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53-406: PSG1 may refer to: PSG1 (gene) (pregnancy specific glycoprotein 1) Heckler & Koch PSG1 , a rifle See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "psg1" , "psg-1" , "ps-g1" , "p-sg1" , or "p-s-g-1" on Misplaced Pages. PSGI PSGL PSG (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
106-480: A PG. Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein is a major product of the syncytiotrophoblast in the placenta, reaching concentrations of 100 to 290 mg/L at term in the serum of pregnant women. PSGs are synthesized through a gene's coding for a specific protein. These genes belong to a specific gene family; they are a subgroup of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family of genes. CEAs are immunoglobulins. Within humans there are total of 11 PSG genes located on
159-478: A copy of a T cell receptor (TCR) gene that is specialised to recognise tumour antigens. The virus integrates the receptor into the T cells' genome . The cells are expanded non-specifically and/or stimulated. The cells are then reinfused and produce an immune response against the tumour cells. The technique has been tested on refractory stage IV metastatic melanomas and advanced skin cancer . The first FDA-approved CAR-T drug, Kymriah, used this approach. To obtain
212-400: A detrimental effect on the success of a pregnancy that it is a standard practice to test and measure the levels of PSGs within the maternal bloodstream during the first trimester. A low concentration level of PSGs can be an indication of Down syndrome . Though high levels of PSGs are ideal during fetal development; their concentration throughout the rest of life, excluding the times in which
265-510: A female is pregnant, is ideally low. A low concentration in adults is wanted to ensure normal and effective responses from the immune system. Adults that have a high level of PSG within their system are significantly more likely to suffer from tumors, because the immune system is repressed from fighting of abnormal cell growth. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which
318-461: A fetus. Specifically they are important in inducing, enhancing or inhibiting an immune response. PSGs regulate lymphocytes and without the presence of the PSGs the fetus would be susceptible to various types of immune attacks from the maternal bloodstream. This includes immune responses to things such as inflammation, infection, and trauma which may occur during pregnancy. In addition PSG presence within
371-520: A person's own peripheral blood-derived natural killer cells , cytotoxic T lymphocytes, epithelial cells and other relevant immune cells are expanded in vitro and then re-infused. The therapy has been tested against hepatitis C , chronic fatigue syndrome and HHV6 infection. Immune suppression dampens an abnormal immune response in autoimmune diseases or reduces a normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplanted organs or cells. Immunosuppressive drugs can be used to control
424-460: A serum composed of the antibodies demonstrated an elevated abortion rate if pregnant and an increase of infertility if not pregnant. The receptors of some PSGs in mice have been discovered to be receptors for certain types of viruses. The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) has been known to bind to a receptor for PSGs that is located within the brain. External factors can also have an effect on the presence and function of PSGs. Specifically smoking during
477-538: A specific antigen, There is also Immunosuppressive antibodies which target steps in the immune response to prevent the body from attacking its tissues, which is a problem with autoimmune diseases, There are various other drugs that modulate immune responses and can be used to induce immune regulation. It was observed in a preclinical trial that regulation of the immune system by small immunosuppressive molecules such as vitamin D, dexamethasone, and curcumin could be helpful in preventing or treating chronic inflation. Given that
530-639: A treatment for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis , Crohn's , allergies and asthma. While there is much to be learned about this, many researchers think that the change in the immune response is thanks to the parasites shifting to a more anti-inflammatory or regulatory system, which would in turn decrease inflammation and self inflicted immune damage as seen in Crohn's and multiple sclerosis. Specifically, MS patients saw lower relapse rates and calmer symptoms in some cases when experimenting with helminthic therapy. Hypothesized mechanisms include re-polarisation of
583-412: Is Glucocorticoids which are more specific inhibitors of lymphocyte activation. Glucocorticoids work by emulating actions of natural actions of the body's adrenal glands to help suppress the immune system, which is helpful with autoimmune diseases|, Alternatively, inhibitors of immunophilins more specifically target T lymphocyte activation, the process by which T-lymphocytes stimulate and begin to respond to
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#1732780832810636-473: Is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSG1 gene and is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are a complex consisting of carbohydrate and protein, which is present in the mammalian body specifically during pregnancy. This glycoprotein is the most abundant protein found in the maternal bloodstream during the later stages of pregnancy and it
689-651: Is considered one of the most immunogenic human cancers, an improvement in overall survival, with an increasing group of patients benefiting long-term from these treatments, although caution remains needed for specific subgroups. The next generation of checkpoint inhibitors targets other receptors such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 ( LAG-3 ), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 ( TIM3 ), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains ( TIGIT ). Antibodies against these receptors have been evaluated in clinical studies, but have not yet been approved for widespread use. Autologous immune enhancement therapy use
