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56-534: PocketBook is a multinational company which produces e-book readers based on E Ink technology (an electronic paper technology) under the PocketBook brand. The company was founded in 2007 in Kyiv, Ukraine, and its headquarters were shifted to Lugano, Switzerland in 2012. These devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books , newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to

112-817: A M.S. as professors too (and rarely, some big universities who need part-time or temporary instructors, or temporary staff), but when the positions are scarce and the applicants are many, they might prefer Ph.D. holders instead. Skills that a chemist may need on the job include: Most chemists begin their lives in research laboratories . Many chemists continue working at universities. Other chemists may start companies, teach at high schools or colleges, take samples outside (as environmental chemists ), or work in medical examiner offices or police departments (as forensic chemists ). Some software that chemists may find themselves using include: Increasingly, chemists may also find themselves using artificial intelligence , such as for drug discovery . Chemistry typically

168-403: A Master of Science (M.S.) in chemistry or in a very related discipline may find chemist roles that allow them to enjoy more independence, leadership and responsibility earlier in their careers with less years of experience than those with a bachelor's degree as highest degree. Sometimes, M.S. chemists receive more complex tasks duties in comparison with the roles and positions found by chemists with

224-559: A Ph.D. more often than not. Chemists with a Ph.D. as the highest academic degree are found typically on the research-and-development department of an enterprise and can also hold university positions as professors. Professors for research universities or for big universities usually have a Ph.D., and some research-oriented institutions might require post-doctoral training. Some smaller colleges (including some smaller four-year colleges or smaller non-research universities for undergraduates) as well as community colleges usually hire chemists with

280-604: A bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, regulatory affairs , "on-demand" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as

336-466: A bachelor's degree as their highest academic degree and with the same or close-to-same years of job experience. There are positions that are open only to those that at least have a degree related to chemistry at the master's level. Although good chemists without a Ph.D. degree but with relatively many years of experience may be allowed some applied research positions, the general rule is that Ph.D. chemists are preferred for research positions and are typically

392-435: A combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as

448-410: A complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as chemical technicians . Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories , having an associate degree . A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in

504-457: A dark dye. The result was a system of microcapsules that could be applied to a surface and could then be charged independently to create black and white images. A first patent was filed by MIT for the microencapsulated electrophoretic display in October 1996. The scientific paper was featured on the cover of Nature , something extremely unusual for work done by undergraduates. The advantage of

560-409: A different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in

616-437: A film that can dynamically change colors, patterns and designs with architectural products. E Ink displays can also be made flexible. E Ink has since partnered with various companies, including Sony , Ledger  [ Wikidata ] , Motorola and Amazon . E Ink's "Vizplex" technology is used by Sony Reader , MOTOFONE F3 , Barnes & Noble Nook, Kindle , txtr Beagle, and Kobo eReader . E Ink's "Pearl" technology

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672-507: A legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become

728-468: A manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or a chemistry consultant. Other chemists choose to combine their education and experience as a chemist with a distinct credential to provide different services (e.g., forensic chemists, chemistry-related software development, patent law specialists, environmental law firm staff, scientific news reporting staff, engineering design staff, etc.). In comparison, chemists who have obtained

784-519: A multi-page book with content that could be changed at the push of a button and required little power to use. Neil Gershenfeld recruited Jacobson for the MIT Media Lab in 1995, after hearing Jacobson's ideas for an electronic book. Jacobson, in turn, recruited MIT undergrads Barrett Comiskey, a math major, and J.D. Albert, a mechanical engineering major, to create the display technology required to realize his vision. The initial approach

840-422: A new flagship model. PocketBook represented flagship models among which: PocketBook Touch Lux 3 Ruby Red, PocketBook InkPad 2 and PocketBook Touch HD - e-reader with E Ink Carta™ HD screen and frontlight, that gives convenient opportunities to listen to audio-files. In spring 2020 PocketBook Color was first presented to the market, it became the first e-reader with color E Ink Kaleido screen. E Ink It

896-581: A product depends on the entire panel stack, including touch sensor and front light (when provided). E Ink Spectra is a three pigment display. The display uses microcups, each of which contains three pigments. It is available for retail and electronic shelf tag labels. It is currently produced with black, white and red or black, white and yellow pigments. Advanced Color ePaper (ACeP) was announced at SID Display Week in May 2016. The display contains four pigments in each microcapsule or microcup thereby eliminating

