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91-650: The Great People's Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro ( Serbian : Велика народна скупштина српског народа у Црној Гори , romanized :  Velika narodna skupština srpskog naroda u Crnoj Gori ), commonly known as the Podgorica Assembly ( Подгоричка скупштина , Podgorička skupština ), was an ad hoc popular assembly convened in November 1918, after the end of World War I in

182-828: A "creeping restoration" of the monarchy. The present head of the house is Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro . In July 2011, the Parliament of Montenegro adopted the Law on the Status of the Descendants of the Petrović Njegoš Dynasty . The law allows descendants of the dynasty to use heraldic royal symbols and grants them land that belonged to the King. It grants them property and buildings in Njegusi and Cetinje ,

273-732: A Yugoslav federation and then a confederation as the common South Slavic state, with Montenegro as one of its constitutive elements. In an interview in the final days of the war, Nikola expressed hope that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson would ensure Montenegro's independent political future. In August 1916, Radović drafted a memorandum to Nikola proposing the unification of Montenegro and Serbia, arguing that independent Montenegro could not sustain itself after an Entente victory. Radović's plan suggested that Nikola renounce his throne in favor of Prince Regent Aleksandar of Serbia , who would then be succeeded by Nikola's son, Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro . The proposal envisioned alternating rulers from

364-539: A forged agreement alleged to have been concluded by Montenegro and Austria-Hungary. Instead of confronting Nikola for fear of pushing Montenegro to the opposing camp, the Central Powers chose to work to channel their support through Serbia. The Kingdom of Italy , despite being part of the Entente, supported Montenegrin independence, viewing the prospective unified South Slavic state as a threat to its interests in

455-681: A kingdom in 1910. In 1916, King Nikola I was ousted by the invasion and occupation of his country by Austria-Hungary . He was formally deposed by the Podgorica Assembly in 1918 and the country merged with Kingdom of Serbia and shortly thereafter merged again with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . A period of eighty years of control from Belgrade followed, during which time Nikola I died in exile in France in 1921, followed shortly afterwards by

546-802: A member of the Montenegrin Committee, and Svetozar Tomić, head of the Montenegrin section of the Serbian Foreign Ministry, Milutinović established the Central Executive Committee for the Unification of Serbia and Montenegro in Berane on 28 October. This committee, comprising Spasojević, Tomić, and Berane mayor Milosav Raičević, was responsible for organizing a popular assembly and establishing

637-640: A military treaty with Serbia on 4 August 1914, just two days before declaring war on Austria-Hungary . According to the treaty, the Montenegrin Army fell under the command of the Royal Serbian Army 's High Command, with Nikola I retaining a nominal position as supreme commander. The treaty mandated that two-thirds of Montenegro's forces be stationed in Pljevlja in the north to support a Serbian offensive aimed at capturing Sarajevo , while

728-442: A predetermined number of assembly delegates. Larger towns with over five thousand inhabitants elected twice as many electors and delegates as smaller towns. In total, 165 delegates were to be elected. Podgorica was chosen as the assembly venue because committee members believed that the capital, Cetinje, was a stronghold of supporters of Nikola's supporters and therefore beyond control of the assembly organisers. The election witnessed

819-429: A province of Serbia. Unionists framed their call for unconditional unification as a test of patriotism and moral obligation necessary to achieve longstanding state-building goals. Financial support for the unionists came from Serbia. Candidate lists were visually differentiated by being printed on different types of paper: white for the unionists and green for the independists. Consequently, they were commonly referred to as

910-619: A referendum . In 2018, the Parliament of Montenegro voted to annul the 1918 resolution of the Podgorica Assembly on union with Serbia. The annulment resolution stated that independent Montenegro became part of the Kingdom of Serbia through a coup d'état because the Podgorica Assembly was an illegal and illegitimate body that did not reflect the will of the population of Montenegro. Serbian language Serbian ( српски / srpski , pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː] )

1001-543: A series of censuses where the majority (though not all) of the population of Montenegro declared themselves as Montenegrins. It also led to accusations by Serb nationalists against Montenegrin communist leader Milovan Djilas , alleging that he "invented the Montenegrin nation". Djilas was specifically targeted because he authored a paper titled "On the Montenegrin National Question" ( O crnogorskom nacionalnom pitanju ). The paper became well known in

