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117-491: Created in 1696, the traditional duties of the sheriff are keeper of the public peace and the enforcement arm of the county court , analogous to the U.S. Marshals Service . The PGSO has a relatively long history compared to other police departments and sheriff's offices in Maryland. The PGSO was involved with events that occurred during the burning of Washington and affected the writing of " The Star-Spangled Banner ". Prior to

234-485: A courthouse ; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities. The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction (from Latin iūrisdictiō , from iūris , "of the law ", + dīcō , "to declare", + -tiō , noun-forming suffix ), the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. According to William Blackstone 's Commentaries on

351-518: A legal remedy . It is also usual in the superior courts to have barristers, and attorneys or counsel, as assistants, though, often, courts consist of additional barristers, bailiffs , reporters , and perhaps a jury . The word court comes from the French cour , an enclosed yard, which derives from the Latin form cōrtem , the accusative case of cohors , which again means an enclosed yard or

468-423: A legal remedy . It is also usual in the superior courts to have barristers, and attorneys or counsel, as assistants, though, often, courts consist of additional barristers, bailiffs , reporters , and perhaps a jury . Jurisdiction is defined as the official authority to make legal decisions and judgements over a person or material item within a territory. "Whether a given court has jurisdiction to preside over

585-408: A .223 caliber bullet, penetrated his ballistic shield and body armor. The suspect, Aaron Mason Lowry, was wanted for the shooting of Washington, D.C. policeman Antonio Duncan. Lowry was subsequently shot and killed by police. The injured deputy was flown to Baltimore Shock Trauma Center where he underwent surgery and was upgraded to serious but stable condition, and survived. After recovering, Bowers

702-518: A .38 caliber handgun in Logan's automobile after stopping him as he was driving with Kromah and another man in St. Mary's County. Logan was charged with possession of an illegal controlled substance with the intent to distribute. Logan had also been using cocaine and smoking marijuana earlier in the day. Earlier in the day, Magruder had confided to a fellow deputy that she felt uneasy about the assignment. After

819-598: A PGPD detective, where he admitted to the murders. When asked by the detective why he had murdered the deputies, rather than fleeing without killing them, Logan said "I wanted to annihilate them, I couldn't leave them alive". The interrogation was recorded by a camera and stored onto a VHS cassette tape and DVD , the contents of which would later be used in his murder trial as evidence to assist in convicting him. Judge Frank M. Kratovil denied Logan release on bond. In November 2002, Logan's attorney, Fred Warren Bennett, claimed that Logan could not be held criminally responsible for

936-488: A body of law by combining local customs they were made aware of through traveling and visiting local jurisdictions. This common standard of law became known as "Common Law". This legal tradition is practiced in the English and American legal systems . In most civil law jurisdictions, courts function under an inquisitorial system . In the common law system, most courts follow the adversarial system . Procedural law governs

1053-483: A closet door, and one bullet struck him in the throat and severed his carotid artery. Logan then shot Arnaud in the chest at a distance of less than 7 feet (2.1 m) away, delivering a ultimately fatal wound. Arnaud then retreated into another room, mortally wounded. Seeing Arnaud felled by gunfire, Magruder, who was wearing body armor, retreated towards the living room while drawing her sidearm. However, before she could return fire, Logan then fired at her six times from

1170-400: A court to take action is based on personal jurisdiction over the parties to the litigation and subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims asserted. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary . The place where a court sits is known as a venue . The room where court proceedings occur is known as a courtroom , and the building as

1287-438: A distance of less than 10 feet (3.0 m), with one shot striking her in the head. Mortally wounded, she fell onto the living room floor and onto her sidearm. Logan walked over and checked on Magruder and then went over to the room where Arnaud had retreated to and while standing over him, shot him four more times, injuring his liver and inducing severe internal bleeding which would ultimately prove to be fatal. Logan's father, who

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1404-478: A district court since 1971. The state countered that the county was responsible for any of the costs incurred. In March 2000, the county executive announced 1.4 billion dollar budget for the county's government in the 2001 fiscal year, which included funding increases for the sheriff's office. In July 2000, the Sheriff's Office reintroduced its top most wanted list, which had been discontinued six years prior. At

1521-495: A driving night rainstorm, the British fleet turned about and set sail. Key and his companions Beanes and Skinner who were startled, amazed and emotionally overcome to see a huge 30 by 42 foot banner being raised in the light of the early morning with the distant booming of the morning's gun salute, knew that the fort and the city had held. When they landed at "The Basin" (modern " Inner Harbor ") and Key finished up his draft of

1638-399: A friend of Key who had been captured in his home on August 28. Beanes was accused of aiding the detention of several British Army stragglers who were ransacking local homes in search of food. Skinner, Key, and the released Beanes were allowed to return under guard to their own truce ship, but they were not allowed to go ashore because they had become familiar with the strength and position of

1755-430: A given case" is a key question in any legal action. Three basic components of jurisdiction are personal jurisdiction over an individual or thing ( rēs ), jurisdiction over the particular subject matter ( subject-matter jurisdiction ) and territorial jurisdiction . Jurisdiction over a person refers to the full authority over a person regardless of where they live, jurisdiction over a particular subject matter refers to