952-612: A rival electrophoretic display company. E Ink is made into a film and then integrated into electronic displays, enabling novel applications in phones, watches, magazines, wearables and e-readers, etc. The Motorola F3 was the first mobile phone to employ E Ink technology in its display to take advantage of the material's ultra-low power consumption. In addition, the Samsung Alias 2 uses this technology in its keypad in order to allow varying reader orientations. The October 2008 limited edition North American issue of Esquire

1008-516: A strategic partner relationship with Chi Mei Optoelectronics Corp. (now Chimei InnoLux Corporation , part of the Hon Hai- Foxconn Group). Foxconn is the sole ODM partner for Prime View's Netronix Inc., the supplier of E Ink panel e-readers, but the end-use products appear in various guises, e.g., as Bookeen, COOL-ER, PocketBook, etc. PVI renamed itself E Ink Holdings Inc. after the purchase. In December 2012, E Ink acquired SiPix,

1064-697: A tablet computer running Android 4.0.4., which became one of the first devices with the pre-installed Yandex.Store app store. The first model of Touch Lux series was represented – an e-reader with Pearl HD display and frontlight Launch of PocketBook Mini a 5-inch compact E Ink e-reader The presentation of PocketBook CoverReader – the first flip-cover with E Ink screen for smartphones, A new construction-oriented device PocketBook CAD Reader with EPD E Ink Fina screens first shown at Autodesk University international exhibition in Los Angeles, USA. The CAD Reader has remained vaporware ever since. PocketBook updates

1120-455: A variety of business roles and served as CEO from 2004 to 2009. On June 1, 2008, E Ink Corp. announced an initial agreement to be purchased by PVI for $ 215 million, an amount that eventually reached US $ 450 million following negotiations. E Ink was officially acquired on December 24, 2009. The purchase by PVI magnified the scale of production for the E Ink e-paper display, since Prime View also owned BOE Hydis Technology Co., Ltd and maintained

1176-758: Is a color display that is easy to read in high light. The Triton is able to display 16 shades of gray, and 4,096 colors. E Ink Triton is used in commercially available products such as the Hanvon color e-reader, JetBook Color made by ectaco and PocketBook Color Lux made by PocketBook . E Ink Triton 2 is the last generation of E Ink Triton color displays. The e-readers featuring it appeared in 2013. They include Ectaco Jetbook Color 2 and Pocketbook Color Lux. E Ink Carta , announced in January 2013 at International CES , features 768 by 1024 resolution on 6-inch displays, with 212 ppi pixel density . Named Carta, it

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1232-643: Is also known as " the central science ", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry , nuclear chemistry , organic chemistry , inorganic chemistry , polymer chemistry , analytical chemistry , physical chemistry , theoretical chemistry , quantum chemistry , environmental chemistry , and thermochemistry . Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions. Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at

1288-543: Is also used in the Nook Simple Touch , Kobo eReader Touch , Kobo Glo , Onyx Boox M90, X61S and Pocketbook Touch. E Ink Mobius is an E Ink display using a flexible plastic backplane, so it can resist small impacts and some flexing. Products using this include Sony Digital Paper DPT-S1 , Pocketbook CAD Reader Flex, Dasung Paperlike HD and Onyx Boox MAX 3. E Ink Triton , announced in November 2010,

1344-443: Is available in grayscale and color and is used in mobile devices such as e-readers , digital signage , smartwatches , mobile phones , electronic shelf labels and architecture panels. The notion of a low-power paper-like display had existed since the 1970s, originally conceived by researchers at Xerox PARC, but had never been realized. While a post-doctoral student at Stanford University , physicist Joseph Jacobson envisioned

1400-505: Is claimed to have a 50% better contrast ratio. It is used by 2011-2012 Kindle models, Barnes & Noble Nook Simple Touch, Kobo Touch, and Sony PRS-T1. E Ink's "Carta" technology is used by reMarkable, Kindle Paperwhite (2nd and 3rd generation), Kindle Voyage, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Aura H2O, and Kindle Oasis. E Ink Vizplex is the first generation of the E Ink displays. Vizplex was announced in May 2007. E Ink Pearl , announced in July 2010,