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1092-528: A threat by Serbia due to Italy's demand for the establishment of an Italian condominium in Montenegro, excluding Serbian presence. The Royal Serbian Army contingent assigned Colonel Dragutin Milutinović  [ sr ] the task of gaining control of Montenegro. Milutinović's force, initially known as the Scutari Troops ( Skadarske Trupe ), named after the city of Shkodër, later adopting

1183-484: A unified state of South Slavs by mere days. The unification was justified by the need to establish a single Serbian state for all Serbs , including Montenegro whose population as well as Nikola I felt that Montenegro belonged to the Serbian nation and largely supported the unification. Nikola I criticised the Podgorica Assembly's elections and resolutions, arguing both were illegitimate and unlawful while his government

1274-461: A union. Contemporary Western media reported heavy fighting during the uprising. The Entente occupation troops in Montenegro pursued individual national interests and policies, with the French supporting Serbia, while Italian troops supported the rebels. Italy initially supported the Montenegrin government-in-exile during negotiations over borders with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes as part of

1365-437: A wish for Montenegro to preserve its autonomy and customs within the new state, emphasizing his call for a Yugoslav confederation. The Montenegrin government-in-exile rejected the assembly resolutions, arguing that they were unlawful and the body itself illegitimate. Initially, the Entente powers generally overlooked the passing of the resolutions, tacitly allowing Serbia to establish the new status quo . The fate of Montenegro

1456-436: Is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian . Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ( latinica )

1547-527: Is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina ), which is also the basis of standard Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017. The other dialect spoken by Serbs

1638-591: Is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian ). Speakers by country: Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007, when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced the Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian , Albanian , and Croatian . In

1729-530: Is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride , a book about Alexander the Great , and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on

1820-645: Is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs . It is the official and national language of Serbia , one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo . It is a recognized minority language in Croatia , North Macedonia , Romania , Hungary , Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Standard Serbian

1911-435: Is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić , followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić . The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian . There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook . The standard and

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2002-794: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script : Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet : Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1 of

2093-682: The ad hoc institution of the Great People's Assembly, resembling a popular assembly , was borrowed from Article 129 of the 1903 Constitution of Serbia  [ sr ] . Montenegrin ambassador to the United States, Anto Gvozdenović , raised concerns at the Paris Peace Conference about the lack of proportional representation in the election rules. The election rules, adopted in Berane on 7 November 1918, outlined

2184-644: The Adriatic Sea and its hinterland between the Mat and Neretva rivers – encompassing Herzegovina , southern Dalmatia , and the city of Shkodër – but these efforts were unsuccessful. The Entente pressured Montenegro to align its war aims with those of Serbia and abandon any separate ambitions. From the outset of the war, Montenegro faced shortages of equipment and food. The first clash of interests between Montenegro and Serbia occurred in June 1915 when Nikola ordered

2275-641: The Battle of Velbazhd (1330) and the building of Visoki Dečani , and perhaps into the 1340s. According to tradition, and recorded by some historians, the ancestors of the Petrović family settled in Muževice at the end of the 14th century, from the Bosnia region, from the area of Zenica or Travnik . It is possible that Bogut at that time had moved to Drobnjaci with his son, Đurađ. Đurađ or some of his sons were in

2366-428: The Kingdom of Montenegro . The committee convened the assembly with the aim of facilitating an unconditional union of Montenegro and Serbia and removing Nikola I of Montenegro from the throne. The assembly was organised by a committee supported by and coordinating with the government of the Kingdom of Serbia. The unification was successful and preceded the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as

2457-520: The Kingdom of Serbia should unite, a view shared by a slim majority of Montenegro's population. The prevailing sentiment in Montenegro was that Montenegro should lead the unification. Contemporary Serb writers Simo Matavulj and Marko Car likened Montenegro's role in the South Slavic unification to the leading role of Piedmont in the Unification of Italy . Nikola's support for unification

2548-551: The Montenegrin Committee for Unification  [ sr ] . Its inaugural proclamation was submitted for approval to Serbia's prime minister, Nikola Pašić , who advised Radović to avoid mentioning "Yugoslavia" as the new state and instead suggested using the term "other Serbian lands". Initially, the committee comprised former government ministers Pero Vučković, Danilo Gatalo, and Janko Spasojević, along with district court member Miloš Ivanović. In September 1918,

2639-631: The Proto-Slavic language . There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French. Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages , and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Miroslav's Gospel ) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik ( Dušan's Code ) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there