742-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PSG1 (gene) n/a ENSG00000231924 n/a P11464 n/a NM_001184825 NM_001184826 NM_001297773 NM_006905 NM_001330524 n/a NP_001171754 NP_001171755 NP_001284702 NP_001317453 NP_008836 n/a Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 ( PSBG-1 ) also known as CD66f (Cluster of Differentiation 66f),
795-401: Is in the public domain . Immunomodulator Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system . Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies . Immunotherapy
848-411: Is mutualistic, being that the above information about benefits in autoimmune disorders continues to remain true and supported. Also, some say that the worms can regulate gut bacteria. Another possibility is one of this being a parasitic relationship, arguing that the possibile rosks of anemia and other disorders outweighs the benefits, yet this is significantly less supported, with the research alluding to
901-443: Is negative, there is no evidence that allergen immunotherapy will be effective for that patient. However, there are risks associated with allergen immunotherapy as it is the administration of an agent the patient is known to be highly allergic to. Patients are at increased risk of fatal anaphylaxis , local reaction at the site of injection, or life-threatening systemic allergic reactions. A promising approach to treat food allergies
954-430: Is not entirely understood. Scientists have found that the immune response triggered by the burrowing of hookworm larvae to pass through the lungs and blood so the production of mast cells and specific antibodies are now present. They also reduce inflammation or responses ties to autoimmune diseases, but despite this, the hookworm's effects are considered to be negative typically. Helminthic therapy has been investigated as
1007-471: Is of vital importance in fetal development. The PSG functions primarily as an immunomodulator to protect the growing fetus. PSG is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and contains four immunoglobulin domains . The complete isolation of certain glycoproteins, later classified as pregnancy-specific, within human blood serum occurred in the early 1980s, when experimental techniques like molecular cloning became common practice. The serum
1060-415: Is partly effective in some people and ineffective in others, but it offers people with allergies a chance to reduce or stop their symptoms. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy was first introduced in 1911 through the hypothesis that people with hay fever were sensitive to pollen from grass. A process was developed to create an extract by drawing out timothy pollen in distilled water and then boiling it. This
1113-413: Is the generation of genetically engineered DCs from induced pluripotent stem cells and use of neoantigen -loaded DCs for inducing better clinical outcome. Adoptive cell transfer in vitro cultivates autologous, extracted T cells for later transfusion. Alternatively, Genetically engineered T cells are created by harvesting T cells and then infecting the T cells with a retrovirus that contains
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#17327808328101166-882: Is the infusion of regulatory immune cells into transplant recipients. The transfer of regulatory immune cells has the potential to inhibit the activity of effector. Creating immune tolerance reduces or eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression and attendant side effects. It has been tested on transplantations, rheumatoid arthritis , type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune disorders. Depleting: Non-depleting: Tolerogenic dendritic cells, liposomes and nanoparticles Immunotherapy can also be used to treat allergies . While allergy treatments (such as antihistamines or corticosteroids ) treat allergic symptoms, immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity to allergens , lessening its severity. Allergen immunotherapy can also be referred to as allergen desensitization or hypo-sensitization. Immunotherapy may produce long-term benefits. Immunotherapy
1219-419: Is the use of BCG vaccine , which was originally to vaccinate against tuberculosis and later was found to be useful in the treatment of bladder cancer . BCG immunotherapy induces both local and systemic immune responses. The mechanisms by which BCG immunotherapy mediates tumor immunity have been widely studied, but they are still not completely understood. The use of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy
1272-553: Is the use of oral immunotherapy (OIT). OIT consists in a gradual exposure to increasing amounts of allergen can lead to the majority of subjects tolerating doses of food sufficient to prevent reaction on accidental exposure. Dosages increase over time, as the person becomes desensitized. This technique has been tested on infants to prevent peanut allergies. Whipworm ova ( Trichuris suis ) and hookworm ( Necator americanus ) have been tested for immunological diseases and allergies, and have proved beneficial on multiple fronts, yet it
1325-887: Is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of cancer . Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes , macrophages , dendritic cells , natural killer cells , and cytotoxic T lymphocytes work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T-cell response. Therapies such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons , imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria are licensed for medical use. Others including IL-2 , IL-7 , IL-12 , various chemokines , synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and glucans are involved in clinical and preclinical studies. Immunomodulators are
1378-400: The T h 1 / T h 2 response and modulation of dendritic cell function. The helminths downregulate the pro-inflammatory T h 1 cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while promoting the production of regulatory T h 2 cytokines such as IL-10 , IL-4 , IL-5 and IL-13 . Co-evolution with helminths has shaped some of
