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34-467: The area became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. Following the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, it formed part of the duchies of Silesia and Oleśnica . In 1742, it passed under the suzerainty of Prussia . It was established in 1748 as a hunting lodge by Duke Charles Christian Erdmann, a scion of the House of Württemberg , whose ancestors had been enfeoffed with

68-726: A re-unification of the Polish lands under the Silesian Piasts ended with the Mongol invasion of Poland and Henry's death at the 1241 Battle of Legnica . His eldest son Bolesław II the Bald could not prevail as High Duke against Bolesław V the Chaste of Lesser Poland and, after he regained Lubusz upon the death of his brother Mieszko in 1242, finally had to divide his Silesian heritage with his younger brothers in 1248: The subdivision of

102-632: A result, the brothers divided the duchy among themselves; the first partition of many which led to the creation of numerous Silesian duchies in the following centuries: After a revolt by Bolesław's eldest son, Jarosław , who feared for his heritage, his father ceded him a strip of land around Opole , for the first time creating the Duchy of Opole . In turn Jarosław had to prepare for an ecclesiastical career and remain celibate . Likewise Bolesław's and Mieszko's youngest brother, Konrad Spindleshanks , when he came of age claimed his rights and about 1177 received

136-605: A whole had become a Bohemian fief according to the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin, these lordships – except for the state countries of Bytom and Pszczyna – returned to the Polish Crown . As the Silesian Province ( Polish : dzielnica śląska ), the duchy was one of five main provinces established in medieval Poland according to the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty . By the terms of the will from 1138–1146 it

170-723: The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia in 1742. The duchies which had remained in Poland were subsequently annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia ( New Silesia ) and the Habsburg monarchy ( Galicia ) during the 18th century Partitions of Poland . The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia lasted as a crown land of Cisleithanian Austria until 1918, whereupon it was divided between the Second Polish Republic ( Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship ) and Czechoslovakia ( Czech Silesia ) after

204-632: The Polish–Czechoslovak War of 1919. Sob%C4%9Bslav I, Duke of Bohemia Soběslav I (also Sobeslaus ; c.  1075 – 14 February 1140) was Duke of Bohemia from 1125 until his death in 1140. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty , the youngest son of Vratislaus II (d. 1092), by his third wife Świętosława of Poland . Soběslav is first documented about 1107, when he and his elder brother Duke Bořivoj II were expelled by their Přemyslid relative Svatopluk of Olomouc and fled to

238-668: The Vistula–Oder Offensive of the Red Army , and the palace was destroyed. After the war, in 1945, the territory became again part of Poland. The Baroque Sophia's Church finished in 1775 is preserved, as is the extended English garden laid out by the Württemberg dukes. An annual Carl Maria von Weber festival is held to commemorate the composer's stay. Pokój's coat of arms shows the Württemberg three black antlers on

272-669: The Austrian Habsburg monarchy until King Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740 and annexed most of it during the First Silesian War . The bulk of the duchy, enlarged by the County of Kladsko and Upper Lusatian territories annexed from Saxony , was subsequently reorganized as part of the Prussian Province of Silesia , while the duchies remaining under Austrian control were reconstituted as

306-716: The Bohemian kingdom when he died without male heirs three months later. Silesia was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown , after King Casimir III had acknowledged the acquisition by the 1348 Treaty of Namslau with King Charles IV — except for the Upper Silesian duchies of Oświęcim and Zator, which in the 16th century were integrated in the Polish Kraków Voivodeship , as well as

340-599: The Duchy of Siewierz, that was purchased by the Archbishop of Kraków in 1443. As Henry VI left no male heirs, his lands were inherited by King John of Bohemia . The following maps illustrate continuing fragemtarization of the Duchy of Silesia, and shifting borders of the individual smaller duchies. After the inheritance of Bohemia by the House of Habsburg in 1526, the Silesian duchies gradually passed under control of

374-565: The Lower Silesian lands around Głogów ; leading to the first creation of the Duchy of Głogów . However, Bolesław I outlived both his youngest brother and his son, and both territories fell back to him in 1190 and 1201 resp. Bolesław I died in the same year and was succeeded by his only surviving son Henry I the Bearded , who soon entered into conflict with his Piast relatives as well as with his German neighbours. In 1202 he had to face

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408-634: The Romans in 1138, tried to amend relations between the thrones of Bohemia and Germany. At the Reichstag of Bamberg in the same year, he gave Soběslav the hereditary dignity of the archcupbearer of the Holy Roman Empire and the promise to vest his eldest son Vladislaus with Bohemia upon his death. The duke's reign saw the foundation of many new German colonies in Czech lands in the course of

