Misplaced Pages

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104-667: The Pokagon are descendants of the residents of allied Potawatomi villages that were historically located along the St. Joseph , Paw Paw and Kalamazoo rivers in what are now southwest Michigan and northern Indiana. They were the only Potawatomi band to gain permission from the United States government to remain in Michigan after Indian removal in the 1830s. The tribe has been federally recognized since 1994 legislation affirmed its status; it has established self-government. Some believe

208-479: A cool roof , a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels . Green roofs are also referred to as eco-roofs , oikosteges , vegetated roofs , living roofs , greenroofs and VCP H (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions) Green roofs improve and reduce energy consumption. They can reduce heating by adding mass and thermal resistance value, and can reduce the heat island effect by increasing evapotranspiration . A 2005 study by Brad Bass of

312-529: A 40 °C day in summer revealed that the surface temperature on the roof had reached 84 °C, while the shadows cast by the plants had reduced the surface temperature on the roof to 51 °C. The city of Toronto approved a by-law in May 2009 mandating green roofs on residential and industrial buildings. There is criticism from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities that the new laws are not stringent enough, since they will only apply to residential building that are

416-636: A centre for contemporary dance in London, has a brown roof specifically designed to encourage the nationally rare black redstart . A green roof, 160 m (520 ft) above ground level, and claimed to be the highest in the UK and Europe "and probably in the world" to act as nature reserve, is on the Barclays Bank HQ in Canary Wharf . Designed combining the principles of green and brown roofs, it

520-491: A committee that is focused on modern green roof technology. FLL stands for Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V. (German Landscape Research, Development and Construction Society). The FLL is an independent non-profit organization. It was founded in 1975 by eight professional organizations for "the improvement of environmental conditions through the advancement and dissemination of plant research and its planned applications". The FLL green roof working group

624-571: A community center. In a competition for federal stimulus funds, the Pokagon were granted $ 2 million from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to build a planned community center at their tribal center in Dowagiac. The 8,500-square-foot (790 m) building has been designed to satisfy Silver LEED standards, and incorporates a number of innovations to reduce its energy use and create

728-638: A dramatic effect on maximum surface temperatures, keeping temperatures below the 1961–1990 current form case for all time periods and emissions scenarios. Roof greening makes the biggest difference…where the building proportion is high and the evaporative fraction is low. Thus, the largest difference was made in the town centers". Industrial brownfield sites can be valuable ecosystems, supporting rare species of plants, animals and invertebrates. Increasingly in demand for redevelopment, these habitats are under threat. "Brown roofs", also known as "biodiverse roofs", can partly mitigate this loss of habitat by covering

832-429: A green roof is the ability to sequester carbon. Carbon is the main component of plant matter and is naturally absorbed by plant tissue. The carbon is stored in the plant tissue and the soil substrate through plant litter and root exudates. A study on green roofs in Michigan and Maryland found the above ground biomass and below ground substrate stored on average between 168 g C m and 107 g C m . Variations occurred among

936-516: A green roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1.4–4.4 °C (2.5–7.9 °F) cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, where their use is encouraged by regulations to combat the urban heat-island effect. Green roofs are a type of low impact development . In

1040-849: A large scale. The City of Linz in Austria has been paying developers to install green roofs since 1983, and in Switzerland, it has been a federal law since the late 1990s. In the UK, their uptake has been slow, but a number of cities have developed policies to encourage their use, notably London and Sheffield. Green roofs are also becoming increasingly popular in North America, although they are not as common as in some parts of Europe. Numerous North American cities offer tax incentives to developers who integrate green roofs in their buildings. Toronto and San Francisco legally mandate new buildings to include green roofs. Rooftop water purification

1144-487: A minimum of maintenance, perhaps a once-yearly weeding or an application of slow-release fertiliser to boost growth. Extensive roofs are usually only accessed for maintenance. They can be established on a very thin layer of soil (most use specially formulated composts): even a thin layer of rockwool laid directly onto a watertight roof can support a planting of Sedum species and mosses . Some green roof designs incorporate both intensive and extensive elements. To protect

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1248-579: A minimum of six stories high. By 31 January 2011, industrial buildings were required to render 10% or 2,000 m (22,000 sq ft) of their roofs green. Toronto City Hall 's Podium roof was renovated to include a 3,000 m (32,000 square feet) rooftop garden, the largest publicly accessible roof in the city. The green roof was opened to the public in June 2010. Many green roofs in Canada also use sustainable rainwater harvesting practices. In 2008,

1352-448: A mix of brick rubble and some concrete has been used. The original idea was to allow the roofs to self-colonise with plants, but they are sometimes seeded to increase their biodiversity potential in the short term. Such practices are derided by purists. The roofs are colonised by spiders and insects (many of which are becoming extremely rare in the UK as such sites are developed) and provide a feeding site for insectivorous birds. Laban ,

