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46-477: Podil contains many architectural and historical landmarks, and new archaeological sites are still being revealed. It is a part of the city's larger administrative Podilskyi District . The name “Podil” means something that is situated downwards. This area used to be the trading and crafting center of Kyiv. The names of some Podil neighborhoods reflect this fact: "Dehtyari" (those who work with tar), "Honchari" (potters), "Kozhemyaki" (craftsmen working with leather). On

92-508: A complete forgery has been proposed in the past but is widely discredited; the poem's language has been demonstrated to be closer to authentic medieval East Slavic than practicable by a late 18th-century forger. It was not until 1951 that scholars discovered ancient birch bark documents with content in this medieval language. One of the crucial points of the authenticity controversy is the relationship between The Tale of Igor's Campaign and Zadonschina , an unquestionably authentic poem, which

138-452: A late imitation, with Slovo as its pattern. The forgery version claims the reverse: that Igor's Tale was written using Zadonschina as a source. Recently, Roman Jakobson 's and Andrey Zaliznyak 's analyses show that the passages of Zadonschina with counterparts in Slovo differ from the rest of the text by several linguistic parameters, whereas this is not so for Igor's Tale . This fact

184-487: A local landowner, Aleksei Musin-Pushkin , as a part of a collection of ten texts. Aleksei realised the value of the book and made a transcription for the empress Catherine the Great in 1795 or 1796. He published it in 1800 with the help of Alexei Malinovsky and Nikolai Bantysh-Kamensky , leading Russian paleographers of the time. The original manuscript was claimed to have burned in the great Moscow fire of 1812 (during

230-732: A purpose similar to that of Kralovedvorsky Manuscript . For instance, the Harvard historian Edward L. Keenan says in his article, "Was Iaroslav of Halych really shooting sultans in 1185?" and in his book Josef Dobrovsky and the Origins of the Igor's Tale (2003), that Igor's Tale is a fake, written by the Czech scholar Josef Dobrovský . Other scholars contend that it is a recompilation and manipulation of several authentic sources put together similarly to Lönnrot 's Kalevala . In his 2004 book,

276-581: Is an urban district of Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . Its population was 177,563 at the 2001 census . The district takes its name from the historic Podil neighborhood which it includes within its boundaries. The Podilskyi District as an administrative entity was formed in 1921 on one of the largest historical neighborhoods in Kyiv. In May 2001 the Podilskyi District celebrated the 80th anniversary of its foundation. The district remains one of

322-788: Is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as The Tale of the Campaign of Igor , The Song of Igor's Campaign , The Lay of Igor's Campaign , The Lay of the Host of Igor , and The Lay of the Warfare Waged by Igor . The poem gives an account of a failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich (d. 1202) against the Polovtsians of the Don River region. While some have disputed

368-782: Is known as early as the mid 16th century. In the 15th century there was established the Convent of St Florus . At the beginning of the 17th century, there was established Epiphany Monastery of the Kyiv Orthodox Brotherhood, which also later contained the Kyiv Mohyla Academy . Until middle of the 17th century there was an Armenian community in Podil with its own Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Also during

414-562: Is taken as evidence of Slovo being the original with respect to Zadonschina . Zaliznyak also points out that the passages in Zadonschina which parallel those in the Igor's Tale but differ from it can be explained only if Slovo was the source for Zadonshchina (the differences can be the result of the distortion of the original Slovo text by the author and different editors of Zadonshchina versions), but not vice versa. Proponents of

460-495: The Hlybochytsia River that used to drain into Pochaina (today Hlybochytsia in the underground collector). Upon obtaining its Magdeburg rights in the 15th century, in Kyiv was built a rathaus, later Kyiv magistrate. The center of Podil became the market square later known as Mahistratska and Konstraktova where stood a rathaus and the city's cathedral Pyrohoshcha Church . The first "hostynnyi dvir" (trading courtyard)

506-777: The Kontraktova Square ) and Poshtova Ploshcha (named after the Poshtova Square ). The Kyiv Funicular provides passenger traffic between Podil and the city's historic Uppertown neighborhood, today it is mostly used by tourists. Some time ago, the Kyiv River Port served passenger traffic on the Dnipro River, but only tourists' excursion boats are available there nowadays. Podilskyi District The Podilskyi District ( Ukrainian : Подільський район , romanized :  Podilskyi raion )

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552-634: The Napoleonic occupation), together with Musin-Pushkin's entire library. The release of this historical work into scholarly circulation created a stir in Russian literary circles, as the tale represented the earliest Slavonic language writing, without any element of Church Slavonic . After linguistic analysis, Ukrainian scholars in the Austrian Empire declared that the document contained transitional language between a) earlier fragments of