1872-476: A good successor in the upcoming primary elections. In January 2002, Sheriff Black announced efforts to combat workplace violence. In February 2002, Sheriff Black endorsed Lieutenant Governor Kathleen Kennedy Townsend for governor of Maryland in the 2002 Maryland gubernatorial election . On August 23, 2002, dozens of members from the Deputy Sheriff's Association issued a vote of no confidence against

1989-591: A judge to order a mandatory psychiatric evaluation of a person, if the person presented a threat to themselves or to others. In March 2017, Logan was considered for release on parole by the state, but was ultimately denied amid opposition from relatives of the victims. In December 2023, Logan was released from prison, nearly 8 years ahead of his projected release date of August 2032, due to "diminution credits" earned through good behavior in prison. The sheriff of Prince George's County, John D. B. Carr, and surviving relatives of Arnaud voiced their disapproval upon learning of

2106-621: A letter that he had kept in his pocket. On September 16, Key, Skinner, and Beanes were released from the fleet. When they arrived in Baltimore that evening, Key completed the poem in his room at the Indian Queen Hotel. His untitled and unsigned manuscript was printed as a broadside the next day under the title "Defence of Fort M'Henry”, with the notation: "Tune – Anacreon in Heaven ". This was a popular tune that Key had already used as

2223-714: A memorial in 1898 and the remains of both Francis Scott Key and his wife, Mary Tayloe Lloyd, were placed in a crypt in the base of the monument. Despite several efforts to preserve it, the Francis Scott Key residence was ultimately dismantled in   1947. The residence had been located at 3516–18   M   Street in Georgetown. Though Key had written poetry from time to time, often with heavily religious themes, these works were not collected and published until 14   years after his death. Two of his religious poems used as Christian hymns include "Before

2340-400: A new poem "The Defence of Fort McHenry" at the Indian Queen Hotel at West Baltimore and Hanover Streets, (later to be set to music in a few days) and sung lustily through the city, performed on the stage at the famed Holliday Street Theatre , and then soon throughout the state and soon the nation as " The Star Spangled Banner ". In 1851, the sheriff's term was changed from a three-year term to

2457-555: A prose work called The Power of Literature, and Its Connection with Religion , in 1834. On January 11, 1843, Key died at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from pleurisy at age 63. He was initially interred in Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in the vault of John Eager Howard but in 1866, his body was moved to his family plot in Frederick at Mount Olivet Cemetery . The Key Monument Association erected

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2574-440: A psychiatrist, who diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and recommended that he be admitted to a medical institution to receive treatment for his mental health. Logan adamantly asserted that he was in sound mental health and refused to consent to any such treatment and thus was not admitted to such an institution and was released. After the deputies arrived at Logan's house at around 9:25 p.m., Logan's father, James Logan Sr.,

2691-623: A setting for his 1805 song "When the Warrior Returns", celebrating American heroes of the First Barbary War . It was published in newspapers, first in Baltimore and then across the nation, under the new title The Star-Spangled Banner . It was somewhat difficult to sing, yet it became increasingly popular, competing with " Hail, Columbia " (1796) as the de facto national anthem by the time of the Mexican–American War and

2808-439: A similar incident from occurring in the future. Arnaud was posthumously promoted to sergeant , and Magruder was posthumously promoted to deputy first class . At the time of his death Arnaud was married to his wife, Theresa, and had several children. At the time of her death, Magruder was married to her husband Derwinn and had a three-year-old son named Devinn. In September 2002, Arnaud and Magruder were posthumously honored before

2925-893: A small sailing ship, the Minden , and sailed down the Patapsco River and the Chesapeake Bay to find the British Royal Navy fleet after leaving the Patuxent River , beating up the Bay from their base on Tangier Island, Virginia heading for their attack on the hated "nest of pirates" - Baltimore. After being received and negotiating with General Ross, Admiral Cockburn and their superior, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , (1758–1832), and showing him some letters written by captured British wounded soldiers testifying to

3042-461: A staunch proponent of African colonization and a strong critic of the abolition movement until his death. Crandall died shortly after his acquittal of pneumonia contracted in the Washington jail. Key was a devout and prominent Episcopalian . In his youth, he almost became an Episcopal priest rather than a lawyer. Throughout his life he sprinkled biblical references in his correspondence. He

3159-532: A taser to subdue and apprehend him. The firearm believed to be used in the murders was recovered earlier as well. After his capture, Logan was taken to the Prince George's Hospital Center, where he received stitches and sutures, being treated for canine bites on his ankle and arms. After receiving medical treatment for his injuries, Logan was taken to a police station, where he was interrogated for approximately three-and-a-half hours by Vincent "Vince" Canales,

3276-410: A television repairman, led them inside the residence, where Logan was in the basement conducting a Bible study with Anthony Antwan Kromah, a 19-year-old man from Hyattsville, Maryland . Earlier in the month, Logan was released from a St. Mary's County detention center after being arrested and posting a $ 25,000 bond. He had been arrested by a Maryland state trooper who had found cocaine, marijuana, and

3393-529: A three-judge judicial panel on June 15, 2004. However, in their decision, the panel granted him the possibility of paroled release after fifty years. However, more than a year later, on September 7, 2005, the conviction was overturned by the Maryland Court of Special Appeals (CSA) and Logan was awarded a second trial. The CSA determined that the investigators had acted with impropriety in the lead detective's methodology of obtaining of Logan's confession to