1456-527: A residential building through open windows. The additional mass of the soil substrate and retained water places a large strain on the structural support of a building. This makes it unlikely for intensive green roofs to become widely implemented due to a lack of buildings that are able to support such a large amount of added weight as well as the added cost of reinforcing buildings to be able to support such weight. Some types of green roofs do have more demanding structural standards especially in seismic regions of

1560-427: A simpler design than flat green roofs. This is because the pitch of the roof reduces the risk of water penetrating through the roof structure, allowing the use of fewer waterproofing and drainage layers. In ancient times green roofs consisted of cave-like structures or sod roofs covered with earth and plants commonly used for agriculture, dwelling, and ceremonial purposes. These early shelters provided protection from

1664-416: A standard roof. Standard maintenance include removing debris, controlling weeds, deadhead trimming, checking moisture levels, and fertilizing. The maintenance energy use for green roofs has many variables including: climate, intensity of rainfall, type of building, type of vegetation, and external coatings. The most significant effect comes from scarce rainfall which will increase the maintenance energy due to

1768-683: A sustainable building: including a green roof , thick concrete flooring to act as a heat sink , windows to the south to gain winter sun and heat, and geothermal systems. In 2018 the Field Museum in Chicago, which stands on Pokagon land, included a tribal member in its advisory committee of scholars and museum professionals. The committee is tasked with informing the transformation of the Native North American Hall to incorporate perspectives and voices of Native peoples and Indigenous nations. A decreasing number of elders among

1872-418: A vital habitat for resident species as well, such as wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), coyote ( Canis latrans ), fox, beaver ( Castor canadensis ), mink ( Neogale vison ), Indiana bat ( Myotis sodalis ), eastern box turtle ( Terrapene carolina carolina ), and the rare spotted turtle ( Clemmys guttata ) and northern redbelly snake ( Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata ), both protected by

1976-558: A wall of water, 3 to 5 feet (0.91 to 1.52 m) high, up the river at St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. This raised the level of the river by 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 m). The cause of the seiche was unknown, but has been attributed to a sudden squall or change in atmospheric pressure. Factories located in South Bend because of access to the river and hydro-power created in the East and West Races. The water rights to what would become

2080-651: A wide meandering route generally northwest through Niles and past Berrien Springs . Just North of Niles it receives the Dowagiac River . It divides St. Joseph and Benton Harbor , receiving the Paw Paw River from the north approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from its mouth in St. Joseph on Lake Michigan. There are 190 dams in the St. Joseph River watershed, and 17 on the river mainstem. Most of these dams block fish passage, although fish ladders constructed on

2184-561: Is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane . It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater . Vegetation, soil, drainage layer, roof barrier and irrigation system constitute

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2288-581: Is a full-service police department, servicing all areas within the Tribe's jurisdiction. The Tribal Police are charged with enforcing federal, state, and local laws, including the Pokagon Band Code of Offenses. The Pokagon Band Gaming Commission was established the in 2007 as an independent subdivision. The Gaming Commission regulates all gaming conducted within Pokagon Band jurisdiction under

2392-673: Is already home to a range of rare invertebrates. Green roofs have been increasing in popularity in Australia over the past 10 years. Some of the early examples include the Freshwater Place residential tower in Melbourne (2002) with its Level 10 rooftop Half Acre Garden, CH2 building housing the Melbourne City Council (2006) – Australia's first 6-star Green Star Design commercial office building as certified by

2496-509: Is also being implemented in green roofs. These forms of green roofs are actually treatment ponds built into the rooftops. They are built either from a simple substrate (as being done in Dongtan ) or with plant-based ponds. Plants used include calamus , Menyanthes trifoliata , Mentha aquatica , etc. ) Several studies have been carried out in Germany since the 1970s. Berlin is one of

2600-876: Is building a hydroelectric dam on the waterway. The project was funded by the University of Notre Dame . Two sites in the river basin, Moccasin Bluff and Fort St. Joseph , are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Carey Mission , Fort Miami , and Burnett Trading Post are listed as State Registered Historic Sites . Before European settlement, the watershed was dominated by deciduous forests consisting of maple, ash, oak, elm, walnut, and beech species, along with pockets of white, red and jack pine species. There were also prairies up to several miles across, which were grazed by elk ( Cervus canadensis ), white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), moose ( Alces alces ), and bison ( Bison bison ). By 1900

2704-414: Is equivalent to 6448 g C m which is significantly greater than 378 g C m Criteria for waste management practices when green roofs reach their end-of-life remain uncodified. Both sod roofs and LWA-based (Lightweight Aggregates) roofs have been found to have a negative impact on the quality of their resulting runoff. Green roofs can be categorized as intensive, semi-intensive, or extensive, depending on

2808-408: Is estimated that the cost of replacing a green roof is generally one third of the initial installation costs. With the initial cost of installing a green roof in mind, there are many financial benefits that accompany green roofing. The main disadvantage of green roofs is that the initial cost of installing a green roof can be double that of a normal roof. Depending on what kind of green roof it is,