1456-1094: Is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology , and several engineering disciplines. All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry ), atmospheric chemistry , chemical engineering , chemo-informatics , electrochemistry , environmental science , forensic science , geochemistry , green chemistry , history of chemistry , materials science , medical science , molecular biology , molecular genetics , nanotechnology , nuclear chemistry , oenology , organometallic chemistry , petrochemistry , pharmacology , photochemistry , phytochemistry , polymer chemistry , supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry . Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within

1512-429: Is often related to the work of chemical engineers , who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products. The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning . Fire

1568-611: Is the second generation of E Ink displays. The updated Amazon Kindle DX was the first device announced to use the screen. Amazon used this display technology in new Kindle models until the Paperwhite 2 refresh in 2013. The basic Kindle with touch continued to use Pearl until 2022 when the Kindle 11 was upgraded past 167 dpi. Sony also included this technology into its 2010 models of the Sony Reader PRS series. This display

1624-695: Is used in the Kindle Paperwhite 2 (2013), the Pocketbook Touch Lux 3 (2015), and the Kobo Nia (2020). E Ink Carta HD features a 1080 by 1440 resolution on a 6" screen with 300 ppi. It is used in many eReaders including all new Kindle model lines since 2014 (Voyage, Oasis, Scribe) as well as the Paperwhite 3 (2015) and newer, Tolino Vision 2 (2014), Kobo Glo HD (2015), Nook Glowlight Plus (2015), Cybook Muse Frontlight, PocketBook Touch HD (2016), PocketBook Touch HD 2 (2017), and

1680-557: The National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2016. In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to one of its primary business partners, Prime View International (PVI), a Hsinchu , Taiwan -based manufacturer. At the E Ink Corporation, Comiskey led the development effort for E Ink's first generation of electronic ink, while Albert developed the manufacturing methods used to make electronic ink displays in high volumes. Wilcox played

1736-650: The Neo-Latin noun chimista , an abbreviation of alchimista ( alchemist ). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since

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1792-507: The E Ink Corporation in 1997, two months prior to Albert and Comiskey's graduation from MIT. E Ink Corporation (or simply "E Ink") is a subsidiary of E Ink Holdings (EIH), a Taiwanese Holding Company (8069.TWO) manufacturer. They are the manufacturer and distributor of electrophoretic displays , a kind of electronic paper , that they market under the name E Ink. E Ink Corporation is headquartered in Billerica, Massachusetts . The company

1848-514: The Kobo Clara HD (2018). The original E Ink Carta display was renamed to Carta 1000, and refinements in Carta 1100 and Carta 1200 improved response times and display contrast. A later refinement in Carta 1250 improved response times and contrast again. E Ink Carta and Carta HD displays support Regal waveform technology, which reduces the need for page refreshes. The overall contrast in

1904-589: The PocketBook 360 model with Wi-Fi support and more powerful architecture. Production of PocketBook devices starts at the specially designated production line at a Foxconn factory. Market launch of PocketBook A10 – a tablet computer running Android 2.3.5. At the IFA exhibition in Berlin, PocketBook introduces two new devices: PocketBook Basic New — an improved version of PocketBook Basic 611, and PocketBook SURFpad —

1960-897: The PocketBook Store. The devices are assembled by factories such as Foxconn, Wisky and Yitoa and shipped out to more than 40 countries. Models from the same family sometimes use the same model numbers, such as: The company's products are sold in 35 countries worldwide – in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe , in Baltic and Commonwealth of Independent States countries, as well as in Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and others. As of December 2013, PocketBook claimed it had sold over two million e-reader and tablet devices. Market launch of PocketBook Pro 602 and PocketBook Pro 902. Market launch of PocketBook 360 Plus – an updated version of

2016-407: The composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry . Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists

2072-420: The exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within

2128-978: The field of chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States, or the Institution of Chemists in India. The "Global Chemists' Code of Ethics" suggests several ethical principles that all chemists should follow: This code of ethics was codified in a 2016 conference held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia , run by the American Chemical Society. The points listed are inspired by

2184-405: The first use of E Ink in traffic signage. Transport for London made trials of E Ink displays at bus stops to offer timetables, route maps and real-time travel information. A Whole Foods store opened in 2016 with E Ink shelf labels that can update product info remotely. E Ink Prism was announced in January 2015 at International CES and is the internal name for E Ink's bistable ink technology in