3510-527: A two-year term. In 1922, the sheriff's term length was extended from two years to four years. From 1929 to 1930, due to an increase in population and crime, Prince George's County created a separate police department. Prior to this time, laws allowed detectives to be used on loan from the Baltimore City Police Department . The newly created police department allowed the Sheriff's Office to focus its manpower on enforcing orders of

3627-432: A week with the suggested tune of the popular song " To Anacreon in Heaven ". The song with Key's lyrics became known as "The Star-Spangled Banner" and slowly gained in popularity as an unofficial anthem, finally achieving official status as the national anthem more than a century later under President Herbert Hoover . Key was a lawyer in Maryland and Washington, D.C. for four decades and worked on important cases, including

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3744-565: A woman who was in custody at the county courthouse. In 2014, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to three years in custody, with all but one year suspended. He was mandated to be required to submit to eighteen months of supervised probation. In 2014, Melvin High was elected to another term as sheriff, and died in office in 2022. In late 2015, the PGSO received Ford Taurus Police Interceptors for use in its vehicular fleet. Court A court

3861-737: Is an agency with an array of services, from the Specialized Services Team (dealing with high-risk arrest warrants and barricaded situations) to community services aiding the county's residents in safety education. The PGSO was accredited for the first time by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies , Inc. (CALEA) in 2018 and re-accredited in 2022. The sheriff is the chief law enforcement official of Prince George's County, per Maryland common law . All deputy sheriffs are certified , sworn law enforcement officials with full power of arrest. All sworn members of

3978-582: Is any person or institution , often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil , criminal , and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law . The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction , the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts that hold trials and appellate courts that hear appeals . Two major legal traditions of

4095-530: Is known as a courtroom , and the building as a courthouse ; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities. The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction (from Latin iūrisdictiō , from iūris , "of the law ", + dīcō , "to declare", + -tiō , noun-forming suffix ), the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. According to William Blackstone 's Commentaries on

4212-623: Is now Carroll County . He graduated from St.   John's College , Annapolis, Maryland , in 1796 and read law under his uncle Philip Barton Key who was loyal to the British Crown during the War of Independence. He married Mary Tayloe Lloyd on January 1, 1802, daughter of Edward Lloyd IV of Wye House and Elizabeth Tayloe, daughter of John Tayloe II of Mount Airy and sister of John Tayloe III of The Octagon House . The couple raised their 11 children in their Georgetown residence,

4329-645: The American Civil War . The song was finally adopted as the American national anthem more than a century after its first publication by Act of Congress in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover . Key was a leading attorney in Frederick, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., for many years, with an extensive real estate and trial practice. He and his family settled in Georgetown in 1805 or 1806, near

4446-583: The American Colonization Society (ACS), whose primary goal was to send free black people to Africa. Though many free black people were born in the United States by this time, historians argue that upper-class American society, of which Key was a part, could never "envision a multiracial society". The ACS was not supported by most abolitionists or free black people of the time, but the organization's work would eventually lead to

4563-527: The Buck Lodge Middle School . According to departmental protocol, they were to arrive at the house with a third deputy, however, none were available at the time. They were to serve a petition to have an emergency psychiatric evaluation performed on Logan. The day before, Logan's mother Karen Logan had called police to report his aggressive behavior, but as they did not witness it upon arrival, they left him alone. The following day, hours before

4680-622: The Burr conspiracy trial, and he argued numerous times before the Supreme Court. He was nominated for District Attorney for the District of Columbia by President Andrew Jackson , where he served from 1833 to 1841. He was a devout Episcopalian . Key owned slaves from 1800, during which time abolitionists ridiculed his words, claiming that America was more like the "Land of the Free and Home of

4797-644: The Key House . Key and Colonel John Stuart Skinner dined aboard HMS  Tonnant on September 7, 1814, following the Burning of Washington in August. They were the guests of Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane , Rear-Admiral George Cockburn , and Major-General Robert Ross . Skinner and Key were there to plead for the release of Dr. William Beanes, a physician who resided in Upper Marlboro, Maryland , and

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4914-607: The Slave Power ." The alternative to the colonization of Africa, project of the American Colonization Society, was the total and immediate abolition of slavery in the United States . This Key was firmly against, with or without slave owner compensation , and he used his position as District Attorney to attack abolitionists. In 1833, he secured a grand jury indictment against Benjamin Lundy , editor of

5031-456: The Snow riot , caused by rumors that a mentally ill slave had attempted to kill an elderly white woman. In an April 1837 trial that attracted nationwide attention and that congressmen attended, Key charged that Crandall's publications instigated slaves to rebel . Crandall's attorneys acknowledged he opposed slavery, but denied any intent or actions to encourage rebellion. Evidence was introduced that

5148-547: The U.S. House of Representatives by U.S. Representative Steny H. Hoyer of Maryland's 5th congressional district , thus entering their names into the Congressional Record . The killings helped to spur the passage of a new Maryland state law pertaining to the treatment of the mentally ill, which went into effect on October 1, 2003. The law's creation and passage were spurred in part by testimony from Logan's parents, James Logan Sr. and Karen Logan. The law allows

5265-692: The finders of fact (these are known as jury trials ) or trials in which judges act as both finders of fact and finders of law (in some jurisdictions these are known as bench trials ). Juries are less common in court systems outside the Anglo-American common law tradition. Appellate courts are courts that hear appeals of lower courts and trial courts. Some courts, such as the Crown Court in England and Wales, may have both trial and appellate jurisdictions. The two major legal traditions of

