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75-578: The PSO-1 was specifically designed for the SVD as a telescopic sight for military designated marksman activities. The current version of the sight is the PSO-1M2. This telescopic sight is different from the original PSO-1 only in that it lacks the now obsolete infrared detector, which was used to detect generation-zero active-infrared night vision devices like the US M2 Sniperscope. The metal body of

150-412: A ballistic table ). The latter is particularly relevant at very close ranges (e.g. 15 meters [49 feet]), while at longer distances, such as in long range shooting , the scope height has less impact on the ballistic calculations. The height of a scope sight can be measured in many ways. With regard to ballistic calculations, it is generally only measured from the center of the bore axis to the center of

225-483: A micro-channel plate (MCP) with an S-25 photocathode . This produced a much brighter image, especially around the edges of the lens. This led to increased clarity in low ambient-light environments, such as moonless nights . Light amplification was around 20,000 . Image resolution and reliability improved. Examples: Later advances brought GEN II+ devices (equipped with better optics, SUPERGEN tubes, improved resolution and better signal-to-noise ratios ), though

300-446: A 400 m stadia metric range finder marked 1.7 m. The POSP is a commercial variant which features various reticles, windage/elevation turrets, mounts, magnification, and variations of the body and lenses used. Various Russian and Belarusian manufacture these optics under the same name. Night vision device A night-vision device (NVD), also known as a night optical/observation device (NOD) or night-vision goggle (NVG),

375-443: A 97° FoV. Examples: Foveated night vision (F-NVG) uses specialized WFoV optics to increase the field of view through an intensifier tube. The fovea refers to the part of the retina which is responsible for central vision. These devices have users look "straight through" the tubes so light passing through the center of the tube falls on the foveal retina, as is the case with traditional binocular NVGs. The increased FoV comes at

450-509: A base attached to the firearm and rings (usually two) attached to the sight. The rings are usually made of steel or aluminum. Common diameters on ring mounts are 25.4 mm (1 inch), 26 mm, 30 mm and 34 mm. There are big differences in the strength and ability of sustained precision on different assemblies. With weak cartridges such as .22 LR applied in light-use scenarios, a pair of skinny aluminium rings may work well, while firearms with very powerful recoil often combined with

525-567: A binocular apparatus called 'Design E'. This was bulky, needing an external power pack generating 7,000 volts, but saw limited use with amphibious vehicles of 79th Armoured Division in the 1945 crossing of the Rhine. Between May and June 1943, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division trialled man-portable night vision sets, and the British later experimented with mounting the devices to Mark III and Mark II(S) Sten submachine guns. However, by January 1945

600-421: A complete scope mount assembly, but is most often used to refer to the lower part of a two-part scope mount assembly. The firearm interface which sits on the firearm and to which the scope mount is attached is often called the base or rail . Some types of bases are: On receivers without an integrated attachment for mounting a scope, for example, an integrated Picatinny rail, the base is usually screwed on as

675-413: A different section of the infrared spectrum. A night vision device usually consists of an image intensifier tube, a protective housing, and an optional mounting system. Many NVDs also include a protective sacrificial lens, mounted over the front/ objective lens to prevent damage by environmental hazards, while some incorporate telescopic lenses . An NVD image is typically monochrome green, as green

750-523: A focus adjustment nor a parallax compensation control. Most modern military tactical scopes with lower power fixed magnification such as the ACOG , C79 optical sight or SUSAT (intended for rapid close-intermediate range shots rather than long-range sniping) lack such features as well. Modern fixed magnification military high-end-grade sniper telescopic sights scopes intended for long-range shooting usually offer one or both of these features. The positioning of

825-837: A former radio-guided missile. At that time, infrared was commonly called black light , a term later restricted to ultraviolet . Zworykin's invention was not a success due to its large size and high cost. First-generation passive devices developed by the US Army in the 1960s were introduced during the Vietnam War . They were an adaptation of earlier active technology and relied on ambient light instead of using an extra infrared light source. Using an S-20 photocathode , their image intensifiers amplified light around 1,000 -fold, but they were quite bulky and required moonlight to function properly. Examples: 1970s second-generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube using

