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55-614: Pohnpei (formerly known as Ponape or Ascension , from Pohnpeian : "upon ( pohn ) a stone altar ( pei )") is an island of the Senyavin Islands which are part of the larger Caroline Islands group. It belongs to Pohnpei State , one of the four states in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Major population centers on Pohnpei include Palikir , the FSM's capital, and Kolonia , the capital of Pohnpei State. Pohnpei

110-735: A "large colony of beachcombers, escaped convicts, and ship's deserters became established ashore," identified as "chiefly bad characters," according to the log of the Swedish frigate Eugenie . The first missionary to arrive was Father Louis Désiré Maigret , a Roman Catholic priest. He had sailed from Honolulu on the schooner Notre Dame de Paix and began his efforts in December 1837, but he departed on 29 July 1838 for Valparaíso after seven unsuccessful months. In his company were "several Mangarevans and Tahitians ," some of whom remained on Pohnpei and left descendants. Ten years later Maigret returned to

165-778: A 3-volume account of his explorations with atlases in Russian and in French, the latter being published in Paris and entitled Voyage autour du monde, : exécuté par ordre de sa majesté l’empereur Nicolas Ier, sur la corvette Le Séniavine, dans les années 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829, par Frédéric Lutké, ... commandant de l’expédition. Partie historique, avec un atlas, litographié d’après les dessins originaux d’Alexandre Postels et du baron Kittlitz. Traduit du russe sur le manuscrit original, sous les yeux de l’auteur, par le conseiller d’état F. Boyé. Tome I–III . Very few copies were printed and especially

220-430: A great deal of loanwords from colonial languages such as English , Japanese , Spanish , and German . However, these loanwords are neither spelled nor pronounced exactly the same as the source language. Examples of these loanwords include: The modern Pohnpeian orthography uses twenty letters — sixteen single letters and four digraphs — collated in a unique order: As German missionaries designed an early form of

275-705: A practicing Lutheran. Lütke started his naval career in the Imperial Russian Navy in 1813. He took part in Vasily Golovnin 's world cruise on the ship "Kamchatka" from 1817 to 1819, where one of his crewmates was Ferdinand Wrangel . Then from 1821 to 1824, Lütke led the expedition to explore the coastline of Novaya Zemlya , the White Sea , and the eastern parts of the Barents Sea . From August 20, 1826, to August 25, 1829, he headed

330-532: A stone altar". It derives from a Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic phrase *fawo ni pei of the same meaning. Cognates in other Micronesian languages include Mokilese Pohnpei and Chuukese Fóónupi . The natives of Pohnpei, especially the 'older' generations, often refer to events in their past as having occurred, e.g., in "German times" or "before the Spaniards," which identifies the historical periods: The earliest settlers were probably Lapita culture people from

385-734: A total population of 5,628, of which 4,451 were Pohnpeians, and 1,177 were natives of other Pacific islands. By 1963, the population had grown to nearly 10,000. With the Treaty of Versailles , Japan as mandatory power assumed control of all German colonial possessions north of the equator, having occupied Pohnpei along with the rest of the Carolines , the Marshalls , the Marianas (except for American-owned Guam ) and Kiautschou Bay during World War I . In subsequent years and during World War II

440-548: Is a central location in South Sea Adventure (1952), the second of Willard Price 's Young Adult Adventure Series books featuring Hal and Roger Hunt. Pohnpei, or "Ponape" as it is spelled, is stated as the home island of "Mike" on the popular blog Dunce Upon A Time , authored by BC Woods. Pohnpei State Department of Education operates public schools. Public high schools: Private schools: Pohnpei Catholic School Post secondary education: Lidorkini Museum

495-628: Is a valuable source of information on the evolution of geographic knowledge of Alaska and the Bering Sea. When W. H. Dall published an index for the book, Lütke's name was given as "Lutke", which reflects the spelling under which the book was published in Paris. Certain geographic features of the Alaskan coast, like the Walrus and Kritskoi Islands , Kudobin Islands and numerous other features in

550-534: Is more ethnically diverse than any other island in the FSM. This is largely due to more than a century of foreign colonial occupation, bringing in Spanish, German, Japanese, Chamorro , Filipino , US, Australian, other western Europeans, and it being home to the capital of the national government , which employs hundreds of people from the other three FSM States ( Yap , Chuuk , Kosrae ) having distinct ethnic and cultural origins. The indigenous makeup also includes