598-754: The Polovtsians living along the lower Don . Other Rus' historical figures are mentioned, including skald Boyan ( The Bard ), the princes Vseslav of Polotsk , Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych , and Vsevolod the Big Nest of Suzdal . The author appeals to the warring Rus' princes and pleads for unity in the face of the constant threat from the Turkic East. Igor's campaign is recorded in the Kievan Chronicle (c. 1200). The descriptions show coexistence between Christianity and ancient Slavic religion . Igor's wife Yaroslavna invokes natural forces from

644-718: The Truce of Andrusovo , Kyiv was officially ceded to the Tsardom of Muscovy . Intensive building within Podil took place in the 17th century. An annual fair was held from 1797 to 1929 at the Kontraktova Square (Square of Contracts). Before the building of the Contract House, the Kontraktova Square was known as Mahistratska Square. At the western end of the square was the Pyrohoshcha Church mentioned in

690-454: The 12th century epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign . Following traditions of medieval cities, in the 18th century a rotunda was built along with a fountain of the Roman goddess Felicitas in front of the magistracy was built. In 19th century the fountain was reattributed to Samson. The fountain became the first hydro-engineering structure at Podil. Not far from Kontraktova Square at Podil were

736-488: The 12th century. It was established that Podil had built-up manors with consistent courtyard limits. Each resident's manor that had area of 300–400 m (3,200–4,300 sq ft) consisted of 2-3 buildings. After the Mongol invasion of Rus' and destruction of Kyiv, Podil transformed into the main and the most populated part of the city. However, the area of Podil shrank, in 16-17th centuries its northwestern border served

782-519: The 15th or 16th centuries, when the copy of the original manuscript (or of a copy) had been made. They noted this was a normal feature of copied documents, as copyists introduce elements of their own orthography and grammar, as is known from many other manuscripts. Zaliznyak points out that this evidence constitutes another argument for the authenticity of Slovo . An anonymous forger would have had not only to imitate very complex 12th century orthography and grammar but also to introduce fake complex traces of

828-635: The Battle against Mamai ( Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche ), published by N.G. Golovin in 1835. It contains what Mann claims is the earliest known redaction of the Skazanie , a redaction that scholars posited but could not locate. Based on byliny and Old Russian sources, Mann has attempted to reconstruct an early Russian song about the conversion of the Kievan State. Mann believes that this early conversion cycle left its imprint on several passages of

874-562: The Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak analyzes arguments and concludes that the forgery theory is virtually impossible. It was not until the late 20th century, after hundreds of bark documents were unearthed in Novgorod, that scholars learned that some of the puzzling passages and words of the tale were part of common speech in the 12th century, although they were not represented in chronicles and other formal written documents. Zaliznyak concludes that no 18th-century scholar could have imitated

920-778: The Ukrainian SSR" of 1957 ( Ukrainian : Нариси стародавньої історії УРСР ) mentions that the Novgorod traders had own church in Kyiv. The Pochaina River served the city's harbour. Podil has accumulated a cultural layer built up of 6–12 metres (20–39 feet) saturated with a great abundance of artefacts of 9–18th centuries. Its uniqueness consists of the fact that in its lower strata due to high soil moisture are well-preserved objects of organic matter such as wooden structures. There were researched residential and commercial buildings (predominantly above-ground blockhouses), craftsman shops, port warehouses, burial grounds, segments of streets. There were discovered remnants of five masonry temples of

966-629: The Zhytniy (Rye) Fairgrounds that existed at least since the 15th century where the main Roman Catholic cathedral Kosciol of Virgin Mary was located. Before the Great Podil fire of 1811 it was the most populous neighborhood of the city with 2,068 houses out of 3,672 dwellings in all of Kyiv. The fire damaged the neighborhood extensively and changed the appearance of Podil dramatically. After

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1012-402: The academician Dmitry Likhachev . According to the majority view, the poem is a composition of the late 12th century, perhaps composed orally and fixed in written form at some point during the 13th century. Some scholars consider the possibility that the poem in its current form is a national Romanticist compilation and rearrangement of several authentic sources. The thesis of the poem's being

1058-523: The authenticity of the poem, the current scholarly consensus is that the poem is authentic and dates to the Middle Ages (late 12th century). The Tale of Igor's Campaign was adapted by Alexander Borodin as an opera and became one of the great classics of Russian theatre. Entitled Prince Igor , it was first performed in 1890. The story describes a failed raid made in year 1185 by Kniaz Igor Svyatoslavich , Prince of Novgorod-Seversk , on