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900-486: A heavy sight may require steel rings or thicker aluminum rings with recoil lugs to be used. Scopes for ring mounts are available in many different sizes. The most common ones are: Some less common standards are: For a ring assembly to grip evenly, it is important that the scope rings are circular and coaxial with the scope tube. On ring mounts that grip unevenly, the ring mount can be lapped to prevent uneven pressure when mounting. One scopes made for ring mounts, it

975-438: A limited field of view (FoV); the commonly used AN/PVS-14 has a FoV of 40, less than the 95° monocular horizontal FoV and humans' 190° binocular horizontal FoV. This forces users to turn their heads to compensate. This is particularly evident when flying, driving, or CQB , which involves split second decisions. These limitations led many SF/SOF operators to prefer white light rather than night vision when conducting CQB. As

1050-446: A longer distance between the front and rear screw holes, and therefore continuous scope mount assemblies for the 700 LA do not fit on the 700 SA nor the above-mentioned firearms. However, two-piece scope mounts in general interchange for the mentioned models. Bases with a rounded bottom for mounting on a round receiver bridges should ideally have a slightly smaller radius than the receiver in order to provide two points of contact and give

1125-429: A lower cost. At the higher end, SiOnyx has produced digital color NVGs. The "Opsin" of 2022 has a form factor and helmet weight similar to an AN/PVS-14 , but requires a separate battery pack. It offers a shorter battery life and lower sensitivity. It can however tolerate bright light and process a wider range of wavelengths. Ceramic Optical Ruggedized Engine (CORE) produces higher-performance Gen 1 tubes by replacing

1200-407: A radius on the front bridge and a flat on the rear bridge. Quick release (QR) can refer to several different variants of scope mounts which can be mounted and disassembled quickly without tools. In some cases, it may be relevant to add extra inclination to the scope to be able to shoot at longer (or shorter) distance. For example, this is popular for long range shooting , where it is common to use

1275-608: A range of up to 600 m, had a 30 cm infrared searchlight and an image converter operated by the tank commander. From late 1944 to March 1945 the German military conducted successful tests of FG 1250 sets mounted on Panther Ausf. G tanks (and other variants). During the war, approximately 50 (or 63) Panthers were equipped with the FG 1250 and saw combat on both the Eastern and Western Fronts . The "Vampir" man-portable system for infantry

1350-491: A resonance superstructure to orient more of the electric field parallel, so that it can be absorbed. Although cryogenic cooling between 77 K and 85 K is required, QWID technology may be appropriate for continuous surveillance viewing due to its claimed low cost and uniformity in materials. Materials from the II–VI compounds , such as HgCdTe , are used for high-performance infrared light-sensing cameras. An alternative within

1425-410: A resonant non-local lithium niobate metasurface with a pump beam. The metasurface boosts the photons' energy, pushing them into the visible spectrum without converting them to electrons. Cooling is not required. Visible and infrared light appear in a single image. Traditionally, night-vision systems capture side-by-side views from each spectrum, so they can't produce identical images. Its frequency range

1500-402: A result, much time and effort has gone into research to develop a wider FoV solution. Panoramic night vision goggles (PNVG) increase FoV by increasing the number of sensor tubes. This solution adds size, weight, power requirements, and complexity. An example is GPNVG-18 (Ground Peripheral Night Vision Goggle). These goggles, and the aviation AN/AVS-10 PNVG from which they were derived, offer

1575-561: A separate part. Such mounts are often model-specific to the firearm, and depend on factors such as the radius of the receiver bridge, the type of screw and the distance between the screw holes. A common fastening method is by screws. These are often metric M3.5x0.6 mm or US #6–48 (⌀ 3.5 mm, 0.53 mm pitch) or #8–40 (⌀ 4.2 mm, 0.64 mm pitch). Many European assemblies use M3.5 screws, such as SAKO Optilock, Recknagel and original CZ rings. Since #6–48 and M3.5x0.6 have near identical diameters and almost equal pitch , there