2730-518: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1 dynasty "Bogut" or "Boguta" is believed to be the oldest known ancestor of the Petrović-Njegoš family. Bogut was alive at the time of

2821-719: The Whites ( Bjelaši ) and the Greens ( Zelenaši ) respectively. This division built upon existing political rifts within Montenegro, primarily revolving around the People's Party (known as the Klubaši ) and the True People's Party (known as the Pravaši ). These groups enjoyed varying levels of support across different regions of Montenegro. While urban populations predominantly backed

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2912-457: The official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution . The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation. However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language , or standard language itself by any means, leaving

3003-488: The 2023 Montenegrin census, 43.18% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 34.52% of the population. Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ( ћирилица , ćirilica ) and Latin script ( latinica , латиница ). Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or

3094-600: The Balkans and the Adriatic. Italy exploited the so-called Montenegrin question to extract concessions from Serbia. The United States did not proactively engage in the issue of Montenegrin independence before the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , failing to obtain international support for the restoration of Montenegro's independence. By 1918, Nikola shifted his approach to Yugoslavism , advocating first for

3185-590: The British Military Mission to Montenegro, approximately one-fifth of the population supported the rebels. Historian Ivo Banac suggested that the Greens enjoyed support from a larger proportion of the population but were comparably poorly organised, indecisive, and politically divided. While some fought for full independence and the return of Nikola to the country, others supported union with Serbia, objecting only to Montenegro's unequal status in such

3276-671: The Entente powers initiated their northward advance at the Salonica front , gradually displacing the Central Powers and reclaiming the territory of the occupied Kingdom of Serbia . Upon the insistence of General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey , the Royal Serbian Army was positioned on the western flank of the advance after reaching Skopje . This strategic maneuver aimed to ensure the army's arrival in Montenegro ahead of either supporters of Nikola or Italian forces, perceived as

3367-881: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. The sort order of the ćirilica ( ћирилица ) alphabet: The sort order of the latinica ( латиница ) alphabet: Serbian is a highly inflected language , with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent

3458-410: The Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors

3549-450: The Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility. In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts. In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging,

3640-556: The Montenegrin allies from becoming the senior Entente-allied fighting force in the area, Serbia sought to weaken the Montenegrin army similarly. Consequently, the bulk of the Montenegrin forces were ordered by the Royal Serbian Army's High Command to move to the north of Montenegro, concentrating around the Sandžak region. This left the southern border, including Lovćen Mountain between the Austro-Hungarian Bay of Kotor and

3731-511: The Montenegrin capital and withdrew from the country on 4 November, two days before the Adriatic Troops reached Cetinje. After securing Cetinje, they proceeded to Nikšić, Kolašin , and Bar . The tense atmosphere at political rallies promoting unification prompted Milutinović to request reinforcements to maintain order during the election. Milutinović ordered the disbandment of the insurgents on 12 November. The legality and legitimacy of

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3822-502: The Montenegrin capital, thinly defended. In November–December 1915, while the Montenegrin forces were shielding the Royal Serbian Army during its Great Retreat from Serbia through Montenegro and Albania to Greece, Austro-Hungarian forces advanced across Lovćen in the Montenegrin campaign . Towards the end of December, anticipating the imminent loss of the city, the king, government officials, members of parliament, representatives of

3913-584: The Podgorica Assembly was annulled by the Parliament of Montenegro following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum . In its resolution, the parliament declared the Podgorica Assembly unlawful and illegitimate, describing the unification resulting from the Podgorica Assembly as a coup d'état . The Kingdom of Montenegro was an independent country in the Balkans until World War I . Ruled by King Nikola , who wielded practically absolutist powers , Nikola considered Montenegro

4004-542: The Serbian High Command, and foreign embassies were evacuated from the nation's capital of Cetinje to Podgorica . On 19 January, Nikola and most of the government left Monetenegro. Acting against the Nikola's instructions, the remaining government ministers declared themselves the new government and surrendered to Austria-Hungary. They later attributed the surrender to Nikola's departure. Accusations regarding

4095-649: The Serbian and Montenegrin royal dynasties on the throne of the proposed union state. Initially hesitant, Nikola eventually received encouragement from Italy (whose king, Victor Emmanuel III , was his son-in-law ) to reject the offer. Nikola ultimately declined to endorse the memorandum in January 1917, leading to Radović's resignation. Radović then emerged as a leading advocate for unification. Radović expressed his determination to sway Montenegrins against Nikola to Serbia's ambassador to Paris, Milenko Radomar Vesnić . Subsequently, Radović collaborated with Serbia to establish