1104-458: The copying in the 15th or 16th centuries. While some historians and philologists continue to question the text's authenticity for various reasons (for example, believing that it has an uncharacteristically modern nationalistic sentiment) ( Omeljan Pritsak inter alios), linguists are not so skeptical. The overall scholarly consensus accepts Slovo's authenticity. Some scholars believe the Tale has

1150-485: The deep mechanics of the language. Juri Lotman supports the text's authenticity, based on the absence of a number of semiotic elements in the Russian Classicist literary tradition before the publication of the Tale . He notes that "Russian Land" ( русская земля ) was a term that became popular only in the 19th century. A presumed forger of the 1780s–1790s would not have used such a term while composing

1196-523: The fire, Podil was reconstructed and a large number of new streets appeared, planned by Scottish architect William Heste and Russian architect Andrey Melensky , which still exist today. At this time such buildings as the Contract's House (1817), the Hostynnyi Dvir covered market and other buildings were constructed. The Contracts House was built in 1817. Contracts and treaties were signed on

1242-588: The first half of the 17th century two Roman Catholic places of worship were built in stone, the cathedral church that was destroyed in the 1660s and its remnants found during archaeological excavations and a cathedral of the Dominican Monastery of St Nicholas that existed in 1400s-1649 and at end of the 17th century became the Orthodox cathedral of the Monastery of Sts Peter and Paul. In 1667 under

1288-735: The following historical neighborhoods of Kyiv within its boundaries: The Podilskyi District is connected to the city's metro system by three stations on the Obolonsko–Teremkivska Line : Tarasa Shevchenka , Kontraktova Ploshcha (named after Kontraktova (Contracts) Square ), and Poshtova Ploshcha (named after Poshtova (Postal) Square ). 50°28′03″N 30°30′52″E  /  50.46750°N 30.51444°E  / 50.46750; 30.51444 The Tale of Igor%27s Campaign The Tale of Igor's Campaign or The Tale of Ihor's Campaign ( Old East Slavic : Слово о пълкѹ Игоревѣ , romanized:  Slovo o pŭlku Igorevě )

1334-403: The forgery thesis give sometimes contradictory arguments: some authors (Mazon) see numerous Gallicisms in the text; while others (Trost, Haendler) see Germanisms , yet others (Keenan) Bohemisms . Zimin is certain that the author could only be Ioil Bykovsky, while Keenan is equally sure that only Josef Dobrovsky could be the falsifier. Current dialectology upholds Pskov and Polotsk as

1380-554: The ground floor; on the floor above there was a concert hall. In 1835 the Kyiv magistracy was demolished and the bricks were used to finish building the Hostynnyi Dvir and Contracts House . A small park was established on the magistracy site. In 1938 a British Mark V tank was put in the park. It had been taken as a trophy from the Russian White Guards during the Russian Civil War . The tank remained in

1426-504: The language of Rus' propria (the region of Chernigov , eastward through Kiev , and into Halych ) and, b) later fragments from the Halych-Volynian era of this same region in the centuries immediately following the writing of the document. The Russian-American author Vladimir Nabokov translated the work into English in 1960. Other notable editions include the standard Soviet edition, prepared with an extended commentary, by

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1472-415: The main business, transport, and industrial areas of Kyiv. There are currently 50 large industrial organizations based here. Although most of the industrial sites are phased out of the region, they dominate the adjacent neighborhoods to the north, named today "Podilsko-Kurenivskiy promraion". Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : The Podilskyi District includes

1518-399: The olden words of the heroic tales about the campaign of Igor..." The narrator begins by referring to oral epic tales that are already old and familiar. Mann has found numerous new parallels to the text of the Tale in wedding songs, magical incantations, byliny and other Old Russian sources. He was the first researcher to point out unique textual parallels in a rare version of the Tale of

1564-537: The park for a few years after World War II . In 1977 the Hryhoriy Skovoroda monument was built in the park. The Kyiv tramway was among the first in the Russian Empire . The tram commuting started at Podil among the first in Kyiv in 1896. It originally was connecting Kontraktova Square and Poshtova Square and later stretched to Kurenivka and then Pushcha-Vodytsia . Until World War II ,

1610-604: The portrayal of the role which nature plays in human lives. The only manuscript of the Tale , claimed to be dated to the 15th century, was discovered in 1795 in the library of the Transfiguration Monastery in Yaroslavl , where the first library and school in Russia had been established in the 12th century, but there is a controversy about its source. Monastery superior Joel (Bykovsky) sold the manuscript to