5382-433: The incumbent sheriff, Alonzo Black , during a meeting at the county's courthouse. The vote, they claimed, was issued due to allegations that the sheriff made against members of the agency, in which he said they were deliberately malingering in order to reflect badly on him. The sheriff rejected the allegations as unfounded and voiced his displeasure over the vote, calling them politically motivated due to their proximity to

5499-499: The "Redcoats" halted in their tracks and decided to await the shelling of the fort which guarded the entrances to the Harbor to pass into the inner port and the waterfront of Fells Point . Following the failure of the fort to fall to two days of "the rockets' red glare and the bombs bursting in air" and their flanking troop-loaded barge attack around the west end but driven back by alert artillery seamen at Forts Covington and Babcock in

5616-407: The 1830s, and owned eight when he died. One of his freed slaves continued to work for him for wages as his farm's foreman, supervising several slaves. Key also represented several slaves seeking their freedom, as well as several slave-owners seeking return of their runaway slaves. Key was one of the executors of John Randolph of Roanoke 's will, which freed his 400 slaves, and Key fought to enforce

5733-416: The American Colonization Society, including Key, were predominantly slave owners. The Society was intended to preserve slavery, rather than eliminate it. In the words of philanthropist Gerrit Smith , it was "quite as much an Anti-Abolition, as Colonization Society". "This Colonization Society had, by an invisible process, half conscious, half unconscious, been transformed into a serviceable organ and member of

5850-452: The British units and their intention to launch an attack on Baltimore. Key was unable to do anything but watch the 25-hour bombardment of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore from dawn of September 13 to the next morning. At dawn, Key was able to see a large American flag waving over the fort, and he started writing a poem about his experience on the back of

5967-488: The District of Columbia , was shot and killed by Daniel Sickles ‍—‌a U.S.   Representative from New York who would serve as a general in the American Civil War ‍—‌after he discovered that Philip Barton Key was having an affair with his wife. Sickles was acquitted in the first use of the temporary insanity defense. In   1861, Key's grandson Francis Key Howard was imprisoned in Fort ;McHenry with

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6084-495: The Laws of England , a court (for civil wrongs ) is constituted by a minimum of three parties: the āctor or plaintiff , who complains of an injury done; the reus or defendant , who is called upon to make satisfaction for it; and the jūdex or judicial power, who is to examine the truth of the fact, determine the law arising upon that fact, and, if any injury appears to have been done, ascertain and by its officers apply

6201-444: The Laws of England , a court (for civil wrongs ) is constituted by a minimum of three parties: the āctor or plaintiff , who complains of an injury done; the reus or defendant , who is called upon to make satisfaction for it; and the jūdex or judicial power, who is to examine the truth of the fact, determine the law arising upon that fact, and, if any injury appears to have been done, ascertain and by its officers apply

6318-512: The Lord We Bow" and "Lord, with Glowing Heart I'd Praise Thee". In   1806, Key's sister, Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, married Roger B. Taney , who would later become Chief Justice of the United States . In 1846 one daughter, Alice, married U.S. Senator George H. Pendleton and another, Ellen Lloyd, married Simon F. Blunt . In   1859, Key's son Philip Barton Key II , who also served as United States Attorney for

6435-642: The Oppressed". As District Attorney, he suppressed abolitionists, and he lost a case against Reuben Crandall in 1836 where he accused the defendant's abolitionist publications of instigating slaves to rebel. He was also a leader of the American Colonization Society which sent former slaves to Africa. He freed some of his slaves in the 1830s, paying one as his farm foreman to supervise his other slaves. He publicly criticized slavery and gave free legal representation to some slaves seeking freedom, but he also represented owners of runaway slaves. He had eight slaves at

6552-571: The Southern Management Company, a firm responsible for managing residential apartments complexes, filed a lawsuit against the sheriff and the county government, with the plaintiffs alleging that they lost revenue due to the sheriff's office inability to evict tenants who were not paying their rent costs. In 1998, Alonzo D. Black II was elected sheriff of Prince George's County. He was the first African American to be elected sheriff of Prince George's County. In January 2000, it

6669-413: The U.S. as paid laborers. This was the official policy of the American Colonization Society . Key was an ACS leader and fundraiser for the organization, but he himself did not send the men and women he freed to Africa upon their emancipation. The original confusion around this quote arises from ambiguities in the 1937 biography of Key by Edward S. Delaplaine. Key was a founding member and active leader of

6786-534: The advancing British under successor, Colonel Arthur Brooke led the British regiments to face the 20,000 drafted and volunteer citizens and militia under the command of Major General Samuel Smith , (1752–1839), of the Maryland Militia on the eastern heights of "Loudenschlager's Hill" (later known as "Hampstead Hill" in modern Patterson Park , between Highlandtown and Canton neighborhoods) whose dug-in fortifications and dragged cannon were so numerous that

6903-497: The agency had 248 deputies, whereas on January 20, 2000, it only had 192 deputies, with 20 leaving from November 1998 to January 2000. In July 1996, the county government decreased the amount of funding the PGSO was receiving. Unlike the PGPD at the time, the PGSO was not nationally accredited and did not receive accreditation until 2018. Computers were also in short supply, and the few that were in use were outdated and obsolete. In 1996,