4186-510: The United States followed suit in January 1921, effectively removing Montenegro from international affairs. A portion of Montenegro's population became dissatisfied with the political developments following the Podgorica Assembly, leading to an insurrection in January 1919. The ultimately unsuccessful rebellion, known as the Christmas Uprising , was instigated by the Greens and led by Krsto Popović and Jovan Plamenac . According to

4277-539: The Whites, except in Cetinje, the Whites also garnered more support than the Greens among educated individuals, youth, craftsmen, tradesmen, and administrative staff. The election, held on 19 November, resulted in a significant majority for the Whites within the newly elected assembly. There were allegations that the Royal Serbian Army obstructed supporters of independence from returning from abroad, thereby interfering with

4368-406: The army to capture Shkodër. Although the Serbian government disapproved of this move, it refrained from confronting Nikola to avoid potentially increasing support for him among the Montenegrin population. After Serbia's military defeat in the 1915 Serbian campaign , the Royal Serbian Army suffered significant losses, reducing its size to a level comparable to that of the Montenegrin forces. To prevent

4459-444: The assembly appointed a twenty-member committee and charged it with preparing a draft resolution for the assembly's consideration and adoption, despite an already prepared draft by Tomić being distributed to the delegates. Concurrently, the assembly articulated the unification of Montenegro and Serbia as its primary objective. On 26 November, the assembly proceeded to read the proposed resolution, despite some individual complaints about

4550-483: The beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature,

4641-439: The choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic. Traffic signs and directional signs, and place names, on main or international roads are to be written with both Cyrillic and Latin script To most Serbians,

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4732-540: The color of the paper used to print Podgorica Assembly pro-unionist candidate lists. The ultimately unsuccessful insurrection became known as the Christmas Uprising . Some of the Greens continued their political struggle for a federal common South Slavic state through the establishment of the Montenegrin Federalist Party in 1923. The issue of the legality and legitimacy of the Podgorica Assembly has been debated since its convening. The resolution of

4823-407: The common state of the "three-named people" (Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes). The third point called for the election of a five-member executive committee to coordinate the unification efforts. Finally, the resolution stipulated sending notices of the resolution to Nikola, the Serbian government, as well as allied and neutral countries. The decision was unanimously adopted, with three delegates absent from

4914-580: The early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm. The dialects of Serbo-Croatian , regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include: Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976,

5005-462: The election rules drafted by Tomić, as well as the election itself, were at the forefront of disagreement between unionists and independentists in Montenegro in early interwar period . The latter argued that the rules were unlawful because they were not formulated by any Montenegrin legislative body and because they contradicted then existing laws and the 1905 Constitution of Montenegro  [ sr ] . They also considered them illegitimate due to

5096-711: The electoral process. Similarly, the French authorities prevented Nikola from returning to Montenegro from his exile in Neuilly-sur-Seine . Voting did not take place in the town of Ulcinj , the nearby village of Vladimir , and the regions of Skadarska Krajina and Mrkojevići . The Great People's Assembly convened in the hall of the Tobacco Monopoly in Podgorica on 24 November 1918. Initially, Savo Cerović and Lazar Damjanović were elected as its president and vice-president, respectively. The following day,

5187-430: The emergence of two distinct camps. Unionists advocated for an unconditional and immediate merger with Serbia, while their counterparts, the independists, opposed the proposed union's terms. The independents did not demand full independence of Montenegro. Instead, they advocated for a partnership where Montenegro would maintain status equal to that of Serbia, constituting an integral part of the union state rather than merely

5278-454: The entourage of Marko Drago, an affluent Serbian nobleman who had served Serbian lord Vuk Branković (1345-1397), and as such they are believed to have also served the Branković family . Đurađ and his five sons "from Drobnjaci" are mentioned in a document dating March 1, 1399, in which they gave several items to the depository of Dapko Vasilijev, an affluent Kotoran nobleman. Montenegro

5369-482: The executive committee and transfer its powers to Ivo Pavićević as the Serbian administrator for Montenegro. The unification of Serbia and Montenegro, based on the assembly's resolution, strengthened Serbia's political position shortly before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia) on 1 December 1918. However, the assembly's approach was later criticised by some unionists as overly forceful. A month later, Nikola expressed

