, just northeast of the city limits. Cross Creek rises on the west side of Fayetteville and flows through to
10246-433: The state. Schwarzenegger said the compound should be reviewed by the newly established, and more comprehensive, state program. Fluorotelomer -based products have been shown to degrade to PFOA over periods of decades; these studies could lead EPA to require DuPont and others to reformulate products with a value over $ 1 billion. PFOA is a possible carcinogen , a possible liver toxicant, a possible developmental toxicant, and
10355-404: The table. In contrast, here is a table of bases and their conjugate acids. Similarly, base strength decreases and conjugate acid strength increases down the table. Fayetteville, North Carolina Fayetteville ( / ˈ f eɪ ə t v ɪ l , ˈ f ɛ d v ɪ l / FAY -ət-vil, FED -vil ) is a city in and the county seat of Cumberland County, North Carolina , United States. It
10464-539: The target acid fluoride F(CF 2 ) 7 COF being produced as only 10–15% of the yield, while the main products are perfluorinated cyclic ether isomers , including FC-75 . This acid fluoride is hydrolyzed to yield PFOA as a mixture of straight-chain (78%), terminally branched (13%), and internally branched (9%) molecules, because ECF induces rearrangements in the carbon tail of the acid chloride. ECF also results in production wastes. 3M synthesized ECF PFOA at their Cottage Grove, Minnesota facility from 1947 to 2002 and
10573-508: The top ten American cities at risk of a severe housing crash. 26.8% of home mortgages in Fayetteville were listed as being "under water", while the median home value was listed as $ 108,000. In December 2015, Fayetteville unveiled the Guinness World Record for the biggest Christmas stocking, weighing approximately 1,600 pounds (730 kg), and measuring 74.5 x 139 feet. Fort Liberty and Pope Army Airfield Field are in
10682-632: The upper Cape Fear River , the only navigable waterway entirely within the colony. Two inland settlements, Cross Creek and Campbellton, were established by Scots from Campbeltown , Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Merchants in Wilmington wanted a town on the Cape Fear River to secure trade with the frontier country. They were afraid people would use the Pee Dee River and transport their goods to Charleston, South Carolina . The merchants bought land from Newberry in Cross Creek. Campbellton became
10791-422: Was 2.45, and the average family size was 3.02. In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 14.4% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males. In 2013, the estimated median annual income for
10900-405: Was also detected in finished PTFE products including PTFE cookware (4–75 parts per billion). However, PFOA levels ranged from undetectable (<1.5) to 4.3 parts per billion in a more recent study. Also, non-stick cookware is heated—which should volatilize PFOA; PTFE products that are not heated, such as PTFE sealant tape, had higher (1800 parts per billion) levels detected. Overall, PTFE cookware
11009-758: Was associated with minimal risk. In 2024 it was reported that a brand of menstrual pad was found to contain PFOA. In the United States there are no federal drinking water standards for PFOA or PFOS as of early 2021. EPA began requiring public water systems to monitor for PFOA and PFOS in 2012, and published drinking water health advisories , which are non-regulatory technical documents, in 2016. The lifetime health advisories and health effects support documents assist federal, state, tribal, and local officials and managers of drinking water systems in protecting public health when these chemicals are present in drinking water. The levels of PFOS and PFOA concentrations under which adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over
11118-480: Was aware of hepatomegaly in mice fed with PFOA. Bilott exposed how DuPont had been knowingly polluting water with PFOAs in Parkersburg, West Virginia , since the 1980s. In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers investigated the toxicity of PFOA. For his work in the exposure of the contamination, lawyer Robert Bilott has received several awards including The Right Livelihood Award in 2017. This battle with DuPont
11227-424: Was feted with a formal dinner, a ball, and multiple military displays. Fayetteville had 3,500 residents in 1820, but Cumberland County 's population still ranked as the second most urban in the state, behind New Hanover County (Wilmington). Its "Great Fire" of 1831 was believed to be one of the worst in the nation's history, despite no deaths associated with the incident. Hundreds of homes, businesses, and most of
11336-557: Was historically inhabited by various Siouan Native American peoples, such as the Eno , Shakori , Waccamaw , Keyauwee, and Cape Fear people. They followed successive cultures of other indigenous peoples in the area for more than 12,000 years. After the violent upheavals of the Yamasee War and Tuscarora Wars during the second decade of the 18th century, the colonial government of North Carolina encouraged colonial settlement along
11445-533: Was named for his uncle, Matthew Rowan. Flora MacDonald (1722–1790), a Scots Highland woman known for aiding Bonnie Prince Charlie after his Highlander army's defeat at Culloden in 1746, lived in North Carolina for about five years. She was a staunch Loyalist and aided her husband in raising the local Scots to fight for the King against the Revolution. Seventy-First Township in western Cumberland County (now
11554-431: Was still eating microwave popcorn. "I am not going to comment on such a personal inquiry", Turner replied. Fluorotelomer coatings are used in fast food wrappers, candy wrappers, and pizza box liners. PAPS, a type of paper fluorotelomer coating, and PFOA precursor, is also used in food contact papers. Despite DuPont's asserting that "cookware coated with DuPont Teflon non-stick coatings does not contain PFOA", residual PFOA
11663-532: Was the highest temperature ever recorded in the State of North Carolina . On April 16, 2011 , Fayetteville was struck by an EF3 tornado during North Carolina's largest tornado outbreak. Surrounding areas such as Sanford, Dunn, and Raleigh were also affected. As of the 2020 census , there were 208,501 people, 82,087 households, and 46,624 families residing in the city. At the 2010 census , there were 200,564 people, 78,274 households, and 51,163 families residing in
11772-698: Was the home of the Field Artillery at the onset of World War II. All the Army's artillery units east of the Mississippi River were based at the post, about 5,000 troops. Soldiers tested the Army's new bantam car, soon known as the Jeep , although most of the power to move artillery still came from horses and burros. On September 12, 1940, the Army contracted to expand the post, bringing the 9th Infantry Division to Fort Bragg. The mission of Pope Field
11881-484: Was the world's largest producer. ECF production continues on a smaller scale in Europe and Asia. PFOA is also synthesized by the telomerization represented below, where the telogen is the organoiodine compound and the taxogen is the tetrafluoroethylene . Each step is an addition reaction where the carbon-iodine bond of the telogen is added across the carbon-carbon double bond of the unsaturated taxogen, resulting in
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