7020-546: The anti-slavery publication Genius of Universal Emancipation , and his printer William Greer, for libel after Lundy published an article that declared, "There is neither mercy nor justice for colored people in this district [of Columbia]". Lundy's article, Key said in the indictment, "was intended to injure, oppress, aggrieve, and vilify the good name, fame, credit & reputation of the Magistrates and constables" of Washington. Lundy left town rather than face trial; Greer

7137-432: The anti-slavery publications were packing materials used by his landlady in shipping his possessions to him. He had not "published" anything; he had given one copy to one man who had asked for it. Key, in his final address to the jury said: Are you willing, gentlemen, to abandon your country, to permit it to be taken from you, and occupied by the abolitionist, according to whose taste it is to associate and amalgamate with

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7254-425: The arrest of his soldiers, the British commander ordered the arrest of the sheriff and the posse in turn. One of the posse members was Dr. William Beam. Beam was ultimately arrested and held for ransom on a British warship. Beam's brother-in-law, Francis Scott Key , went to Baltimore Harbor in search of him. He witnessed the British fleet under attack which was the inspiration of " The Star-Spangled Banner ". During

7371-686: The authority over the said subject of legal cases involved in a case, and lastly territorial jurisdiction is the authority over a person within an x amount of space. Other concepts of jurisdiction include general , exclusive , appellate , and (in the United States federal courts ) diversity jurisdiction . Courts may be organized into a hierarchy of courts and have specific jurisdiction and include specialized courts . Trial courts are courts that hold trials . Sometimes termed "courts of first instance", trial courts have varying original jurisdiction . Trial courts may conduct trials with juries as

7488-447: The central means for dispute resolution , and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary . The place where a court sits is known as a venue . The room where court proceedings occur

7605-596: The county to include responding to calls for service that are domestic-related. The creation of the School Resource Deputy division has placed a deputy sheriff at all of the local high schools, replacing the County Police. All other law enforcement services of the county are provided by multiple agencies but mostly left to the separate Prince George's County Police Department (PGPD), though some responsibilities are shared by both agencies. The PGSO

7722-503: The course of the raid, they shot and killed the Calvo family's two pet Labrador retriever dogs. No charges were filed against the family. A PGSO internal investigation stated that the PGSO's actions were justified. In 2010, Sheriff Michael A. Jackson , defended the actions taken during the raid, saying: "Quite frankly we'd do it again tonight." In June 2012, Deputy Lamar McIntyre was convicted of "malfeasance in office," upon having sex with

7839-587: The court. In 1963, the PGSO hired its first female deputy Annette J. Meyer, who was also the first female deputy sheriff in Maryland's history. From December 12, 1994, to January 2000, the PGSO did not hire any new deputies or civilian employees, leaving the agency with 92 vacant positions that needed to be filled. Over that period, 66 deputies left the agency, some retiring routinely, others leaving due to increased workloads caused by vacant positions. In some cases, deputies worked sixteen hours in one day, eight in courtrooms, and eight serving warrants. In December 1994,

7956-663: The creation of Liberia in 1847. In the early 1830s American thinking on slavery changed quite abruptly. Considerable opposition to the American Colonization Society's project emerged. Led by newspaper editor and publisher William Lloyd Garrison , a growing portion of the population noted that only a very small number of free black people were actually moved, and they faced brutal conditions in West Africa, with very high mortality. Free Black people made it clear that few of them wanted to move, and if they did, it would be to Canada, Mexico, or Central America, not Africa. The leaders of

8073-574: The creation of the Prince George's County Police Department in 1931, the PGSO was the sole county-level law enforcement agency. Today, the duties of the sheriff include law enforcement services of the two county courthouses and surrounding property, service of court-ordered warrants, writs, protective orders, and other injunctions, and limited patrol responsibility with the County Police . The Domestic Violence Unit has expanded its role in

8190-505: The deputies arrived, Logan's wife, Valencia Flood, fearing for her safety and the safety of her children, filed the petition with the judicial system to have her husband receive treatment, saying that Logan was "paranoid" and that he "needs to be hospitalized immediately" as "his condition was worsening". The petition entailed the deputies taking Logan to a hospital, where he would have his psychiatric health examined by medical personnel. A few days earlier, on August 26, Logan had been examined by

8307-402: The deputies went into the basement, he was asked by Arnaud to come with him, who said to him, "You've got to come and go with me now." However, Logan adamantly refused, saying "I told you, I'm not going with you anywhere." Logan then ran up the staircase and went into his former bedroom, now used as a guest bedroom, and closed the door. Arnaud and Magruder followed him to the room and stood outside

8424-630: The disastrous Battle of Bladensburg on the Eastern Branch stream of the Anacostia River in August 1814. Later he was arrested along with several others including Robert Bowie , former 11th Governor of Maryland (1803–06, 1811–12) by retreating British cavalry on orders from Ross who had stayed in his home as headquarters. Later Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), a Georgetown and Frederick lawyer with Col. John S. Skinner , U.S. Prisoner-of-War and Parole Agent went to Baltimore secured

8541-517: The door. Arnaud tried to convince Logan to come out of the room, as Logan's parents and Magruder, who had joined the department in February 2001, stood by, watching. After Logan's parents left the scene and went to the house's master bedroom, Logan became more belligerent and uncooperative. Magruder called for assistance over her radio at 9:34 p.m. Logan retrieved a semi-automatic 9mm-chambered handgun and fired at Arnaud while partially hidden behind