605-537: Is more generally (1) noun phrase, (2) verb phrase (3) other noun phrases, where the contents of the leading noun phrase may vary according to the speaker's focus. If the leading noun phrase is not the subject, it is followed by the focus particle me . Normally, the object phrase is last among predicates: Lahpo that-guy pahn will inauriki lash kisin pwehlet sennit-this wahro canoe-that Lahpo pahn inauriki {kisin pwehlet} wahro that-guy will lash sennit-this canoe-that That guy will lash

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660-582: Is reduplicated to sensel ("tired"). The second variety of nasal substitution, limited to bilabial and velar consonants , occurs across word and morpheme boundaries: This second variety of the nasal substitution process is phonemically more productive than the first: it includes all results possible in the first variety, as well as additional cluster combinations, indicated in green below. Some alveolar pairs produce an intervening vowel, represented as V below. Not all clusters are possible, and not all are assimilative, however. By following

715-459: Is said [narrɛk] ("season of plenty"). Complete nasal assimilation also occurs across word boundaries: pahn lingan is said [paːlliŋan] ("will be beautiful"). The third process, nasal substitution, also presents two varieties. Both varieties of nasal substitution affect adjacent consonants of the same type: alveolar (coronal) , bilabial , or velar . The first variety is often triggered by reduplication, resulting in spelling changes: sel

770-459: Is seen most often in reduplication alongside spelling changes. By this process, liquids /l/ and /r/ are assimilated into the following alveolar (coronal) consonant: nur > nunnur ("contract"). The second process, nasal assimilation , presents two varieties: partial and complete. In partial nasal assimilation, /n/ assimilates with a following stop consonant to produce [mp] , [mʷpʷ] , [mm] , [mʷmʷ] , or [ŋk] . For example,

825-422: Is the largest island in the FSM, with an area of 334 km (129 sq mi), and a highest point of 782 m (2,566 ft), the most populous with 36,832 people, and the most developed single island in the FSM. Pohnpei is home to the megaliths and ruined city of Nan Madol , built of artificial islands off the island's eastern shore beginning in the 8th or 9th century. An important archaeological site, it

880-426: Is used to represent / j / , though it is often unwritten; -u is realized as /w/ ; and ⟨h⟩ indicates a long vowel (a spelling convention inherited from German ). Thus, sahu is pronounced [sʲaːw] , never [sʲahu] . Consecutive vowels are glided with [j] or [w] , depending on the relative height and order of the vowels: While the glide [j] is never written other than as ⟨i⟩

935-767: The German Empire purchased the Caroline island group from Spain in 1899 together with the Marianas (except Guam) and four years later the Marshall Islands for 17 million goldmark . During the German administration a fundamental change in land ownership was implemented on Pohnpei and throughout the Carolines. Beginning in 1907, the feudal system, in which all land is held in fief, was gradually replaced with

990-525: The Hawaiian kingdom as Bishop of Honolulu. A group of Protestant missionaries from New England established themselves permanently on Pohnpei in 1852. Their letters and journals contain a wealth of information about the island and are preserved at Harvard University . A drastic population decline occurred after 1854, due to a smallpox epidemic. During the American Civil War , to counteract

1045-592: The Lütke family ( ru ) of Brandenburgish origin and originated in Jüterbog . Count Lütke's grandfather was Johann Philipp von Lütke, a German Lutheran preacher and writer on physical science and theology. In 1745, Johann went from Germany to Moscow as pastor of a Lutheran parish in order to spread Lutheranism in the Russian Empire . As a youth, Friedrich attended a Lutheran German-speaking school. He remained

1100-510: The Manila -based Spanish East Indies and began to exert political authority. They founded the city Santiago de la Ascensión in what today is Kolonia (from Spanish colonia or colony). The Spanish built several government buildings, a fort, a church and a school. Spanish Capuchin friars were also sent from Manila to Pohnpei to preach the Catholic faith. After the 1898 Spanish–American War ,

1155-490: The Pohnpei lorikeet , the Pohnpei fantail , the Pohnpei flycatcher and the long-billed white-eye . A fifth endemic, the Pohnpei starling , is thought to have recently gone extinct . The only land reptiles are a few species of lizard. Originally the only mammals were bats. Pigs, rats and dogs were introduced; pigs have become feral. The lagoons are rich in fish, molluscs, turtles and other marine fauna. Pohnpei belongs to

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1210-426: The tropical rainforest climate zone ( Köppen : Af ). It is one of the wettest places on Earth with an average annual recorded rainfall of 4,775 mm (188.0 in) in towns along the coast and about 7,600 mm (300 in) each year in certain mountainous locations. The population of the state in 2010 was approximately 36,196. While the majority of the population consider themselves ethnic Pohnpeians, Pohnpei