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1650-622: A stable attachment. Conversely, a slightly too large radius on the mount will result in just one point of contact and a less stable attachment. In the table below, the radius refers to the curvature of the mounting surface on the receiver bridge. The base is often attached with two screws on the front receiver bridge and two screws on the rear receiver bridge, but sometimes with several more screws. The hole distances are measured from center-to-center. Some common hole distances are 12.7, 15.37 and 21.84 mm (0.500, 0.605 and 0.860 in) respectively). The two front screws are referred to in

1725-713: A steady illumination level in the user's view that improves the ability to keep "eyes on target" in spite of temporary light flashes. These functions are especially useful for pilots, soldiers in urban environments , and special operations forces who may be exposed to rapidly changing light levels. OMNI, or OMNIBUS, refers to a series of contracts through which the US Army purchased GEN III night vision devices. This started with OMNI I, which procured AN/PVS-7A and AN/PVS-7B devices, then continued with OMNI II (1990), OMNI III (1992), OMNI IV (1996), OMNI V (1998), OMNI VI (2002), OMNI VII (2005), OMNI VIII, and OMNI IX. However, OMNI

1800-414: A tilt of 6  mrad (20 MOA ). Extra tilt can be achieved several ways, like for example with a tilted Picatiny rail (e.g. 6 mrad tilt), with bases or rings (e.g. 6 mrad tilt) or with special insert rings (e.g. Burris Pos-Align). The height of scope sight can be important for the cheek rest support (often called cheek weld ) to gain correct eye placement, as well as for calculating ballistics (e.g.

1875-525: Is 1550-nm infrared to visible 550-nm light. Scope mount Scope mounts are rigid implements used to attach (typically) a telescopic sight or other types of optical sights onto a firearm . The mount can be made integral to the scope body (such as the Zeiss rail ) or, more commonly, an external fitting that clamp onto the scope tube via screw -tightened rings (similar to pipe shoes ). The scope and mount are then fastened onto compatible interfaces on

1950-471: Is 5 m wide it will appear 10 hashmarks wide at 500 m. The reticle can be illuminated by a small battery-powered lamp. The telescopic sight proprietary mount is adjustable for tension on the SVD rifle's side rail scope mount . This side rail is a type of dovetail rail known as the Warsaw Pact rail, which has cut-out portions to reduce weight and allow easier installation. The side rail mount

2025-474: Is a potential for confusion, and upon mixing the wrong screw will enter the threads, but will gradually become tighter to screw until the thread is destroyed. In case of damage, the hole must often be drilled and re-threaded, and M4x0.7 or #8–40 may then be relevant alternatives. The Remington 700 Short Action (SA) scope base attachment pattern is particularly widespread, and is for example used on models such as: The Remington 700 Long Action (LA) naturally has

2100-418: Is an optoelectronic device that allows visualization of images in low levels of light, improving the user's night vision . The device enhances ambient visible light and converts near-infrared light into visible light which can then be seen by humans; this is known as I ( image intensification ). By comparison, viewing of infrared thermal radiation is referred to as thermal imaging and operates in

2175-467: Is an offset mounting that positions the PSO-1 telescopic sight axis to the left side in relation to the receiver center axis. The mount has a castle nut that screws into the bottom of the locking lever. The spring-loaded portion of the clamp has to be pressed down to tighten or loosen the castle nut as needed. The telescopic sight is factory matched to the rifle by engraving the scope's serial number on to

2250-417: Is not a specification. The performance of a particular device generally depends upon the tube which is used. For example, a GEN III OMNI III MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube performs similarly to a GEN III OMNI VII MX-10160A/AVS-6 tube, even though the former was manufactured in ~1992 and the latter ~2005. One particular technology, PINNACLE is a proprietary thin-film microchannel plate technology created by ITT that

2325-502: Is not enough for practical use. The Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate (SEDD) of the US Army Research Laboratory developed quantum-well infrared detector (QWID). This technology's epitaxial layers use a gallium arsenide (GaAs) or aluminum gallium arsenide system (AlGaAs). It is particularly sensitive to that are mid-length infrared waves. The Corrugated QWIP (CQWIP) broadens detection capacity by using

PSO-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-528: Is not uncommon to get ring marks when mounting the rings. There are insert rings on the market which allows for mounting a scope inside a ring mount of a larger diameter. An example could be to mount a scope with a 1-inch (25.4 mm) tube in a 30 mm mount using a plastic insert. There are also special ring mounts in the market with circularly shaped ring inserts made to provide stress free mounting without lapping, with Burris Signature Rings and Sako Optilock Rings as two well-known examples. Burris Signature