8658-486: The early release and vowed to urge the state to abolish diminution credits for the murderers of law enforcement officers in the future. On February 16, 2008, at approximately 3:30 a.m., PGSO SWAT team member, Cpl. Cal Bowers, was shot and critically wounded in the lower abdomen while serving a warrant as part of a task force with Deputy U.S. Marshals at an Econo Lodge on U.S. Route 1 in Laurel, Maryland . The round,

8775-419: The end of October 2000, the PGSO had 129 deputies. At the end of October 2001, the PGSO had 125 deputies, down from the previous year. In January 2002, former sheriff James V. Aluisi, previously a supporter of Sheriff Black, voiced his disapproval of Black's handling of the department, stating he was not an effective communicator. He stated that Michael A. Jackson, the sheriff's office's union leader, would make

8892-643: The end of the eleventh century and became a foundation for university legal education starting in Bologna, Italy and subsequently being taught throughout continental European universities. Civil law is firmly ensconced in the French and German legal systems . Common law courts were established by English royal judges of the King's Council after the Norman Invasion of Britain in 1066. The royal judges created

9009-455: The fair treatment Beanes had given them and tended to them, they agreed to free him but that would be held up until they could celebrate after the Burning of Baltimore following their attack on Fort McHenry and landing troops to the east at North Point . Well, the famous story has been told, how the general was killed prior to the skirmishing at the Battle of North Point on September 12, how

9126-492: The first sheriff . The St. Paul's Church in Charlestown held the headquarters for the Sheriff's Office until the 1720s when it was relocated to the town of Upper Marlboro . At the time of the 18th century, there was no set salary for the sheriff, but he was often paid in tobacco . From 1696 to 1776, the sheriff was appointed by the colonial governor to a one-year term. In 1776, the Maryland constitution changed this so that

9243-507: The greatest evil that afflicts a community" is erroneous. The quote is taken from an 1838 letter that Key wrote to Reverend Benjamin Tappan of Maine who had sent Key a questionnaire about the attitudes of Southern religious institutions about slavery. Rather than representing a statement by Key identifying his personal thoughts, the words quoted are offered by Key to describe the attitudes of others who assert that former slaves could not remain in

9360-455: The heinous nature of the crime, which he remarked as being the most callous one that he had ever encountered as a judge. Shepherd said to Logan, "I've never experienced a case of a murder more cold-blooded than those that occurred in this case" and "You decided you were going to annihilate those two people". Despite his conviction, Logan's attorneys tried to appeal to the courts, with the one-hundred year prison sentence being unanimously upheld by

9477-417: The judicial system and are generally private arbitrators , are depicted within the court show genre; however, the courts depicted have been criticized as misrepresenting real-life courts of law and the true nature of the legal system. Notable court shows include: Francis Scott Key This is an accepted version of this page Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843)

9594-505: The judiciary had ruled that it had been obtained with impropriety. In the retrial, the prosecution used the same argument it had used in the original trial back in 2003, arguing that Logan's insanity defense was illegitimate due to his usage of illegal controlled substances. The state's prosecution argued that Logan himself was solely responsible for any deficiencies in his mental health, saying that they were brought about through his consumption of illegal narcotics, such as cocaine and marijuana,

9711-586: The line of duty while trying to serve an Emergency Petition Service (EPS), a court-ordered psychological evaluation, on James Ramiah Logan, a 23-year-old part-time computer technician, drug dealer, and High Point High School graduate. At approximately 9:25 p.m. on the night of August 29, 2002, Corporal Arnaud and Deputy Magruder arrived at the residence of James Ramiah Logan, a 23-year-old man and convicted felon who lived at his parents' single-story rambler house at 9332 Lynmont Drive in Adelphi, Maryland , near

9828-492: The murder; he pleaded guilty on April 24, 2003 to being an accessory after the fact to a murder. In the meantime, Logan stayed briefly at the residence of Twyla James, a woman who lived in Largo, Maryland . James would later be arrested and charged as an accessory to murder as she had transported Logan, who she had known was a murder suspect and fugitive sought by legal authorities, to her residence and allowed him to stay there. Logan

9945-405: The murders, due to mental deficiencies and poor psychiatric health. In response, a judge mandated that Logan undergo a psychiatric evaluation. At his trial in late October 2003, Logan's attorney, Fred Warren Bennett, argued that although Logan did kill the deputies, he was not criminally responsible for the killings due to mental illness, and thus, should be acquitted by reason of insanity. However,

10062-460: The murders, saying that he violated Logan's Miranda rights by deliberately misleading him in order to obtain a confession. The CSA also determined that the judiciary's selection process of jurors for the trial had not been rigorous enough, thus disadvantaging the defendant. Logan's retrial began in June 2007, with the prosecution unable to use Logan's confession to present its case for conviction, for

10179-418: The negro? Or, gentlemen, on the other hand, are there laws in this community to defend you from the immediate abolitionist, who would open upon you the floodgates of such extensive wickedness and mischief? The jury acquitted Crandall of all charges. This public and humiliating defeat, as well as family tragedies in 1835, diminished Key's political ambition. He resigned as District Attorney in 1840. He remained

10296-484: The new national capital. He assisted his uncle Philip Barton Key in the sensational conspiracy trial of Aaron Burr and in the expulsion of Senator John Smith of Ohio. He made the first of his many arguments before the United States Supreme Court in 1807. In 1808, he assisted President Thomas Jefferson 's attorney general in United States   v.   Peters . In 1829, Key assisted in