1431-425: The immune system to destroy tumours. A variety of strategies are in use or are undergoing research and testing. Randomized controlled studies in different cancers resulting in significant increase in survival and disease free period have been reported and its efficacy is enhanced by 20–30% when cell-based immunotherapy is combined with conventional treatment methods. One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy
1484-431: The 19th chromosome; there are 17 genes within mice on the 7th chromosome. These genes code for PSGs that are of varying lengths of amino acids. In order to characterize these separate types of PSGs, samples of the human placenta can be extracted and analyzed or they can be collected from blood. Though PSGs are abundant in the bloodstream a larger concentration is also found in the placenta, because PSGs are synthesized in
1537-454: The HPV vaccine or trichophytin antigen injections to treat warts (HPV induced tumours). Adoptive cell transfer has been tested on lung and other cancers, with greatest success achieved in melanoma . Dendritic cells (DC) can be stimulated to activate a cytotoxic response towards an antigen . Dendritic cells, a type of antigen-presenting cell , are harvested from the person needing
1590-551: The PSG varies depending on the gene coding for it. Several of the genes and proteins have been characterized by common experimental methods such as polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis, ELISA, and restriction enzymes. The different genes produce PSGs with varying masses that contain different exposed amino acids residues; the residues that are exposed determine the type of binding site that can be used to bind PSG. While receptors for other PSG family members have been identified,
1643-668: The active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations. Cancer treatment used to be focused on killing or removing cancer cells and tumours, with chemotherapy or surgery or radiation. These treatments can be very effective and in many cases are still used. In 2018 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation." Cancer immunotherapy attempts to stimulate
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1696-578: The antigen (against which the adaptive response has now been primed). The first FDA-approved cell-based immunotherapy, the cancer vaccine Sipuleucel-T is one example of this approach. The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) developed this immunotherapy and licensed the technology to Dendreon, which obtained FDA clearance. The current approaches for DC-based vaccination are mainly based on antigen loading on in vitro -generated DCs from monocytes or CD34 + cells, activating them with different TLR ligands, cytokine combinations, and injecting them back to
1749-401: The carbohydrate and amino acids within the protein; all species that contain a glycoprotein will have a core protein covalently bound to a carbohydrate. This covalently bound complex structure greatly contributes to the stability of the PSG; mammalian PSGs have demonstrated continual activity when subjected to an environment from 20 to 60 °C and within a pH of 5.0-11.0. The protein portion of
1802-497: The centre of the autoimmune response . Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal tolerogenic therapy would target the specific T-cell clones co-ordinating the autoimmune attack. Immune tolerance therapies seek to reset the immune system so that the body stops mistakenly attacking its own organs or cells in autoimmune disease or accepts foreign tissue in organ transplantation . A recent therapeutic approach
1855-530: The clinical and commercial supply of this CAR-T, Novartis purchased the manufacturing plant, the distribution system and hired the production team that produced Sipuleucel-T developed by Dendreon and the Immune Response Corporation. Whether T cells are genetically engineered or not, before re-infusion, lympho-depletion of the recipient is required to eliminate regulatory T cells as well as unmodified, endogenous lymphocytes that compete with
1908-446: The first trimester of pregnancy can have adverse effects of the fetus. A pregnant female who has smoked is likely to have a significantly lower blood concentration of PSGs, specifically in the second and third trimester. The later effect on concentration correlates with restriction of fetal growth. A significant difference between the concentrations during the first trimester has not been conclusively proven. A lack of PSGs can have such
1961-458: The genes associated with interleukin expression and immunological disorders, such Crohn's , ulcerative colitis and celiac disease . Helminths' relationship to humans as hosts should be classified as mutualistic or symbiotic . In some ways, the relationship is symbiotic because the worms themselves need the host (humans) for survival, because this body supplies them with nutrients and a home. From another perspective, it could be reasoned that it
2014-402: The immune system with organ transplantation and with autoimmune disease. Immune responses depend on lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte proliferation is the multiplication of lymphocyte cells used to fight and remember foreign invaders. Cytostatic drugs are a type of immunosuppressive drug that aids in slowing down the growth of rapidly dividing cells. Another example of an immunosuppressive drug
2067-400: The immunotherapy. These cells are then either pulsed with an antigen or tumour lysate or transfected with a viral vector , causing them to display the antigen. Upon transfusion into the person, these activated cells present the antigen to the effector lymphocytes ( CD4+ helper T cells , cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and B cells ). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing
2120-453: The maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved to treat some patients with a variety of cancer types, including melanoma , breast cancer , bladder cancer , cervical cancer , colon cancer , lung cancer head and neck cancer , or Hodgkin lymphoma . These therapies have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy as they showed for the first time in many years of research in metastatic melanoma , which