2475-407: Is to use an I² device over one eye and a thermal device over the other eye, relying on the human visual system to provide a binocular combined view . Out of Band (OOB) refers to night vision technologies that operate outside the 500-900 nm NIR (near infrared) frequency range. This is possible with dedicated image intensifier tubes or with clip-on devices. Night vision devices typically have

2550-424: Is usually meant an interconnecting part between the scope and the firearm. For example, a base may have a picatinny attachment on the underside, while the upper side may have either a ring (e.g. 30 mm) or rail mounting (e.g. Zeiss rail). On some assemblies, the upper and lower parts of the base are separate parts that must be screwed together and fastened to a specified torque. A base can thus sometimes constitute

2625-473: The de facto industry standard for scope mounting rails. The system has so far seen most use on the European high end market. The Swarovski SR rail (patented in 2002, introduced in 2005 The Swarovski SR rail is also used by Kahles, a Swarovski subsidiary. ) has a flat rail with many "teeth" as recoil lugs, and is only offered on scopes from Swarovski and its subsidiary Kahles. It separates itself from

2700-522: The III–V family of compounds from InAsSb , a III–V compound, which is common in opto-electronics in items such as DVDs and phones. A graded layer with increased atomic spacing and an intermediate layer of the GaAs substrate trap any potential defects. Metasurface -based upconversion technology provides a night-vision film that weighs less than a gram and can be placed across ordinary glasses. Photons pass through

2775-515: The VSS Vintorez and AS VAL features a unique reticle, and elevation turret calibrated for the 9×39mm cartridge. The reticle features a stadiametric rangefinder, ranging out to 400 meters and a single chevron as an aiming point with vertical stadia lines for a windage hold. The PSO-1M2-1 has also been made in a version for the 7.62×39mm intermediate cartridge, which has the range drum marked for up to 1,000 meters. This version has

2850-507: The Vietnam War . The technology has evolved since then, involving "generations" of night-vision equipment with performance increases and price reductions. Consequently, though they are commonly used by military and law enforcement agencies, night vision devices are available to civilian users for applications including aviation, driving, and demining . In 1929 Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented an infrared-sensitive electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in

2925-408: The barrel or stock ). Since the mid-20th century, dovetail rails , where the mount is slided over a straight dovetail bracket with an inverted isosceles trapezoid cross-section and fixed tight in position with clamping screws, became more common due to the ease of installation and removal. Later, the hexagonally cross-sectioned rail interface systems such as Weaver rail became popular and

3000-457: The BDC elevation (vertical adjustment control) of the reticle, the windage (horizontal adjustment control) of the reticle can also be easily dialed in by the user without having to remove turret caps. The PSO-1 features a reticle with "floating" elements designed for use in range estimation and bullet drop and drift compensation (see external ballistics ). The top center "chevron" (^) is used as

3075-601: The British had only made seven infra-red receiver sets. Although some were sent to India and Australia for trials before the end of 1945, by the Korean War and Malayan Emergency the British were using night vision equipment supplied by the United States. Early examples include: After World War II, Vladimir K. Zworykin developed the first practical commercial night-vision device at Radio Corporation of America , intended for civilian use. Zworykin's idea came from

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3150-583: The PAU-2 was field-tested in 1942. In 1938 the British Admiralty assumed responsibility for British military infra-red research. They worked first with Philips until the fall of the Netherlands , then with Philips' UK subsidiary Radio Transmission Equipment Ltd., and finally with EMI , who in early 1941 provided compact, lightweight image converter tubes. By July 1942 the British had produced

3225-410: The PSO-1 is made from a magnesium alloy. The PSO-1 features a battery-powered red illuminated reticle with light provided by a simple diode bulb. It features professionally ground, fully multi-coated optical elements, a baked enamel finish for scratch protection, and an attached, quick-deployable, extendable sunshade. The scope body is sealed and filled with nitrogen, which prevents fogging of optics and