10413-509: The occupants of such a yard. The English word court is thus a descendant of the Latin word hortus from Ancient Greek χόρτος ( khórtos ) (meaning "garden", hence horticulture and orchard), both referring to an enclosed space. The meaning of a judicial assembly is first attested in the 12th century, and derives from the earlier usage to designate a sovereign and his entourage, which met to adjudicate disputes in such an enclosed yard. The verb "to court", meaning to win favor, derives from

10530-459: The office of Prince George's County sheriff. As there were no candidates running for sheriff in any other parties, the winner of the primary election would automatically run unopposed in the general election itself. The incumbent sheriff, Alonzo Black , lost nomination and reelection to the union president, Michael A. Jackson , who went on to be elected sheriff, with the endorsement of Albert Wynn . Jackson vowed to implement new measures to prevent

10647-620: The primary elections, which was only weeks away at the time. In 2002, the Sheriff's Office provided security at FedEx Field during Washington Redskins football games. In September 2002, Michael A. Jackson defeated Black in the Democratic Primary election for sheriff. Jackson was endorsed by Albert Wynn . By the end of October 2002, the PGSO had 124 deputies. On the evening of Thursday, August 29, 2002, two PGSO sheriff's deputies, Corporal James V. Arnaud, aged 53, and Deputy Elizabeth R. Licera Magruder, aged 30, were killed in

10764-459: The prosecution of Tobias Watkins , former U.S. Treasury auditor under President John Quincy Adams , for misappropriating public funds. He also handled the Petticoat affair concerning Secretary of War John Eaton , and he served as the attorney for Sam Houston in 1832 during his trial for assaulting Representative William Stanbery of Ohio. After years as an adviser to President Jackson, Key

10881-466: The radio and emergency medical technicians arrived, removing Magruder from the house by stretcher. Arnaud would die from severe gunshot-induced blood loss at the scene. Still showing signs of life, Magruder was airlifted on a medical helicopter to the Prince George's Hospital Center, with CPR being applied on her while en route. However, she would be pronounced dead at the hospital before midnight. After shooting Magruder and killing Arnaud, Logan then fled

10998-487: The residents had cooperated with the British, the commander ensured that minimal damage was inflicted upon the local residents and their property. After the Battle of Bladensburg , the British Army returned to the area of Upper Marlboro. However, this time some of the British soldiers looted local farms. A sheriff's posse subsequently arrested the offending soldiers and placed them in the county jail. Upon learning about

11115-804: The rules by which courts operate: civil procedure for private disputes (for example); and criminal procedure for violation of the criminal law. In recent years, international courts are being created to resolve matters not covered by the jurisdiction of national courts. For example, the International Criminal Court , based in The Hague , in the Netherlands, or the Court of Permanent Lok Adalat (Public Utility Services), based in India. Television show courts, which are often not part of

11232-410: The same source since people traveled to the sovereign's court to win his favor. The term the court is used to refer to the presiding officer or officials, usually one or more judges . The judge or panel of judges may also be collectively referred to as "the bench " (in contrast to attorneys and barristers , collectively referred to as "the bar "). In the United States, the legal authority of

11349-433: The scene with Kromah in a silver-painted Dodge Charger with Maryland license plates, with Kromah driving the vehicle. After leaving the house, Kromah took the weapon from Logan and attempted to wipe off any residual evidence, such as fingerprints, from it. The two then disposed of the murder weapon by burying it at a nearby forested cemetery and abandoned the getaway vehicle. Kromah was captured and charged as an accomplice to

11466-447: The sheriff was elected by the voters to three-year terms. During the War of 1812 , which lasted from 1812 to 1815, an incident occurred at the time of the burning of Washington, D.C. , when the sheriff's office became involved in an occurrence that led to the writing of the U.S. national anthem . As the British Army marched from Washington they passed through Prince George's County. Because

11583-547: The sheriff's office are agents of the U.S. state of Maryland and thus have authority throughout the entire state, although direct jurisdiction is limited to the Seventh Judicial Circuit of Maryland, which includes Calvert County , Charles County , Prince George's County, and St. Mary's County . The Sheriff's Office was founded April 22, 1696, when Maryland was a colony of England . The governor of Maryland, Sir Francis Nicholson, appointed Thomas Hillary as

11700-402: The span of three days over his fate. A few weeks later, on December 12, 2003, Logan was sentenced by the trial's judge, E. Allen Shepherd, to 100 years of imprisonment, without the possibility of parole. Before he was sentenced, Logan apologized to the relatives and comrades of his victims, and asked Shepherd to show mercy in his sentencing of him. Shepherd rebuked Logan's pleas for mercy, citing

11817-424: The state's prosecution argued that any mental deficiencies Logan had were brought about by his usage of illegal narcotics, such as cocaine and marijuana, and as such, he would be legally responsible for the murders. Ultimately, the jury did not agree with the arguments put forth by Logan's defense attorney and Logan was convicted of second-degree murder on November 10, 2003, after jurors deliberated for ten hours over