2240-413: The glass filter layer used in the E Ink Triton family of displays. Kaleido Plus and Kaleido 3 were released in 2021 and 2023 respectively, further improving performance and pixel density. A comparison of a selection of E Ink displays as of June 2017 Chemist A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist ) is a graduated scientist trained in

2296-419: The kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression , among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize

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2352-425: The management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant. In addition to all

2408-554: The microencapsulated electrophoretic display and its potential for satisfying the practical requirements of electronic paper were summarized in the abstract of the Nature paper: It has for many years been an ambition of researchers in display media to create a flexible low-cost system that is the electronic analogue of paper ... viewing characteristic[s] result in an "ink on paper" look. But such displays have to date suffered from short lifetimes and difficulty in manufacture. Here we report

2464-455: The name E Ink Gallery 3 . The first readers started shipping in 2023, however some planned e-readers were later postponed due to supply issues. E Ink Kaleido , originally announced in December 2019 as "Print Color", is the first of a new generation of color displays based on one of E Ink's greyscale displays with a color filter layer. E Ink Kaleido uses a plastic color filter layer, unlike

2520-432: The need for a color filter overlay. The pigments used are cyan, magenta, yellow and white, enabling display of a full color gamut and up to 32,000 colors. Initially targeted at the in-store signage market, with 20-inch displays with a resolution of 1600 by 2500 pixels at 150 ppi with a two-second refresh rate, it began shipping for signage purposes in late 2018. It is also being commercially manufactured for e-readers under

2576-450: The preferred choice for the highest administrative positions on big enterprises involved in chemistry-related duties. Some positions, especially research oriented, will only allow those chemists who are Ph.D. holders. Jobs that involve intensive research and actively seek to lead the discovery of completely new chemical compounds under specifically assigned monetary funds and resources or jobs that seek to develop new scientific theories require

2632-501: The product line of its E Ink e-readers with two products. In March 2014 world's first serial water-resistant and dustproof E Ink reader PocketBook Aqua was announced. Later, in May 2014 PocketBook represents the first serial E Ink e-reader with a built-in camera – PocketBook Ultra. 7.8-inch PocketBook InkPad was also represented in spring 2014. At IFA 2015 in Berlin PocketBook shows recently announced PocketBook Touch Lux 3 –

2688-414: The responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold

2744-576: The start of the 20th century. At the Washington Academy of Sciences during World War I , it was said that the side with the best chemists would win the war. Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree in chemistry, which takes four years. However, many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry

2800-497: The study of chemistry , or an officially enrolled student in the field. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms . Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties . In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn

2856-595: The synthesis of an electrophoretic ink based on the microencapsulation of an electrophoretic dispersion. The use of a microencapsulated electrophoretic medium solves the lifetime issues and permits the fabrication of a bistable electronic display solely by means of printing. This system may satisfy the practical requirements of electronic paper. A second patent was filed by MIT for the microencapsulated electrophoretic display in March 1997. Subsequently, Albert, Comiskey and Jacobson along with Russ Wilcox and Jerome Rubin founded

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2912-412: The training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via

2968-409: Was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses . After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy . The word chemist is derived from

3024-426: Was co-founded in 1997 by two undergraduates J.D. Albert and Barrett Comiskey , along with Joseph Jacobson (professor in the MIT Media Lab ), Jerome Rubin ( LexisNexis co-founder) and Russ Wilcox. Two years later, E Ink partnered with Philips to develop and market the technology. Jacobson and Comiskey are listed as inventors on the original patent filed in 1996. Albert, Comiskey, and Jacobsen were inducted into

3080-519: Was the first magazine cover to integrate E Ink. This cover featured flashing text. It was manufactured in Shanghai and was shipped refrigerated to the United States for binding. The E Ink was powered by a 90-day integrated battery supply. In July 2015, New South Wales Road and Maritime Services installed road traffic signs using E Ink in Sydney, Australia . The installed e-paper traffic signs represent

3136-576: Was to create tiny spheres which were half white and half black, and which, depending on the electric charge, would rotate such that the white side or the black side would be visible on the display. Albert and Comiskey were told this approach was impossible by most experienced chemists and materials scientists and had trouble creating these perfectly half-white, half-black spheres; during his experiments, Albert accidentally created some all-white spheres. Comiskey experimented with charging and encapsulating those all-white particles in microcapsules mixed in with

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