1265-707: The Japanese garrison strength was composed of about 2,000 men of the IJN under Captain Jun Naito and 5,984 IJA men under Lieutenant General Masao Watanabe. However, Pohnpei was bypassed by the United States Navy during the island-hopping amphibious campaigns of 1943–1945. The island was shelled on several occasions, including by the battleships USS Massachusetts , USS Alabama , and USS  Iowa , as well as air attacks launched from USS Cowpens . After

1320-533: The Olympic stadium for a final lap immediately prior to the closing ceremony which was delayed to allow his finish. Pohnpei's state football team were coached by the world's youngest national football coach, the Englishman Paul Watson , who led the team on a tour of nearby Guam, winning one match against a local team. The annual Micronesian Futsal Cup has been established on the island, also

1375-977: The Russian Geographical Society introduced the Lütke gold medal. A cape, peninsula, mountain and bay in Novaya Zemlya, as well as a group of islands in Franz Josef Land , Baydaratskaya Bay , and the Nordenskiöld Archipelago and a strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island , as well as two Russian icebreakers were named after him. Nereocystis luetkeana was named after him by Mertens (first as Fucus luetkeanus ) and then described by Postels and Ruprecht . Ships named after Lütke include 1909-built icebreaker , 1970-built icebreaker , and 2017-built Yamalmax LNG carrier . During his voyage round

1430-402: The Russian original work with its nautical part became an extremely rare item. The nautical volume contains hydrographic and geographic details on the then little-known Bering Sea and Alaska obtained not only from Lütke's own work but also from various previously unpublished Russian sources. Even though there were errors and delays in the publication that didn't satisfy the author, Lütke's work

1485-681: The Saudeleur rule with the more decentralized nahnmwarki system in existence today. Pohnpeian historic society was highly structured into five tribes, various clans and sub-clans; each tribe headed by two principal chiefs. The tribes were organized on a feudal basis. In theory, "all land belonged to the chiefs, who received regular tribute and whose rule was absolute." Punishments administered by chiefs included death and banishment. Tribal wars included looting, destruction of houses and canoes and killing of prisoners. Pre-Spanish population estimates are deemed unreliable. Pohnpei's first European visitor

1540-525: The Saudeleur rulers, the first to bring government to Pohnpei, were of foreign origin. The Saudeleur centralized form of absolute rule is characterized in Pohnpeian legend as becoming increasingly oppressive over several generations. Arbitrary and onerous demands, as well as a reputation for offending Pohnpeian deities, sowed resentment among Pohnpeians . The Saudeleur Dynasty ended with the invasion of Isokelekel , another semi-mythical foreigner, who replaced

1595-908: The Southeast Solomon Islands or the Vanuatu archipelago . Pre-colonial history is divided into three eras: Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas (Period of Building, or Period of Peopling, before c.  1100 ); Mwehin Sau Deleur (Period of the Lord of Deleur , c.  1100 to c.  1628 ); and Mwehin Nahnmwarki (Period of the Nahnmwarki, c.  1628 to c.  1885 ). Pohnpeian legend recounts that

1650-452: The Spanish ship San Jeronimo . on 23 December 1595; his description is brief, he made no attempt to land. There is good documentation about Australian sailor John Henry Rowe, who arrived in his barque John Bull on 10 September 1825, though he did not land as his vessel was chased off by native canoes. The first lengthy description of the island and its inhabitants is presented by the Russian explorer Fyodor Litke , whose ship Senyavin gave

1705-528: The Sydney games and continuing every four years to the present with athletes participating in track and field, swimming and weightlifting. The most notable Pohnpeian athlete is marathon runner Elias Rodriguez who ran for the FSM at the Sydney Olympics . Rodriguez finished last in the marathon but was cheered on by tens of thousands of spectators and watched by millions of television viewers as he entered

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1760-592: The United States blockade of their ports, Confederate States Navy ships hunted Yankee merchant shipping. On 1 April 1865, the CSS Shenandoah surprised four United States whalers at Ascension Island (Pohnpei) and destroyed them all. The local king, Nananierikie, was delighted to receive much of the spoils from this action. By 1886 the Spaniards claimed the Caroline Islands which were part of

1815-666: The canoe with this sennit . Lahpo that-guy me FOC pahn will inauriki lash kisin pwehlet sennit-this wahro. canoe-that Lahpo me pahn inauriki {kisin pwehlet} wahro. that-guy FOC will lash sennit-this canoe-that That guy will lash the canoe with this sennit. Wahro Fyodor Litke Friedrich Benjamin Graf von Lütke ( Russian : Фёдор Петрович Литке , Fyodor Petrovich Litke ; 28 September [ O.S. 17 September] 1797 – 20 August [ O.S. 8 August] 1882), more commonly known by his Russian name Fyodor Litke ,