2173-436: The maternal bloodstream can induce the secretion of growth factors affecting fetal growth. Low levels of PSGs in the maternal bloodstream are associated with higher occurrences of abortion, fetal retardation, low birth weight and hypoxia. Antibodies can form within the body that are specific to PSGs. These antibodies, when present, will cause symptoms similar as when PSG levels are low. Rodents and monkeys that were injected with
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2226-505: The mice cells were able to interact with the human PSG. PSGs require the presence of a proteoglycan (PG) on the surface of the cell in order to bind. The PSG actually will specifically bind to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) portion of the PG, which protrudes from the membrane of the cell. Their binding of PSG can be affected by heparin, which is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GAG portion of
2279-566: The molecules are administered under a low-dose regimen and subcutaneously. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology to target immunosuppressive cells. Val-ILs have the potential to be used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death of immunosuppressive cells. The body naturally does not launch an immune system attack on its own tissues. Models generally identify CD4+ T-cells at
2332-552: The patients. The in vivo targeting approaches comprise administering specific cytokines (e.g., Flt3L , GM-CSF ) and targeting the DCs with antibodies to C-type lectin receptors or agonistic antibodies (e.g., anti- CD40 ) that are conjugated with antigen of interest. Multiple, next-generation anti-CD40 platforms are being actively developed. Future approach may target DC subsets based on their specifically expressed C-type lectin receptors or chemokine receptors . Another potential approach
2385-461: The precise receptor for PSG1 remains unknown. Cell surface receptors for PSGs are found on many cells throughout the body including dendritic cells and epithelial cells. These receptors are present both during development and in the adult. These receptors are also similar between species. Studies comparing mice and human PSGs discovered that some human PSGs when inserted into mice demonstrated partial levels of activity, because receptors present on
2438-449: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSG1&oldid=1213462300 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2491-445: The syncytiotrophoblast cells located in the placenta. Rodents also produce PSGs within their placenta but these cells are called spongiotrophoblasts. The presence of the PSGs can be recognized as early as 14 days after the initial fertilization of the egg. Throughout the course of the pregnancy the levels of PCGs within the bloodstream will continue to slowly and steadily rise. PSGs are extremely vital to development and health of
2544-640: The transferred cells for homeostatic cytokines. Lymphodepletion may be achieved by myeloablative chemotherapy, to which total body irradiation may be added for greater effect. Transferred cells multiplied in vivo and persisted in peripheral blood in many people, sometimes representing levels of 75% of all CD8 T cells at 6–12 months after infusion. As of 2012 , clinical trials for metastatic melanoma were ongoing at multiple sites. Clinical responses to adoptive transfer of T cells were observed in patients with metastatic melanoma resistant to multiple immunotherapies. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are
2597-453: The tumour cells that express the antigen . Topical immunotherapy utilizes an immune enhancement cream ( imiquimod ) which produces interferon , causing the recipient's killer T cells to destroy warts , actinic keratoses , basal cell cancer , vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia , squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Injection immunotherapy ("intralesional" or "intratumoural") uses mumps, candida,
2650-497: The two types of checkpoint inhibitors currently available to patients. The approval of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 ( CTLA-4 ) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 ( PD-1 ) antibodies for human use has already resulted in significant improvements in disease outcomes for various cancers. Although these molecules were originally discovered as molecules playing a role in T cell activation or apoptosis , subsequent preclinical research showed their important role in
2703-530: Was being collected during the first trimester of pregnancy to test for other vital molecules that are present during pregnancy and it was in those samples that they were able to isolate the PSGs specifically and characterize their structure. PSGs have been studied extensively in multiple mammalian species; mammals including rodents, monkeys, elk, moose, cows, sheep, and humans. Mice are the primary subject in significant portion of PSG studies. Specific structure can vary between species regarding different sugars within
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#17327808328102756-447: Was first introduced in 1997 with rituximab , an anti-CD20 antibody for treatment of B cell lymphoma. Since then several monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various haematological malignancies as well as for solid tumours. The extraction of G-CSF lymphocytes from the blood and expanding in vitro against a tumour antigen before reinjecting the cells with appropriate stimulatory cytokines . The cells then destroy
2809-400: Was injected into patients in increasing doses to help alleviate symptoms. Allergen Immunotherapy is indicated for people who are extremely allergic or who cannot avoid specific allergens and when there is evidence of an IgE-mediated reaction that correlates with allergen symptoms. These IgE-mediated reactions can be identified via a blood IgE test or skin testing. If a specific IgE antibody
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