1656-502: The section just north of Nyzhniy Val street was called Ploska chast or Ploskaya sloboda. It was home to many poor Jews who lived there in wretched conditions. Numerous tourist attractions (also officially designated as landmarks) of Podil particularly include: Podil is connected to the city's metro system by the following three stations on the Obolonsko–Teremkivska line : Tarasa Shevchenka , Kontraktova Ploshcha (named after

1702-577: The subtle grammatical and syntactical features in the known text. He did not believe that Dobrovský could have accomplished this, as his views on Slavic grammar (as expressed in his magnum opus, Institutiones ) were strikingly different from the system written in Igor's Tale . In his revised second edition issued in 2007, Zaliznyak was able to use evidence from the posthumous edition of Zimin 's 2006 book. He argued that even someone striving to imitate some older texts would have had almost impossible hurdles to overcome, as mere imitation could not have represented

1748-501: The territory of Podil ancient constructions were found. Some of them date back to the first half of the first millennium BC . It is first mentioned, however, in chronicles around 945. At times of Ancient Rus , Podil served as the main city's posad which was connected with the Upper city ( Old Kyiv Hill) by Borychiv Descent . According to archaeological data, Podil appeared at the end of the 9th century. In 12-13th centuries its total area

1794-464: The text. Robert Mann (1989, 2005) argues that the leading studies have been mistaken in concluding the Tale is the work of a poet working in a written tradition. Mann points to evidence suggesting that the Tale first circulated as an oral epic song for several decades before being written down, most likely in the early 13th century. He identifies the opening lines as corresponding to such an oral tradition: "Was it not fitting, brothers, to begin with

1840-587: The two cities where the Tale was most likely written. Numerous persons have been proposed as its authors, including Prince Igor and his brothers. Other authors consider the epic to have emerged in Southern Rus', with many elements corresponding to modern Ukrainian language . After the only manuscript copy of the Tale was destroyed in the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, questions about its authenticity were raised, mostly because of its language. Suspicion

1886-592: The walls of Putyvl . Christian motifs are presented along with depersonalised pagan gods among the artistic images. The main themes of the story are patriotism, the power and role of nature (at the time of the story, 12th century) and homeland. The main idea is the unity of people. The Tale has been compared to other national epics , including The Song of Roland and The Song of the Nibelungs . The book however differs from contemporary Western epics on account of its numerous and vivid descriptions of nature and

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1932-483: Was also fueled by contemporary fabrications (for example, the Songs of Ossian , proved to be written by James Macpherson ). Today, majority opinion accepts the authenticity of the text, based on the similarity of its language and imagery with those of other texts discovered after the Tale . Proposed as forgers were Aleksei Musin-Pushkin , or the Russian manuscript forgers Anton Bardin and Alexander Sulakadzev . (Bardin

1978-519: Was created around the end of the 1300s or the beginning of the 1400s to glorify Dmitri Donskoi 's victory over Mongol-Tatar troops of the ruler in the Golden Horde Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo and is preserved in six medieval copies. There are almost identical passages in both texts where only the personal names are different. The traditional point of view considers Zadonschina to be

2024-665: Was proposed by Olzhas Suleimenov (who considered Igor's Tale to be an authentic text). Mazon's and Zimin's views were opposed, for example, by Roman Jakobson . In 1975, Olzhas Suleimenov challenged the mainstream view of the Tale in his book Az i Ya . He claimed to reveal that Tale cannot be completely authentic since it appeared to have been rewritten in the 16th century. Mainstream Slavists, including Dmitri Likhachev , and Turkologists criticized Az i Ya , characterizing Suleimenov's etymological and paleography conjectures as amateurish. Linguists such as Zaliznyak pointed out that certain linguistic elements in Slovo dated from

2070-704: Was publicly exposed as the forger of four copies of Slovo ). Josef Sienkowski , a journalist and Orientalist, was one of the notable early proponents of the falsification theory. The problem of the national text became more politicized during the years of the Soviet Union . Any attempts to question the authenticity of Slovo (for example, by the French Slavist André Mazon or by the Russian historian Alexander Zimin ) were condemned. Government officials also repressed and condemned non-standard interpretations based on Turkic lexis, such as

2116-428: Was reaching 200 ha (490 acres). In documentary sources there is mention of "Stolpiye" (wooden fortifications) that protected Podil from northwest, Fairgrounds (later Zhytniy Fairgrounds, main city market), Church of Saint Elijah (the oldest Christian temple mentioned in 945), and Pyrohoshcha Church . Probably, the legendary churches of Turov and Novgorod also existed at Podil. The Soviet "Outline of Ancient History of

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