1870-529: The glide [w] may be written between ⟨u⟩ and a non- high vowel : suwed ("bad"). Words beginning in nasal consonant clusters may be pronounced as written, or with a leading prothetic vowel . The roundedness of the prothetic vowel depends on that of the adjacent consonant cluster and the first written syllable. For example: Pohnpeian orthography renders the consonant clusters [mʷpʷ] and [mʷmʷ] as mpw and mmw , respectively. Further phonological constraints frequently impact

1925-469: The island group of Pohnpei, Ant and Pakin its name. From 14 to 19 January 1828, his boats attempted to land but could not due to the hostility shown by the islanders, but natives then came aboard his ship, "some trading occurred, a short vocabulary was compiled, and a map made." F.H. von Kittlitz, a member of the Litke expedition made a further descriptive account, including the offshore ruins of Nan Madol , and

1980-480: The island. The municipalities on the island of Pohnpei are: Pohnpei International Airport ( IATA code PNI ) is located near Kolonia , on a small island named Deketik off the northern coast of the main island. The FSM is part of the international Olympic movement, originally the work of James Tobin, who now sits on the IOC Executive Board, sending teams to the summer games beginning in 2000 with

2035-574: The issuance of individual deeds to land. The chief's economic advantages were thus reduced, and only force of tradition granted a first harvest tribute to chiefs. With land holding, taxes came due and new owners, in lieu of payment, were obliged to work 15 days per year on public projects, such as wharf construction, road building, etc. One such work for taxes engagement sparked the Sokehs Rebellion . It began as an insubordination event during road construction on Sokehs Island, then escalated into

2090-491: The multiple regional ethnicities of the outer islands within Pohnpei State, resulting in a mix of Australasian Pacific Islanders and hence making Pohnpei Island the FSM's melting pot . The Pohnpeian language (formerly called "Ponapean") and its dialects are the indigenous languages of Pohnpei. The Federated States of Micronesia government also uses Pohnpeian as a regional language . English and Spanish are spoken in

2145-539: The murder of nine people, the subsequent apprehension and trial of 36 Sokehs rebels, the execution of 15 insurgents, and banishment for others to Babelthuap in the German Palau Islands. The German census of 1911–12 shows 3,190 Pohnpeians, 585 Central Carolinians and 279 Melanesians. Many of the outer islands were resettled (mainly on Sokehs Island) as a consequence of destructive typhoons in their home islands. A special census conducted in late 1947 shows

2200-590: The order of operations, reduplication of the word sel ("tired") progresses thus: * selsel > *sessel (liquid assimilation) > sensel (nasal substitution). In this case, the same result is achieved by nasal substitution alone. Pohnpeian word order is nominally SVO . Depending on the grammatical function, the head may come before or after its dependents. Like many Austronesian languages , Pohnpeian focus marking interacts with transitivity and relative clauses (see Austronesian alignment ). Its range of grammatically acceptable sentence structures

2255-442: The orthography, Pohnpeian spelling uses -h to mark a long vowel, rather like German: dohl 'mountain'. The IPA equivalents of written Pohnpeian are as follows: Pohnpeian phonotactics generally allow syllables consisting of consonants (C) and vowels (V) accordingly: V, VC, CV, CVC. This basic system is complicated by Pohnpeian orthographical conventions and phonological processes . Orthographically, ⟨i⟩

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2310-407: The prefix nan- ("in") produces: Partial assimilation also occurs across word boundaries: kilin pwihk is pronounced [kilimʷ pʷiːk] . The allophone of /n/ is written "n" in these cases. In complete nasal assimilation, /n/ assimilates into adjacent liquid consonants to produce /ll/ or /rr/ : lin + linenek > lillinenek ("oversexed," spelling change from reduplication); nanrek

2365-563: The pronunciation and spelling of consonant clusters, triggered variously by reduplication and assimilation into neighboring sounds. Sound changes, especially in reduplication, are often reflected by a change in spelling. However, processes triggered by affixes as well as adjacent words are not indicated in spelling. In order to inflect, derive, and pronounce Pohnpeian words properly, the order of operations must generally begin with liquid assimilation, followed by nasal assimilation, and end with nasal substitution. First, liquid assimilation

