Pahari-Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Lahnda group, spoken on the Pothohar Plateau in the far north of Punjab, Pakistan , as well as in most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir , is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari ( English: / p ə ˈ h ɑː r i / ; an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari ).
23-447: The language is transitional between Hindko and Standard Punjabi . Pothwari People and is mutually intelligible with both. There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language, although a local standard has not been established yet. The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh . Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to
46-663: A different language. It forms a dialect continuum with Pahari, and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali . A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in
69-733: A result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir. Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir . This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the Western Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari. Pahari-Pothwari
92-466: A separate dialect from the one in Murree, or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects. The dialect of the district of Bagh , for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%). In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which
115-809: A so-called "Northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question. In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Pahari-Pothwari like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari. The dialects are mutually intelligible, but
138-567: A term first used by Grierson who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund . Its speakers call it Pahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either Hindko or Ḍhūṇḍī . Nevertheless, Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as
161-712: Is also very widely spoken in the United Kingdom . Labour shortages after World War II , and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam , facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District . Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as British Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it
184-638: Is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā. This tense is also used in other Western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri , Jhangochi and Dhanni , as well as in and Hindko and Saraiki . This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کَرسین, سو کُجھ پاسیں Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãi, so kujh paasãi Translation: Whatsoever you do,
207-455: Is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status. The speakers however tend to call their language Hindko and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west, despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of Abbottabad and Mansehra . Further north into
230-467: Is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around Murree . This area is in the Galyat : the hill country of Murree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern Abbottabad District . One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is Dhundi-Kairali ( Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī ),
253-754: Is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom , ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers. However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers, census results do not reflect this. The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the West Midlands conurbation and the West Yorkshire Built-up Area . A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as [äː] . The future tense in Pothwari
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#1732780152093276-752: Is what you shall gain - From one of Bulleh Shah's poems Similar to other Punjabi varieties , Pothwari uses peyā (past tense form of pēṇā ) to signify the continuous tense. The past continuous tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations. ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ maĩ karna pya sã ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ maĩ karda pya sã ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ The place of " peyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to
299-667: The Abbottabad District of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . The Karlal oral tradition states that the tribe descended from Kallar Shah, who had migrated to present-day Abbottabad District from present-day Afghanistan . In 1957, Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi , a Karlal, became the first recipient of the highest civilian award of Pakistan, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz . Most Karlals today are still living in their ancestral villages in
322-744: The Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as Parmi , becomes closer to Hindko. Pahari is also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir . The population, estimated at 1 million, is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri , to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara , and also – as
345-529: The Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir. Locally it is known by a variety of names: Pahari , Mirpur Pahari , Mirpuri , and Pothwari , while some of its speakers call it Punjabi . Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis . The Mirpur region has been the source of
368-742: The Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab. Pothwari extends southwards up to the Salt Range , with the city of Jhelum marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao , near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins. Pothwari has been represented by their own people and their own community as they re-presented with their own ethnic group, 85.1% of households had Pothwari as mother tongue. Among
391-496: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 211230254 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:49:12 GMT Kairal tribe The Karlal ( Urdu : کڑلال), also known as Karral , Kiraal , and Sardar are a Hindko - and/or Pahari -speaking tribe , dwelling mostly in
414-708: The dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari dialect cluster, the variety spoken on the Pothohar is the only native language in the Rawalpindi division and it is ethno-linguistic group. This Pothwari is also regarded as the most prestigious dialect spoken in the region. East of the Pothwari areas, across the Jhelum River into Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir , the language is more similar to Pothwari than to
437-596: The difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding. Pothwari ( پوٹھواری ), also spelt Potwari , Potohari and Pothohari ( پوٹھوہاری ), is spoken in the Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab , an area administratively within Rawalpindi division . Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it Pindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from
460-548: The greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the Mangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England. The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion. Pahari ( پہاڑی )
483-635: The literature with this dialect are Pahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), Chibhālī , named after the Chibhal region or the Chibh ethnic group, and Pahari (Poonchi) ( پونچھی , also spelt Punchhi ). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch , or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir. This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as
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#1732780152093506-417: The same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe Birādrī/Barādarī ( برادری ) becomes Bilādrī/Balādarī ( بل ادری ) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki/Shahpuri . The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects. Hindko language Too Many Requests If you report this error to
529-407: The verb. This is common throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi , Jhangochi , etc) "Tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne pa'e ò" , meaning "You (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing" "Mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā" , meaning "I was also saying the same thing" "Mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀" , meaning "I am also saying the same thing" Note: Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to
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