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28-560: In 1672, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed IV , captured Kamaniçe after a short siege . The Treaty of Buchach confirmed Ottoman control of the city, which became the centre of a new eyalet. The treaty was repudiated by the Polish Diet , and war broke out anew . The Polish campaign proved unsuccessful, and the truce of Żurawno (1676) left Podolia within Ottoman borders. Another Polish-Ottoman war broke out again in 1683. For

56-713: A Jewish man, violating Ottoman law which forbade sexual relations between Christian or Jewish men and Muslim women. Mehmed IV witnessed the double execution: he offered the man conversion to Islam so as to avoid being stoned to death (he was beheaded instead). After the Second Battle of Mohács in 1687, the Ottoman Empire fell into deep crisis. There was a mutiny among the Ottoman troops. The commander and Grand Vizier, Sarı Süleyman Pasha , became frightened that he would be killed by his own troops and fled from his command, first to Belgrade and then to Istanbul. When

84-539: Is known as avcı (translated as "the Hunter"). In 1687, Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League . He subsequently retired to Edirne , where he resided and died of natural causes in 1693. Born at Topkapı Palace , Constantinople , in 1642, Mehmed was the son of Sultan Ibrahim (r. 1640–48) by Turhan Sultan , a concubine of Russian origin, and grandson of

112-591: The Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed and his son Fazıl Ahmed . They regained the Aegean islands from Venice , and Crete, during the Cretan War (1645–1669) . They also fought successful campaigns against Transylvania (1660) and Poland (1670–1674). When Mehmed IV accepted the vassalage of Petro Doroshenko , Ottoman rule extended into Podolia and Right-bank Ukraine . This event would lead

140-689: The Greek-born Kösem Sultan . Soon after his birth, his father and mother quarrelled, and Ibrahim was so enraged that he tore Mehmed from his mother's arms and flung the infant into a cistern . Mehmed was rescued by the harem servants. However, this left Mehmed with a lifelong scar on his head. Mehmed ascended to the throne in 1648 at the age of six, during a very volatile time for the Ottoman dynasty . On 21 October 1649, Mehmed along with his brothers Suleiman and Ahmed were circumcised. Kösem Sultan , Mehmed's grandmother and regent,

168-617: The reconquest of Belgrade in 1690. Later, the threat from the Russian Empire was renewed when they joined in an alliance with other European powers, while the Ottomans had lost the support of their Crimean vassals, who were forced to defend themselves from several Russian invasions . Under Köprülü's leadership, the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Macedonia and Bulgaria until Köprülü

196-781: The Austrians and their Polish-Lithuanian allies under King John III Sobieski won the Battle of Vienna with a devastating flank attack led by Sobieski's Polish cavalry. The Turks retreated into Hungary ; however, this was only the beginning of the Great Turkish War , as the armies of the Holy League began their successful campaign to push the Ottomans back to the Balkans. In May 1675, Mehmed IV's sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III were circumcised and his daughter Hatice Sultan

224-503: The Hunter ( Turkish : Avcı Mehmed ), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to become the second-longest-reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent . While the initial and final years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw

252-544: The Ottomans into the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) . His next vizier, Köprülü Mehmed's adopted son Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa , led campaigns against Russia, besieging Chyhyryn in 1678 with 70,000 men. He next supported the 1683 Hungarian uprising of Imre Thököly against Austrian rule, marching a vast army through Hungary and besieged Vienna . At the Battle of Vienna on the Kahlenberg Heights,

280-612: The Ottomans suffered a catastrophic rout by Polish-Lithuanian forces famously led by King John III Sobieski (1674–1696), and his allies, notably the Imperial army. In 1672 and 1673, the sultan, who embarked on two Polish-Lithuanian campaigns with serdar-ı ekrem and Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, and the acquisition of the Kamaniçi Castle, returned to Edirne after the signing of the Bucaş Treaty. The fire of 4–5 July 1660

308-577: The lack of information about them (except for his Haseki) and the relatively low number of children has created controversy over the actual existence of some of them. Mehmed IV's known consorts are: Mehmed IV had at least four sons: Mehmed IV had at least eight daughters: [REDACTED] Media related to Mehmed IV at Wikimedia Commons Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman II ( Ottoman Turkish : سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i s ānī ; 15 April 1642 – 22 June 1691)

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336-540: The news of the defeat and the mutiny arrived in Istanbul in early September, Abaza Siyavuş Pasha was appointed as the commander and soon afterward as the Grand Vizier. However, before he could take over his command, the whole Ottoman Army had disintegrated and the Ottoman household troops ( Janissaries and sipahis ) started to return to their base in Istanbul under their own lower-rank officers. Sarı Suleiman Pasha

364-527: The next 16 years, Ottoman rule in Podolia generally was limited to the blockaded fortress of Kamianets, held by a garrison of 6,000 soldiers. The other garrisons in Podolia, in Bar , Medzhybizh , Jazlivec , and Chortkiv , barely exceeded 100 soldiers each. According to the Ottoman provincial budget of 1681, 13 million akçe were spent yearly in the eyalet, primarily for soldiers' pay. Of this amount, less than 3%

392-678: The rapidly advancing Austrians , during the Ottoman–Habsburg War , but most Mughal forces were engaged in the Deccan Wars and Aurangzeb ignored Suleiman's request to commit to any formal assistance to their desperate Ottoman allies. The previous ban on alcohol (which was publicly flouted in Istanbul and Galata) was energized under Suleiman, where he managed to demolish several alcohol shops, but this just led to owners bringing in more alcohol. Suleiman II appointed Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha as his Grand Vizier in 1689, leading to