442-678: The Silesian Duchy of Oels (Oleśnica) in 1649. The adjacent settlement erected in 1763 with its streets radiating out from the ducal palace was modeled on and named after the Baden residence of Karlsruhe . The Polish name of the village was Pokój . When the Oels fiefdom fell to the Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1792, Charles Christian Erdmann's cousin Duke Eugen of Württemberg retained

476-537: The Silesian duchies increased over the following generations and accompanied the fragmentation of Poland . Henry's III son Henry IV Probus upon the death of his uncle Władysław in 1270 ruled at Wrocław and in 1288 even became High Duke of Poland, until the male line became extinct with his death in 1290. He was succeeded by his cousin Duke Henry V the Fat , son of Henry's III brother Bolesław II, who once again re-united

510-479: The brothers rose again and Soběslav was once more expelled. Nevertheless, as the last surviving son of Vratislaus II, he succeeded to the ducal throne after Duke Vladislaus' death in 1125. From the beginning, his rule was contested by Otto II the Black , the younger brother of Svatopluk, who gained support not only from Vladislaus's widow Richeza of Berg , but also from King Lothair III of Germany . Soběslav therefore

544-672: The court of their maternal cousin Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland . After Svatopluk was assassinated during the Battle of Głogów in 1109, Bořivoj's attempts to regain the Bohemian throne failed. In the following fratricidal war that followed the battle, Bořivoj's younger brother Vladislaus I prevailed, backed by King Henry V of Germany . Later the brothers reconciled and Soběslav was vested with rule at Brno and Znojmo in Moravia from 1115 until 1123, when tensions between

578-546: The duchies of Wrocław and Legnica under his personal rule. The duchy lost its southern territories in 1290–1291, i.e. the Kłodzko Land , which passed to Bohemia, and the towns of Świdnica , Rychbach , Ząbkowice , Ziębice and Strzelin , which passed to the Duchy of Jawor after Duke Bolko I the Strict of Jawor supported Henry V's assumption of the Duchy of Wrocław. Nevertheless, upon the death of Henry V in 1296, his heritage

612-572: The former Milceni lands around Bautzen (later Upper Lusatia ) with the boundary running along the Bóbr and Kwisa rivers. Silesia was limited by the Polish provinces of Greater Poland in the north and the Seniorate Province of Lesser Poland in the east, separated by the Przemsza and Biała rivers. The boundaries varied slightly in the following decades: at least when the duchy

646-519: The former vassal - suzerain relationship, as King Lothair was released on condition of Soběslav's investiture with Bohemia. Throughout his reign, Soběslav continued to possess the Olomouc duchy, but his rule in Bohemia was again undermined by his nephew Bretislaus, son of Soběslav's eldest brother Duke Bretislaus II (d. 1100). Young Bretislaus referred to the principle of agnatic seniority and had

680-639: The invasion of his uncle Mieszko I, who, still dissatisfied with the 1172 partition, annexed the Opole territory of late Jarosław. The Duchy of Opole remained with the estates of Mieszko's descendants, whereby the secession of Upper Silesia was conclusive. In 1206 Henry I came to an agreement with the Polish High Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks to swap Lubusz Land for the Greater Polish Kalisz region. The plan however

714-506: The remaining Duchy of Wrocław as well as most other duchies ruled by the Silesian Piasts passed under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bohemia as the Duchies of Silesia . The acquisition was completed when King Casimir III the Great of Poland renounced his rights to Silesia in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin . During the time of its establishment, the Silesian lands covered the basin of

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748-626: The right, and the Upper Silesian eagle of the Dukes of Opole on the left side. Duchy of Silesia The Duchy of Silesia ( Polish : Księstwo śląskie , German : Herzogtum Schlesien , Czech : Slezské knížectví ) with its capital at Wrocław was a medieval provincial duchy of Poland located in the region of Silesia . Soon after it was formed under the Piast dynasty in 1138, it fragmented into various Silesian duchies. In 1327,

782-598: The support of the Moravian dukes Conrad II of Znojmo and Vratislaus II of Brno, as well as of the church party under Bishop Meinhard of Prague . In June 1130, the conspiracy was discovered and thwarted with much bloodshed. The dukes survived and continued to rule, but Bretislaus was blinded. Upon the accession of his brother-in-law King Bela II of Hungary in 1131, he became entangled in an armed conflict with Duke Bolesław III of Poland, who supported Bela's rival Boris Kalamanos . Conrad III of Hohenstaufen , elected King of