11934-601: The time of his death. Key was born into an affluent family. Key's father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a commissioned officer in the Continental Army , and a judge of English descent. His mother Ann Phoebe Dagworthy Charlton was born (February 6, 1756 – 1830), to Arthur Charlton, a tavern keeper, and his wife, Eleanor Harrison of Frederick in the colony of Maryland. Key grew up on the family plantation Terra Rubra in Frederick County, Maryland , which

12051-478: The two illegal controlled substances which he had used on the day of the murders. Ultimately, the first attempt at a retrial ended in June 2007 with a mistrial after jurors could not come to a verdict after ten hours of deliberations. On July 1, 2007, Logan's attorney died after being involved in an automobile collision on Route 10 in Glen Burnie , further complicating matters. However, a few months later, Logan

12168-487: The war, an incident occurred involving the Prince George's County jail, when local resident Dr. William Beanes , (1775–1824) captured several marauding British Army deserters from the passing army of General General Robert Ross (1766–1814) and Vice Admiral, Sir George Cockburn , (1772–1853), and held them in the County Jail, after he had treated several wounded "Redcoat" soldiers in their march on to Washington and

12285-427: The western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. A court is any person or institution , often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil , criminal , and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law . In both common law and civil law legal systems , courts are

12402-413: The western world are the civil law courts and the common law courts. These two great legal traditions are similar, in that they are products of western culture, although there are significant differences between the two traditions. Civil law courts are profoundly based upon Roman law , specifically a civil body of law entitled Corpus Juris Civilis . This theory of civil law was rediscovered around

12519-511: The will for the next decade and to provide the freedmen and women with land to support themselves. Key is known to have publicly criticized slavery's cruelties, and a newspaper editorial stated that "he often volunteered to defend the downtrodden sons and daughters of Africa." The editor said that Key "convinced me that slavery was wrong—radically wrong". A quote increasingly credited to Key stating that free black people are "a distinct and inferior race of people, which all experience proves to be

12636-468: Was acquitted. In a larger unsuccessful prosecution, in August 1836 Key obtained an indictment against Reuben Crandall , brother of controversial Connecticut teacher Prudence Crandall , who had recently moved to Washington, D.C. It accused Crandall of " seditious libel " after two marshals (who operated as slave catchers in their off hours) found Crandall had a trunk full of anti-slavery publications in his Georgetown residence and office, five days after

12753-616: Was active in All Saints Parish in Frederick, Maryland, near his family's home. He also helped found or financially support several parishes in the new national capital, including St. John's Episcopal Church in Georgetown , Trinity Episcopal Church in present-day Judiciary Square , and Christ Church in Alexandria (at the time, in the District of Columbia). He was described as a "devoted and intimate friend" of Bishop William Meade of Virginia, and his "good literary taste"

12870-408: Was an American lawyer, author, and poet from Frederick, Maryland , best known as the author of the text of the American national anthem " The Star-Spangled Banner ". Key observed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814 during the War of 1812 . He was inspired upon seeing the American flag still flying over the fort at dawn and wrote the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry"; it was published within

12987-541: Was apprehended two days after the murder, on August 31, 2002, at a boiler room shed near the Quebec Arms Apartments in Hyattsville, Maryland , on the 8200 block of 14th Avenue. He was spotted there by undercover policemen, who had received information that it had been an area that Logan was known to frequent in the past. Logan was found hiding in the shed by policemen, who then used a police canine and

13104-486: Was awarded a Medal of Valor for his actions. On July 29, 2008, the PGPD and PGSO raided the home of Cheye Calvo, the mayor of the Town of Berwyn Heights . The raid team did not coordinate their action with the local police department as required by mutual agreement, nor did they did not obtain a warrant or knock on the door to announce their presence. They raided the house with explosive devices and with firearms drawn. During

13221-693: Was credited for the quality of the church's hymnal. From 1818 until his death in 1843, Key was associated with the American Bible Society . He successfully opposed an abolitionist resolution presented to that group around 1838. Key also helped found two Episcopal seminaries, one in Baltimore and the other across the Potomac River in Alexandria (the Virginia Theological Seminary ). Key also published

13338-417: Was in the house's master bedroom, heard the gunshots, and erroneously thinking that the deputies had shot him, went over to the scene to see what had happened. He saw Logan leaving the house with a firearm in hand, and saw that the two deputies had been shot. Logan's father then called 9-1-1 via telephone at 9:39 p.m. to report the shooting to the authorities. The dispatcher put out a " Signal 13 " call over

13455-550: Was nominated by the President to District Attorney for the District of Columbia in 1833. He served from 1833 to 1841 while also handling his own private legal cases. In 1835, he prosecuted Richard Lawrence for his attempt to assassinate President Jackson at the top steps of the Capitol, the first attempt to kill an American president. Key purchased his first slave in 1800 or 1801 and owned six slaves in 1820. He freed seven in

13572-523: Was revealed that the PGSO held seized money inside of a safe, ever since the previous sheriff’s term, and did not report it to higher authorities. In response to the news, the county council responded that they did not object to the PGSO's actions. In February 2000, the county government attempted to gain 57 million dollars from the state government at a courthouse in Charles County, to cover the costs of having sheriff's deputies providing security at

13689-507: Was subsequently convicted again after pleading guilty and sentenced to thirty years of imprisonment on October 24, 2007, with credit for the five years he had already served, much to the disappointment of the victims' surviving family members, who felt he deserved a lifelong imprisonment for his crime. The murders occurred eleven days before the Maryland Democratic Party 's primary election to determine its candidate for

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