A trigraph (from Ancient Greek τρεῖς ( treîs ) 'three' and γράφω ( gráphō ) 'to write') is a group of three characters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined.
17-548: PQRST are the sixteenth through twentieth letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and may refer to that alphabet as a whole. PQRST may refer to: ISO basic Latin alphabet The ISO basic Latin alphabet is an international standard (beginning with ISO/IEC 646) for a Latin-script alphabet that consists of two sets ( uppercase and lowercase) of 26 letters, codified in various national and international standards and used widely in international communication . They are
34-502: A tetragraph in the Kabardian alphabet : гъу /ʁʷ/ , кӏу /kʷʼ/ , къу /qʷʼ/ , кхъ /q/ , and хъу /χʷ/ , and also a tetragraph кхъу /qʷ/ . While most of these can be thought of as consonant + /w/ , the letters in кхъ /q/ cannot be so separated: the х has the negative meaning that кхъ is not ejective , as къ is /qʼ/ . (See List of Cyrillic digraphs .) Tsakonian has τσχ /tʃ/ . The orthography used for
51-514: A few productive trigraphs in English such as tch as in watch, and igh as in high. The trigraph sch in German is equivalent to the English sh and pronounced /ʃ/ . In Dutch , which is closely related to German, this same trigraph is pronounced /sx/ . In Italian , however, sch represents the sounds /sk/ before e or i , as in bruschetta /bruˈskɛtta/ . In none of these languages
68-524: A theoretical form not actually found in any texts. It is composed of digraph ㅃ [b] and a circle-shaped single letter ㅇ, which means the letter "to lighten" sounds, linguistically to change stop consonants to the fricative consonants in cases of bilabial consonants (for ᄛ, ㅇ changes alveolar tap to alveolar lateral approximant or retroflex lateral approximant ). Because these letters are created to transcribe consonants of Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), these are disappeared soon. In modern days, ㅃ
85-464: Is sometimes considered by tradition to contain only 26 letters (with ⟨ä⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ considered variants and ⟨ß⟩ considered a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ ( long s ) and ⟨s⟩ ), but the current German orthographic rules include ⟨ä⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ , ⟨ß⟩ in the alphabet placed after ⟨Z⟩ . In Spanish orthography,
102-935: Is the case with English silent e , which has been claimed to modify preceding digraphs as well as preceding single vowel letters. For example, the sequence ou...e has the sound /uː/ in English joule. There are twenty-eight combinations in English, ⟨ai—e⟩ , ⟨al—e⟩ , ⟨ar—e⟩ , ⟨au—e⟩ , ⟨aw—e⟩ , ⟨ay—e⟩ , ⟨ea—e⟩ , ⟨ee—e⟩ , ⟨ei—e⟩ , ⟨er—e⟩ , ⟨eu—e⟩ , ⟨ey—e⟩ , ⟨ia—e⟩ , ⟨ie—e⟩ , ⟨ir—e⟩ , ⟨is—e⟩ , ⟨oi—e⟩ , ⟨oo—e⟩ , ⟨or—e⟩ , ⟨ou—e⟩ , ⟨ow—e⟩ , ⟨oy—e⟩ , ⟨ui—e⟩ , ⟨ur—e⟩ , ⟨uy—e⟩ , ⟨ye—e⟩ , ⟨yr—e⟩ , though it has been argued that
119-759: Is this trigraph regarded as an independent letter of the alphabet. In Hungarian , the trigraph dzs is treated as a distinct letter, with its own place in the alphabet, and it is pronounced like the English j /dʒ/ . The combination gli in Italian can also be a trigraph, representing the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/ before vowels other than i , as in aglio , pronounced [ˈaʎʎo] . Although trigraphs are not uncommon in Latin-script alphabets , they are rare elsewhere. There are several in Cyrillic alphabets , which for example uses five trigraphs and
136-426: Is used for different sound, [pʰ]. Japanese kana use trigraphs for (C)yō sequences, as in きょう kyou /kjoo/ ("today"); the う is only pronounced /o/ after another /o/ . In Inuktitut syllabics , the digraph ᖕ ng cannot be followed by a vowel. For that, it must form a trigraph with g : It also forms a trigraph with n for ŋŋ : ᖖ. The sequence of letters making up a phoneme are not always adjacent. This
153-599: The Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block: In ASCII the letters belong to the printable characters and in Unicode since version 1.0 they belong to the block " C0 Controls and Basic Latin ". In both cases, as well as in ISO/IEC 646 , ISO/IEC 8859 and ISO/IEC 10646 they are occupying the positions in hexadecimal notation 41 to 5A for uppercase and 61 to 7A for lowercase. Not case sensitive, all letters have code words in
170-621: The ICAO spelling alphabet and can be represented with Morse code . All of the lowercase letters are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In X-SAMPA and SAMPA these letters have the same sound value as in IPA. The list below only includes alphabets that include all the 26 letters but exclude: Notable omissions due to these rules include Spanish , Esperanto , Filipino and German . The German alphabet
187-528: The Yiddish language by YIVO uses the Hebrew script trigraph דזש ( dalet , zayin , shin ) to refer to /dʒ/ . Hangul has a few vowel trigraphs, ㅙ /wɛ/ and ㅞ /we/ (from oai and uei ), which are not entirely predictable. However, as ㅐ /ɛ/ and ㅔ /e/ are considered as single letters in modern Korean, ㅙ and ㅞ are considered as digraphs now. There is also a single obsolete consonant trigraph, ㅹ [β] ,
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#1732780254422204-585: The 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet . Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 8859 (8-bit character encoding) and ISO/IEC 10646 ( Unicode Latin ), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages. The Unicode block that contains the alphabet is called " C0 Controls and Basic Latin ". Two subheadings exist: There are also another two sets in
221-465: The final letter of the alphabet), the column immediately after Z is AA, followed by AB, and so on (see bijective base-26 system ). This can be seen by scrolling far to the right in a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel or LibreOffice Calc . The letters are often used for indexing nested bullet points. In this case after the 26th it is more common to use AA, BB, CC, ... instead of base-26 numbers. Trigraph (orthography) For example, in
238-484: The letters ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ are distinct; the tilde is not considered a diacritic in this case. Trigraphs : ⟨aai⟩, ⟨eeu⟩, ⟨oei⟩, ⟨ooi⟩ * Constructed languages The Roman (Latin) alphabet is commonly used for column numbering in a table or chart. This avoids confusion with row numbers using Arabic numerals . For example, a 3-by-3 table would contain columns A, B, and C, set against rows 1, 2, and 3. If more columns are needed beyond Z (normally
255-496: The same letters that comprise the current English alphabet . Since medieval times, they are also the same letters of the modern Latin alphabet . The order is also important for sorting words into alphabetical order . The two sets contain the following 26 letters each: By the 1960s it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters
272-488: The word schilling , the trigraph sch represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ , rather than the consonant cluster /sx/ . In the word beautiful, the sequence eau is pronounced /juː/ , and in the French word château it is pronounced /o/ . It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a sequence of letters in English is a trigraph, because of the complicating role of silent letters . There are however
289-458: Was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their ( ISO/IEC 646 ) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange , better known as ASCII , which included in the character set
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