2420-486: The two reports together provided the first real knowledge of Pohnpei. It is not clear who the next visitors were; however, when Capt. J.H. Eagleston of the barque Peru sighted the island on 3 January 1832, it was already on his charts as "Ascension Island." Riesenberg writes that it is uncertain who first called it Ascension Island, but the name became established until the Spanish period. From this time onward, whaling and trading vessels came in increasing numbers. Very soon

2475-607: The war, Japanese nationals were repatriated to Japan by the US Navy. The Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence in 1986 after being administered by the United States under UN auspices since 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands . The highest point of the island is Mount Nanlaud at 772 or 782 metres. Pohnpei is home to several dozen bird species including four endemic species,

2530-784: The western coastline of the Bering Sea , the Bonin Islands off Japan , and the Carolines , although he discovered only one new island ( Eauripik , the expedition is noted for having visited every inhabited island in the Caroline Islands (with the exception of Yap ) and for compiling an extensive ethnographic account. In particular, the expedition spent three weeks in the Nomoi Islands , which had been last visited by Pedro Quiros in 1565. The team collected over 8000 plant, animal and mineral samples. In 1835, Lütke

2585-526: The work of Watson. Pohnpei (as Ponape) plays a role in several stories of the Cthulhu Mythos by H. P. Lovecraft and others. Its role in " Out of the Aeons ", by Lovecraft and Hazel Heald , was inspired by the ruins of Nan Madol (see above), which had already been used as the setting for a lost race story by Abraham Merritt , The Moon Pool , in which the islands are called Nan-Matal. Pohnpei

2640-540: The world cruise on the Senyavin , sailing from Kronstadt and rounding Cape Horn . At the beginning, he was accompanied from Copenhagen and the Baltic Sea by Capt. Mikhail Nikolaievich Staniukovich who was in command of the sloop Möller . The scientific team included Heinrich von Kittlitz (ornithologist), Karl Heinrich Mertens (botanist) and Alexander Postels (mineralogist). During this voyage he described

2695-679: The world on the Russian corvette Seniavin Lütke arrived at Sitka in 1827. From there he sailed to Unalaska , surveying the Pribilof Islands , St. Matthew Island and the Commander Islands , before arriving to Petropavlovsk , a harbor which he used as a base for further surveys along the Siberian coast all the way to St. Lawrence Bay by the Bering Strait . After finally returning to Kronstadt Litke published

2750-460: Was Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on 14 September 1529 shortly before his death, when trying to find the way back to New Spain . He charted it as San Bartolomé and called this one and the surrounding islands as Los Pintados (literally, "the painted ones" in Spanish) because the natives were frequently tattooed. It was later visited by the navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , commanding

2805-681: Was a Russian navigator , geographer , and Arctic explorer . He became a count in 1866, and an admiral in 1855. He was a corresponding member (1829), Honorable Member (1855), and President (1864) of the Russian Academy of Science in St. Petersburg . He was also an Honorable Member of many other Russian and foreign scientific establishments, and a corresponding member of the French Academy of Science in Paris . Friedrich came from

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2860-607: Was appointed Chairman of the Naval Scientific Committee in 1846. Lütke was a commander-in-chief and a military governor of the ports of Reval (today's Tallinn ) and later Kronstadt in 1850–1857. In 1855, Litke became a member of the Russian State Council ( Государственный совет in Russian; a legislative entity that predated the Duma , which came into existence only in 1906). In 1873,

2915-639: Was appointed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia as tutor of his second son, Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaievich of Russia . Lütke was the first one to come up with the idea of a recording tide measurer (1839). They were built and installed along the coastlines of the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in 1841. Lütke was one of the organizers of the Russian Geographical Society and its president in 1845–1850 and 1857–1872. He

2970-531: Was declared a national historic site in 1985. Pohnpei contains a wealth of biodiversity . It is one of the wettest places on Earth with annual recorded rainfall exceeding 7,600 mm (300 in) each year in certain mountainous locations. It is home to the ka tree ( Terminalia carolinensis ) found only in Pohnpei and Kosrae . The name Pohnpei comes from the Pohnpeian language , literally meaning "upon

3025-753: Was located in Kolonia, until its closure in 2012. Pohnpeian language Pohnpeian features a " high language ", referred to as Meing or Mahsen en Meing including specialized vocabulary used when speaking to, or about people of high rank. Pohnpeian is most closely related to the Chuukic languages of Chuuk (formerly Truk). Ngatikese , Pingelapese and Mwokilese of the Pohnpeic languages are closely related languages to Pohnpeian. Pohnpeian shares 81% lexical similarity with Pingelapese, 75% with Mokilese, and 36% with Chuukese . Pohnpeian employs

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