420-532: The revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era . Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi , or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign. Under Mehmed IV's reign, the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he

448-512: The senior clerics of the empire planned to reinstate Mehmed on the throne in response to the ill health and imminent death of his successor, Suleiman II. Mehmed's favourite harem girl was Gülnuş Sultan , a slave girl and later his wife. She was taken prisoner at Rethymno (Turkish Resmo) on the island of Crete . Their two sons, Mustafa II and Ahmed III , became Ottoman Sultans during 1695–1703 and 1703–1730, respectively. Mehmed IV had an Haseki Sultan and several secondary concubines. However,

476-419: The son of Sultan Ibrahim and Saliha Dilaşub Sultan , a Serb woman originally named Katarina. Suleiman was only 3 months younger than his half-brother Mehmed IV , who was born on 2 January 1642. After the deposition and execution of his father in 1648, Suleiman's half-brother Mehmed came to the throne. On 21 October 1649, Suleiman along with his brothers Mehmed and Ahmed were circumcised. In 1651, Suleiman

504-430: The throne. The known consorts of Suleiman II were: Despite his six consorts, Suleiman II remained childless. It is not known whether this was due to his sterility, lack of sexual interest, or his precarious health conditions, which forced him to be bedridden for the final half of his short reign. Suleiman II had fallen into a coma and was later brought to Edirne on 8 June 1691. He died on 22 June 1691 and his body

532-711: Was collected from Podolia itself, the rest was sent from the central treasury. In 1681, the patriarch of Constantinople appointed the Orthodox metropolitan of Kamianets, named Pankratij. The fortress was returned to Poland as a result of the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699). During the 27 years of Ottoman rule, Podolia was administered by nine Ottoman pashas: The eyalet was divided into four sanjaks: Mehmed IV Mehmed IV ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد رابع , romanized :  Meḥmed-i rābi ; Turkish : IV. Mehmed ; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693), also known as Mehmed

560-588: Was confined in the Kafes , a luxurious prison for royal princes within Topkapı Palace . This was done to avoid a rebellion. He stayed there for 36 years until he took the throne in 1687. Shortly before he assumed the throne, the Ottomans suffered a major defeat at the second Battle of Mohács in 1687. In 1688, Suleiman II urgently requested the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb for assistance against

588-646: Was deposed by the combined forces of Janissaries and Sekbans commanded by Osman Pasha . Mehmed was then imprisoned in Topkapı Palace . However, he was permitted to leave the Palace from time to time, as he died in Edirne Palace in 1693. He was buried in Turhan Sultan's tomb , near his mother's mosque in Constantinople . In 1691, a couple of years before his death, a plot was discovered in which

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616-413: Was executed, and Sultan Mehmed IV appointed the commander of Istanbul Straits, Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha , as the Grand Vizier's regent in Istanbul. Fazıl Mustafa made consultations with the leaders of the army that existed and the other leading Ottoman statesmen. After these, on 8 November 1687, it was decided to depose Sultan Mehmed IV and to enthrone his brother Suleiman II as the new Sultan. Mehmed

644-425: Was killed in the Battle of Slankamen by Austrian forces. Suleiman II elevated six known concubines to the rank of consort, with the title of Kadin , used for the first time as a title rather than a rank. He gave them various jewels and precious objects that belonged to Muazzez Sultan , one of her father's Haseki Sultans . These gifts were requisitioned when Ahmed II , son of Muazzez, succeeded Suleiman II on

672-549: Was married. The empire celebrated it with Famous Edirne Festival to mark the occasion. Silahdar Findikli Mehmed Aga described Mehmed as a medium-sized, stocky, white-skinned, sun-burnt face, with a sparse beard, leaning forward from the waist up because he rides a lot. 1680 witnessed the only known stoning to death of a woman convicted of adultery in Ottoman Istanbul. The unnamed woman was stoned to death on Istanbul's Hippodrome after allegedly being caught alone with

700-713: Was suspected of supporting the rebels and plotting to poison the sultan and replace him with his younger half-brother, Suleiman . As a result, Mehmed agreed to sign his grandmother's death warrant in September 1651. The empire faced palace intrigues as well as uprisings in Anatolia, the defeat of the Ottoman navy by the Venetians outside the Dardanelles, and food shortages leading to riots in Constantinople. It

728-463: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691. After being brought to the throne by an armed mutiny, Suleiman and his grand vizier Fazıl Mustafa Pasha were successfully able to turn the tide of the War of the Holy League , reconquering Belgrade in 1690, as well as carrying out significant fiscal and military reforms. Suleiman II was born on 15 April 1642 at Topkapı Palace in Constantinople ,

756-469: Was the worst conflagration Constantinople had experienced to date. It started in Eminönü and spread to most of the historic peninsula, burning much of the city. Even the minarets of Suleiman I's mosque burned. Two-thirds of Istanbul was turned to ash in the conflagration, and as many as forty thousand people were killed. Thousands died in the famine and plague which followed the fire. On 12 September 1683,

784-418: Was under these circumstances that Mehmed's mother granted Köprülü Mehmed Pasha full executive powers as Grand Vizier. Köprülü took office on 14 September 1656. Mehmed IV presided over the Köprülü era , an exceptionally stable period of Ottoman history. Mehmed is known as Avcı , "the Hunter", as this outdoor exercise took up much of his time. Mehmed's reign is notable for a revival of Ottoman fortunes led by

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