3300-702: The UK. Night vision technology prior to the end of World War II was later described as Generation 0. Night-vision devices were introduced in the German Army as early as 1939 and were used in World War II . AEG started developing its first devices in 1935. In mid-1943, the German Army began testing infrared night-vision devices and telescopic rangefinders mounted on Panther tanks . Two arrangements were constructed. The Sperber FG 1250 ("Sparrow Hawk"), with

3375-508: The Zeiss rail in that it is not neither stepless nor self-centering. A former competing standard was the halv-circle shaped Schmidt & Bender Convex rail also introduced in 2005. Schmidt & Bender after a few years changed to the Zeiss rail standard. In contrast to the Zeiss and Swarovski systems, the S&;B Convex rail had the possibility to add a cant to the scope when mounting, such that

3450-411: The amount of voltage supplied to the microchannel plate (rather than the photocathode) in response to ambient light. Together, BSP and ABC (alongside autogating) serves to prevent temporary blindness for the user and prevent damage to the tube when the night vision device is exposed to sudden bright sources of light, like a muzzle flash or artificial lighting. These modulation systems also help maintain

3525-410: The bottom horizontal line. Where the top of the target touches the top curved line the distance can be determined. This reticle layout is also used in several other telescopic sights produced and used by other former Warsaw Pact member states. The three lower chevrons in the center are used as hold over points for engaging area targets beyond 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) (the maximum BDC range setting on

3600-405: The butt stock of the SVD rifle. Commercial Russian Tigr rifles (based on the SVD military rifle) have the serial number of the rifle engraved in to the PSO-1M2 scope's side mount. The PSO-1 is issued with a lens hood that can be attached to the ocular to reduce/eliminate image quality impairing stray light and a carrying case to protect the sight during transport and storage. The PSO-1M2-1 Used on

3675-404: The devices in a particular OMNI classification. Any postnominals appearing after a generation type (i.e., Gen II+, Gen III+) indicate improvement(s) over the original specification's requirements. Examples: Figure of merit (FoM) is a quantitative measure of a NVD's effectiveness and clarity. It is calculated using the number of line pairs per millimeter that a user can detect multiplied by

3750-481: The elevation drum). The user has to set the elevation turret to 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) and then apply the chevrons for 1,100 metres (1,203 yd), 1,200 metres (1,312 yd) or 1,300 metres (1,422 yd) respectively. The 10 reticle hashmarks in the horizontal plane can be used to compensate for wind or moving targets and can also be used for additional stadiametric rangefinding purposes, since they are spaced at 1 milliradian intervals, meaning if an object

3825-611: The fact that the technology itself makes little difference, as long as an operator can see clearly at night. Consequently, the United States bases export regulations directly on the figure of merit. ITAR regulations specify that US-made tubes with a FOM greater than 1400 are not exportable; however, the Defense Technology Security Administration (DTSA) can waive that policy on a case-by-case basis. Fusion night vision combines I² ( image intensification ) with thermal imaging , which functions in

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3900-477: The fovea. Examples: Some night vision devices, including several of the ENVG ( AN/PSQ-20 ) models, are "digital". Introduced in the late 2000s, these allow transmission of the image, at the cost of increased size, weight, power usage. High-sensitivity digital camera technology enables NVGs that combine a camera and a display instead of an image intensifier . These devices can offer Gen-1-equivalent quality at

3975-502: The glass plate with a ceramic plate. This plate is produced from specially formulated ceramic and metal alloys. Edge distortion is improved, photo sensitivity is increased, and the resolution can be as high as 60  lp /mm. CORE is still considered Gen 1, as it does not utilize a microchannel plate. A night-vision contact lens prototype places a thin strip of graphene between layers of glass that reacts to photons to brighten dark images. Prototypes absorb only 2.3% of light, which

4050-497: The human eye and peak voltage supplied to the night vision device is maintained. This reduces the " duty cycle " (ie. the amount of time that the tube has power running through it) which increases the device's lifespan. Autogating also enhances the Bright-Source Protection (BSP), which reduces the voltage supplied to the photocathode in response to ambient light levels. Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) modulates

