Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
22-513: See text The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons , and includes families of plants such as the grasses , bromeliads , rushes and sedges . Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales. The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in three species of the genus Mayaca , which possess very reduced, one-flowered inflorescences). The flowers of many species are wind pollinated;
44-419: A significant weed) and water chestnut ( Eleocharis dulcis ) are still at least locally important wetland starchy root crops. Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that
66-427: A taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use
88-508: Is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants . The name was published by Takenoshin Nakai . In the Cronquist system the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae . The order consisted of one family only (1981): The APG IV system now assigns these plants to the order Poales . The Poales are the most economically important order of monocots and possibly
110-659: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )
132-673: The Engler system (update of 1964) and in the Hutchinson system (first edition, first volume, 1926), Glumiflorae in the Wettstein system (last revised 1935) or Glumaceae in the Bentham & Hooker system (third volume, 1883). The earliest fossils attributed to the Poales date to the late Cretaceous period about 66 million years ago, though some studies (e.g., Bremer, 2002) suggest
154-696: The Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at
176-458: The allergenic flowers suppressed, irrigation, and fertilizer). Many Bromeliaceae are used as ornamental plants (and one, the pineapple, is internationally grown in the tropics for fruit). Many wetland species of sedges, rushes, grasses, and cattails are important habitat plants for waterfowl, are used in weaving chair seats, and (especially cattails) were important pre-agricultural food sources for man. Two sedges, chufa ( Cyperus esculentus , also
198-472: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus
220-910: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
242-427: The grasses, are typically dominant in open (low moisture but not yet arid, or also fire climax) habitats like prairie/steppe and savannah and thus form a large proportion of the forage of grazing livestock. Possibly due to pastoral nostalgia or simply a desire for open areas for play, they dominate most Western yards as lawns, which consume vast sums of money in upkeep (artificial grazing—mowing—for aesthetics and to keep
SECTION 10
#1732776275167264-446: The monocots; recently discovered to be an 'early-diverging' lineage of flowering plants). The morphology-based Cronquist system did not include an order named Poales, assigning these families to the orders Bromeliales , Cyperales , Hydatellales , Juncales , Restionales and Typhales . In early systems , an order including the grass family did not go by the name Poales but by a descriptive botanical name such as Graminales in
286-408: The most important order of plants in general. Within the order, by far the most important family economically is the family of grasses (Poaceae, syn. Gramineae), which includes the starch staples barley , maize , millet , rice , and wheat as well as bamboos (mostly used structurally, like wood, but somewhat as vegetables), and a few "seasonings" like sugarcane and lemongrass. Graminoids, especially
308-402: The order are: Cyperales was a name for an order of flowering plants . As used in the Engler system (update, of 1964) and in the Wettstein system it consisted of only the single family. In the Cronquist system it is used for an order (placed in subclass Commelinidae ) and circumscribed as (1981): The APG system now assigns the plants involved to the order Poales . Eriocaulales
330-565: The order but found weak support for the monophyly of the cyperid clade. The relationship between Centrolepidaceae and Restoniaceae within the restiid clade remains unclear; the first may actually be embedded in the latter. Commelinales Zingiberales Bromeliaceae Typhaceae Mayacaceae Rapateaceae Thurniaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Eriocaulaceae Xyridaceae Flagellariaceae Poaceae Ecdeiocoleaceae Joinvilleaceae Anarthriaceae Centrolepidaceae Restionaceae The four most species-rich families in
352-612: The origin of the group may extend to nearly 115 million years ago, likely in South America . The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits. The phylogenetic position of Poales within the commelinids was difficult to resolve, but an analysis using complete chloroplast DNA found support for Poales as sister group of Commelinales plus Zingiberales . Major lineages within the Poales have been referred to as bromeliad , cyperid , xyrid , graminid , and restiid clades . A phylogenetic analysis resolved most relationships within
374-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with
396-675: The seeds usually contain starch . The APG III system (2009) accepts the order within a monocot clade called commelinids , and accepts the following 16 families: The earlier APG system (1998) adopted the same placement of the order, although it used the spelling "commelinoids". It did not include the Bromeliaceae and Mayaceae, but had the additional families Prioniaceae (now included in Thurniaceae), Sparganiaceae (now in Typhaceae), and Hydatellaceae (now transferred out of
418-461: The suffix -virales . Joinvilleaceae Joinvillea The Joinvilleaceae are a family of flowering plants with a single genus including four species. The APG II system , of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system , 1998) assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids in the monocots . The family consists of one genus with four currently accepted species, distributed from
440-578: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In
462-551: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
SECTION 20
#1732776275167484-561: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,
#166833