816-429: The town and palace of Carlsruhe as a fee tail . In the winter of 1806-07, he hosted the young composer Carl Maria von Weber , who wrote his two symphonies ( Jähns 50/51) here. In 1842, the village had a population of 2,069. In the mid-19th century, the residents spoke mostly Polish and German. In 1847 Carlsruhe received the status of a spa town ( Bad ). In 1871 Carlsruhe together with the Prussian Province of Silesia

850-604: The upper and middle Oder river. In the south the Sudetes mountain range up to the Moravian Gate formed the border with the lands of Bohemia – including Kłodzko Land – and Moravia . After a more than century-long struggle, the boundary had just been determined by an 1137 agreement with the Bohemian duke Soběslav I . In the west Lower Silesia bordered on the German March of Lusatia (later Lower Lusatia ) and

884-654: Was able to secure the succession of his son Henry II the Pious upon his death in 1238, it seemed that the Polish fragmentation could be overcome and the will of Bolesław III Krzywousty would finally be fulfilled. Henry II in 1239 had to resign the regency of Upper Silesia in favour of his cousin Mieszko II the Fat . He anew defended Lubusz, this time against the forces of the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg , and in 1241 granted it to his second son Mieszko . The hopes for

918-644: Was again partitioned among his sons. The second, Duke Henry VI the Good , in order to ward off claims raised by his elder brother Duke Bolesław III the Generous of Legnica, in 1327 signed an inheritance treaty with King John of Bohemia , like most of the Silesian duchies had been vassalized by the Kingdom of Bohemia in the early 14th century. As the Polish king Casimir III in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin had renounced Silesia, Henry's VI duchy passed without opposition to

952-537: Was an adversary of the German monarchy throughout his reign and began by using the divisiveness of the 1125 election of King Lothair against rival Duke Frederick II of Swabia to further Bohemian independence. When Soběslav decided to dethrone Otto II from Olomouc , the despoiled prince recoursed to the German king. Lothair III declared that no one could succeed to the Bohemian throne without Imperial investiture and proceeded to invade on behalf of Otto II. This, however,

986-514: Was controlled by the Senior Duke of Poland or High duke , Bolesław's first-born son Władysław II the Exile , who also held the Duchy of Kraków. The testament however failed to prevent a violent inheritance conflict between Władysław and his younger half-brothers, who allied against him. After his failed bid to take control of the entire Kingdom in 1146, he lost his status as the senior duke,

1020-462: Was dangerous to the interests of the local nobility, and they rallied around Soběslav. On 18 February 1126, the German and Moravian troops under Lothair met the Bohemian forces at the Battle of Chlumec , a frontier fortress at the border with the March of Meissen . Soběslav routed and captured King Lothair, while Otto II was killed in battle. However, the relationship between the two countries returned to

1054-664: Was excommunicated by Archbishop Jakub ze Żnina of Gniezno and fled to the Holy Roman Empire . The duchy was then under control of his half-brother High Duke Bolesław IV the Curly . With support from Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , who had campaigned in Greater Poland in 1157 and forced Bolesław IV to cede Silesia, Władysław's sons were able to return to the duchy in 1163. As long as they were under pressure by High Duke Bolesław IV, they ruled jointly at Wrocław , until tensions between them erupted into an open conflict in 1172. As

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1088-705: Was foiled, when Władysław III lost the seniorate and furthermore Lubusz was occupied by the troops of the Wettin margrave Conrad II of Lusatia. Duke Henry had to struggle for his northwestern outpost, which he regained upon the margrave's death in 1210. He had to defend Lubusz once more against the campaigns of Landgrave Louis IV of Thuringia from 1221. Upon the death of his cousin Duke Casimir I of Opole , son of Mieszko I Tanglefoot, in 1230, he acted as guardian of his minor nephews, thereby once again ruling over whole Silesia. In 1232 he became High Duke of Poland, and as he

1122-588: Was incorporated into the German Empire . Four annual fairs were held in the village in the late 19th century. In the final stages of World War II , a German-organized death march of Allied prisoners of war from the Stalag Luft 7 POW camp stopped in the village on 20 January 1945, and the POWs slept in an abandoned brickyard. The village was heavily bombarded during the end of World War II following

1156-612: Was re-established for the sons of Władysław II the Exile in 1163 (see below), it also comprised Lubusz Land northwest of Krosno , which had been the western outpost of Greater Poland and passed to the margraves of Brandenburg in 1248. In 1177 the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just attached the former Lesser Polish castellanies of Bytom , Oświęcim , Zator , Siewierz und Pszczyna to Upper Silesia in favour of Duke Mieszko IV Tanglefoot . After Silesia as

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