4125-457: The image intensifier's signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In the late 1990s, innovations in photocathode technology significantly increased the SNR, with new tubes surpassing Gen 3 performance. By 2001, the United States federal government concluded that a tube's generation was not a determinant performance factor, obsoleting the term as a basis of export regulations. The US government has recognized

4200-414: The ion barrier allowed fewer electrons to pass through. The ion barrier increased the "halo" effect around bright spots or light sources. Light amplification (and power consumption) with these devices improved to around 30,000 – 50,000 . Examples: Autogating (ATG) rapidly switches the power supply's voltage to the photocathode on and off. These switches are rapid enough that they are not detectable to

4275-557: The label is not formally recognized by the NVESD. Third-generation night-vision systems, developed in the late 1980s, maintained the MCP from Gen II, but used a gallium arsenide photocathode, with improved resolution. GA photocathodes are primarily manufactured by L3Harris Technologies and Elbit Systems of America and imaged light from 500-900  nm . In addition, the MCP was coated with an ion barrier film to increase tube life. However,

4350-450: The list below as screws 1 and 2, and the front hole spacing is thus referred to as «distance 1–2». In the same way, the rear hole distance is called «distance 3–4». The distance between these is largely determined by the receiver length, and is stated here as «distance 2–3» *The radius is similar, but the screw types used vary 0–13.2 mm *Newer models have a radius on both the front and rear receiver bridges, while older models have

4425-406: The main aiming mark. The horizontal hash marks are for windage and lead corrections and can be used for ranging purposes as well. To the left is a stadiametric rangefinder that can be used to determine the distance from a 1.7 meters (5 ft 6.9 in) tall object/person from 200 metres (219 yd) (2) to 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) (10). For this the lowest part of the target is lined up on

4500-698: The medium (MWIR 3-5  μm ) and/or long (LWIR 8-14 μm) wavelength range. Initial models appeared in the 2000s. Dedicated fusion devices and clip-on imagers that add a thermal overlay to standard I² night vision devices are available. Fusion combines excellent navigation and fine details (I²), with easy heat signature detection (imaging). Fusion modes include night vision with thermal overlay, night vision only, thermal only, and others such as outline (which outlines objects that have thermal signatures) or "decamouflage", which highlights all objects that are of near-human temperature. Fusion devices are heavier and more power hungry than I²-only devices. One alternative

4575-412: The price of image quality and edge distortions . Examples: Diverging image tube (DIT) night vision increases FoV by angle the tubes slightly outward. This increases peripheral FoV but causes distortion and reduced image quality. With DIT, users are no longer looking through the center of the tubes (which provides the clearest images) and light passing through the center of the tubes no longer falls on

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4650-481: The reticle is not horizontal to the ground. There is an older European system with an upside-down V-shape (70 degrees). This system has little widespread use today. The advantage of this system was that it at one time was offered by most European scope manufacturers, but the disadvantage was that the rail had to be drilled for a screw each time the eye relief was to be adjusted. All new standards for rail mounts have addressed this issue. Ring mounts usually consist of

4725-663: The rings with the circular insertes was considered to have expired in 2014, and as of 2020 is listed as "definitely expired". In 2015, XTR Signature Rings was launched as a further development of the Burris Signature series. The XTR variant differs in that it has two circular cavities per ring assembly versus one. A patent for the XTR Signature Rings was applied for in 2016, and was granted to Burris in 2019. Many reflex sights (e.g. red dot sights) and holographic sights have proprietary mounts. By bases,

4800-404: The scope sight ( sightline ). With regard to cheek support, several methods are used: On firearms with a picatinny rail, the height is measured from the top of the picatinny rail on the firearm. On most other types of bases it is common to measure from the top radius of the receiver bridge. When the bottom measuring point is determined, the height is then measured up to either the optical center or

4875-413: The scope's body to the left of the bore's center line may not be comfortable to all shooters. The PSO-1 elevation turret features bullet drop compensation (BDC) in 50 metres (55 yd) or 100 metres (109 yd) increments for engaging point and area targets at ranges from 100 metres (109 yd) up to 1,000 metres (1,094 yd). At longer distances the shooter must use the chevrons that would shift