5460-431: The former capital city, as well as an apartment in Podgorica . It established the Petrovic-Njegos Foundation, which would receive financing from Montenegro’s state budget amounting to some €4 million. The list below includes male members of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty. Bold denotes the current head of the House. Odakle su preci Petrovića doselili u Muževice i u koje vrijeme nije dovoljno rasvijetljeno. Prema tradiciji,

5551-446: The general public because, in it, Djilas argued that Montenegrins indisputable belong to the Serbian branch of South Slavs, but that they formed into a separate nation through the course of history. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991–1992, Montenegro and Serbia remained in a rump state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003). In 2006, Montenegro regained its independence through

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5642-424: The lack of debate on the resolution. The draft was read aloud, accompanied by occasional cheering and singing of the Serbian national anthem, " Bože pravde ". The resolution comprised four points. First, it declared the removal of King Nikola I and the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty from the Montenegrin throne. Second, it specified that Montenegro and Serbia would be united under Serbia's ruling Karađorđević dynasty , joining

5733-426: The major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian , than with Slovene (Slovene is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it

5824-431: The matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic . By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa . However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian. Since

5915-407: The most notable form being epic poetry . The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from

6006-425: The name Adriatic Troops ( Jadranske Trupe ). The Adriatic Troops were composed of soldiers from the Yugoslav Division (recruited from Austro-Hungarian lands) and Serbian paramilitaries from the Kosovo region, under the leadership of Kosta Pećanac . Milutinović, instructed by Prince Regent Aleksandar, was tasked with preventing the return of Nikola I to Montenegro by any means necessary. Accompanied by Spasojević,

6097-415: The noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms— perfect , aorist , imperfect , and pluperfect —of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to

6188-517: The noun's grammatical case , of which Serbian has seven: Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number , singular or plural. Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after

6279-626: The only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the " Skok ", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok : Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974. There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd). There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin ). Article 1 of

6370-400: The other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized the official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made

6461-485: The process for selecting the popular assembly's delegates. It was stipulated that the elected delegates would convene in Podgorica a week later to deliberate on Montenegro's constitutional and legal status and appoint an executive body to enforce the assembly's decisions. Eligible delegates had to be over 25 years old and have no criminal record. The election process involved selecting a slate of electors in each province, municipality, and town. Each slate of electors then chose

6552-605: The remainder defended borders of Montenegro. Additionally, Serbia was to receive and distribute aid from the allied Entente powers. Serbia outlined its war aims in the Niš Declaration , emphasizing the post-war unification of the Serbs, Croats , and Slovenes , which marginalised Montenegro in the proposed state-building process. In 1915, Montenegro sought support from the Russian Empire for its aspirations to expand along

6643-719: The remnant of the medieval Serbian Empire left unconquered following the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. He viewed the Montenegrins as free Serbian people who would eventually defeat the Ottomans in the context of resolving the Eastern question and revive the Serbian medieval empire in the Balkans, with him as the supreme leader of the South Slavs inhabiting the area. Nikola firmly believed that Montenegro and

6734-555: The resolution of the Adriatic question . However, after the issue was settled by the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo , Italy agreed to withdraw its support. In 1923, some of the Greens established the Montenegrin Federalist Party led by Sekula Drljević , shifting to political struggle and advocating for Montenegrin statehood within the proposed Yugoslav federation. Following the collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in World War II and

6825-491: The resolution to Prince Regent Aleksandar. There was also a discussion on the fate of the property of King Nikola I and the Montenegrin Orthodox Church , which was confiscated in the immediate aftermath of the assembly meetings. Finally, the assembly decided to confiscate Nikola's property and prohibit his family from returning to Montenegro. The assembly reconvened on 29 April 1919 in Podgorica to dismiss

6916-493: The rules for the election of assembly delegates. In the latter part of October, while the Adriatic Troops were stationed in Berane, Montenegrin insurgents ( komite ) under the leadership of Jovan Radović  [ sr ] gained control of much of the countryside. The Adriatic Troops advanced towards Podgorica, defeating an Austro-Hungarian force on the city outskirts between 30–31 October. Two days later, Radović's insurgents seized Nikšić . Austro-Hungarian forces abandoned

7007-413: The second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice . As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive , two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past). Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to

7098-433: The second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense . These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood . The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and