4950-537: The section on Link between scope and firearm ). Scope mounts may be offered by firearm and scope manufacturers, or bought as aftermarket accessories. Among scopes for rail mounts, the 22.5-degree V-shaped Zeiss rail is the most prevalent standard. It was introduced in 1990. After the patent expired in 2008, compatible scopes have been offered from manufacturers such as Blaser , Leica , Minox , Meopta , Nikon , Noblex (formerly Docter ), Schmidt & Bender and Steiner . It has therefore, in some sense, become

5025-449: The trajectory by 100 metres (109 yd) per each chevron. The BDC feature must be tuned at the factory for the particular ballistic trajectory of a particular combination of rifle and cartridge at a predefined air density . Inevitable BDC-induced errors will occur if the environmental and meteorological circumstances deviate from the circumstances the BDC was calibrated for. Marksmen can be trained to compensate for these errors. Besides

5100-472: The use of torque screwdrivers ), but sometimes they are manually tightened via thumbscrews , and may even have Quick Release (QR) designs. As of 2020, the Picatinny rail is arguably the most widespread scope mounting standard for new firearms, although there are many proprietary and brand-specific types of mounts that can either be used with Picatinny rails, or as completely different design alternatives (see

5175-435: The weapon. Words such as mounts and bases are used somewhat loosely, and can refer to several different parts which are either used together or in place of each other as ways to mount optical sights to firearms. Attachment interfaces for scope mounts vary according to weapon design and user choice. Traditionally scope mounts are fastened onto firearms via tapped screw holes (usually on the receiver ) and/or clamps (onto

5250-759: Was considered to be the easiest color to see for prolonged periods in the dark. Night vision devices may be passive, relying solely on ambient light, or may be active, using an IR (infrared) illuminator. Night vision devices may be handheld or attach to helmets . When used with firearms, an IR laser sight is often mounted to the weapon. The laser sight produces an infrared beam that is visible only through an NVD and aids with aiming. Some night vision devices are made to be mounted to firearms. These can be used in conjunction with weapon sights or standalone; some thermal weapon sights have been designed to provide similar capabilities. These devices were first used for night combat in World War II and came into wide use during

5325-455: Was designed to function within a -50 °C to 50 °C temperature range. For zeroing the telescopic sight the reticle can be adjusted by manipulating the elevation and windage turrets in 5 centimetres (2.0 in) at 100 metres (109 yd) (0.5 mil or 1.72 MOA ) increments. Considered the higher end of Soviet military side-mount telescopic sights, the quality of the PSO-1 is higher than most other PSO-style telescopic sights. The PSO-1 has neither

5400-578: Was included in the OMNI VII contract. The thin-film improves performance. GEN III OMNI V–IX devices developed in the 2000s and onward can differ from earlier devices in important ways: The consumer market sometimes classifies such systems as Generation 4, and the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 autogated tubes (GEN III OMNI V-IX). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can be added to any previous generation of night-vision devices, autogating capability does not automatically put

5475-545: Was introduced in 1995. A patent was applied for in 1994, and was granted in 1995. Sako Optilock has been sold since some time in the early 2000s. The trade name Optilock was registered in the US in December 1997, and has been marketed in the US since December 2001. In 2000, Sako was sold to Beretta Holding . In 2002, Burris was also sold to Beretta Holding, and thus Burris and Sako got the same owners. Burris' original patent for

5550-650: Was later modified into the Picatinny rail in the early 1990s, which became the standardized military-use mounting interface for NATO troops in 1995. The Picatinny rail was officially replaced by the metrified NATO Accessory Rail for military use in 2009, although it remained popular in the civilian market for both scope and accessory mounting. Scope mounts can be either one-piece (a single implement with multiple clamping rings) or multi-piece (usually two or more individual scope rings). These mounts are usually fastened with screws to specified tensions (which warrants

5625-658: Was used with StG 44 assault rifles. Parallel development occurred in the US. The M1 and M3 infrared night-sighting devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", saw limited service with the US Army in World War II and in the Korean War , to assist snipers . These were active devices, using an infrared light source to illuminate targets. Their image-intensifier tubes used an anode and an S-1 photocathode , made primarily of silver , cesium , and oxygen , and electrostatic inversion with electron acceleration produced gain. An experimental Soviet device called

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