7189-424: The short preparation time provided, lack of oversight over voter registers or election results, and absence of a minimum voter turnout requirement. In contrast, the unionists saw the process and the popular assembly as a form of plebiscite that legitimised the new assembly. At the time, this move was justified by the fact that two-fifths of pre-war parliamentarians were refugees abroad. Critics have pointed out that

7280-466: The spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian . This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović , who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić . In

7371-634: The subsequent establishment of the Communist-ruled federal Yugoslavia in 1945, the People's Republic of Montenegro was established as one of its constituent elements. According to a decision of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , all citizens of the People's Republic of Montenegro were to be recorded in censuses as Montenegrins, even though most of the population identified themselves as both Montenegrins and Serbs. This decision resulted in

7462-521: The surprise abdication of his son and heir, Danilo III , the same year. The latter's nephew, Michael Petrović-Njegoš , inherited the titles of his predecessors whilst in exile in France, and he survived arrest and internment by order of Adolf Hitler for refusing to head up a puppet Montenegrin state aligned to the Axis Powers . Later, he served the SFR Yugoslavia as Head of Protocol. He

7553-532: The surrender were exchanged between members of the government-in-exile and the king. Prime Minister Lazar Mijušković resigned from his post after one such dispute, expressing support for union with Serbia over the preservation of Montenegrin independence. Andrija Radović was appointed by Nikola I to succeed Mijušković. Throughout the war, most Entente powers did not completely trust Montenegro as an ally due to persistent rumours of covert diplomatic arrangements. These rumours were encouraged by Serbia, which even used

7644-532: The vote. In four additional sessions held by 29 November, the assembly appointed Damjanović along with Vojvoda Stevo Vukotić (brother of Queen Consort Milena of Montenegro ), Marko Daković , Spasoje Piletić, and Risto Jojić as the executive committee members. They debated the committee's tasks and appointed a fifteen-member delegation led by Bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church Gavrilo Dožić , tasked with traveling to Belgrade and presenting

7735-601: Was backed France. In early 1919, Montenegro was divided into French, British, Italian, US, and Serbian occupation zones. However, by mid-year, the entire territory came under control of Serbian forces, renamed the Yugoslav Occupational Forces in Montenegro. France severed diplomatic ties with Montenegro on 20 December 1920 following the Constitutional Assembly election in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The United Kingdom and

7826-627: Was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian , a Slavic language ( Indo-European ), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian , Croatian , and Montenegrin . "An examination of all

7917-504: Was discussed at the Paris Peace Conference, where the government-in-exile and Nikola were not involved in decision-making. The conference only invited a representative of the government-in-exile to present their position, at Nikola's insistence. Although Montenegro was formally granted a seat at the conference, it remained vacant due to disagreement over the selection of its representative. Montenegro's government-in-exile proposals were rejected by Serbia. The Serbian position prevailed because it

8008-483: Was in exile in France. Opponents of the unconditional union, known as the Greens for the colour of paper used for pro-independence candidates, supported either full independence of Montenegro or a federation or a confederation with Serbia and other South Slavs where Montenegro would be an equal partner. Following the resolutions on the unification and the deposition of the Nikola I, the Greens resorted to insurrection to fight pro-unionist Whites , likewise named after

8099-599: Was ruled from its inception by vladikas ( prince-bishops ) since 1516, who had a dual temporal and spiritual role, subordinate to the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć until its dissolution in 1766. In 1697, the office was made hereditary in the Petrović-Njegoš family. However, since Orthodox bishops are required to be celibate, the crown passed from uncle to nephew. In 1852, Prince-Bishop Danilo II opted to marry and to secularize Montenegro, becoming Prince Danilo I . His successor, Nikola I , raised Montenegro to

8190-532: Was succeeded by his son Nicholas Petrović-Njegoš in 1986. In 2006, Montenegro went on to achieve full sovereignty in the 2006 independence referendum . In 2011, Montenegro recognized an official role for the Royal House of Petrović-Njegoš in Montenegro: to promote Montenegrin identity, culture and traditions through cultural, humanitarian and other non-political activities, which has been interpreted as

8281-584: Was tempered by his desire to ensure the continued rule of his Petrović-Njegoš dynasty and to expand Montenegro before any unification, the latter intended to ensure a better negotiating position for Montenegro as an equal partner to the territorially larger Serbia. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the subsequent July Crisis , and the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war against Serbia , Montenegro witnessed widespread popular support for Serbia. In response, Montenegro entered into

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