2912-455: Is glassed-in so as to act as a terrarium and passive solar heat reservoir. A concentration of green roofs in an urban area can even reduce the city's average temperatures during the summer, combating the urban heat island effect . Traditional building materials soak up the sun's radiation and re-emit it as heat, making cities at least 4 °C (7.2 °F) hotter than surrounding areas. On Chicago's City Hall, by contrast, which features

3016-710: Is only one of 40 committees which have published a long list of guidelines and labor instructions. Some of these guidelines also available in English including the German FLL-Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites. The results of the research and synthesis done by FLL members are constantly updated and promulgated utilizing the same principles which govern the compilation of DIN standards and are published as either guiding principles or labor instructions. The current Green Roof Guideline

3120-799: Is the third largest watershed draining to Lake Michigan. The land within its bounds is primarily used for agriculture . The river and its tributaries provide a variety of paddling and fishing environments. Historically, the river served as an important canoe transportation route for various Native American tribes, and for French Canadian Voyageurs . The St. Joseph River watershed drains 4,685 square miles (12,130 km ) from 15 counties: Berrien , Branch , Calhoun , Cass , Hillsdale , Kalamazoo , St. Joseph and Van Buren in Michigan and DeKalb , Elkhart , Kosciusko , LaGrange , Noble , St. Joseph and Steuben in Indiana. The watershed includes 3,742 river miles (6,022 km) and flows through and near

3224-543: The Green Building Council of Australia , and Condor Tower (2005) with a 75-square-metre (810-square-foot) lawn on the 4th floor. Since 2008, city councils and influential business groups in Australia have become active promoting the benefits of green roofs. "The Blueprint to Green Roof Melbourne" is one program being run by the Committee for Melbourne . In 2010, the largest Australian green roof project

Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-529: The Illinois Country . European American settlement of the St. Joseph river basin area began to increase in earnest after southwestern Michigan was surveyed in 1829. From the early 1830s until 1846, the river bore various commodities from upstream to a busy port at St. Joseph, where they were loaded onto lake boats for shipment to Chicago and elsewhere. On April 11, 1893, a Lake Michigan seiche (a phenomenon similar to an ocean tsunami ) pushed

3432-657: The Ojibwe and Odawa Anishinaabe peoples, they migrated west to the Great Lakes region some 500–800 years ago in a "Great Migration." The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians were party to 11 treaties with the federal government, with the major land cession being under the 1833 Treaty of Chicago . During the Indian removals , many Potawatomi bands were moved west, but Chief Leopold Pokagon negotiated to keep his Potawatomi band of 280 people in southwestern Michigan. They were

3536-804: The Old Sauk Trail , a major east-west Indian trail, crossed the river. The indigenous trade and navigation networks in the area allowed for extensive trade and movement of people, which allowed early Europeans access to the area in 1675 when Père Jacques Marquette was guided up the Mississippi River via the Illinois River , then to the Kankakee River and portaged to Sakiwasipi and then down to Lake Michigan. On November 1, 1679 René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sailed southeast across Lake Michigan and built Fort Miami at

3640-564: The Potawatomi Chief Baw Beese . The river follows a zigzag route generally westward across southern Michigan, dipping into northern Indiana. From its headwaters, it flows initially northwest past Hillsdale into southeastern Calhoun County , then turns abruptly southwest to flow past Tekonsha , Union City , Sherwood , and Mendon . At Three Rivers it is joined from the north by the Rocky and Portage rivers, and by

3744-517: The Potawatomi and early settlers used spears, seines and dip nets to catch their annual supply of fish. The abundance of lake sturgeon made the area around Niles famous in the mid-to late-1800s. Fish up to 12 feet (3.7 m) long and 300 pounds (140 kg) were taken by anglers, and their roe was exported to Russia as caviar. Sturgeon used to migrate as far as Hillsdale County, Michigan , and Sturgeon Lake near Colon, Michigan , still bears

3848-741: The Prairie River from the east, after making an abrupt turn south. At Constantine it receives the Fawn River from the east. Next, after returning to a southwest course, it receives the Pigeon River from the east, near the Michigan– Indiana state line. In northern Indiana, the river flows west-southwest through Elkhart , Mishawaka , and South Bend , where it turns abruptly to north to re-enter southwestern Michigan in southeastern Berrien County . In southwestern Michigan, it follows

3952-431: The University of Toronto showed that green roofs can also reduce heat loss and energy consumption in winter conditions. A modeling study found that adding green roofs to 50 percent of the available surfaces in downtown Toronto would cool the entire city by 0.1 to 0.8 °C (0.2 to 1.4 °F). Through evaporative cooling , a green roof reduces cooling loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent, especially if it

4056-670: The Vancouver Convention Centre installed a 2.4-hectare (6-acre) living roof of indigenous plants and grasses on its West building, making it the largest green roof in Canada. The new Canadian War Museum in Ottawa , opened in 2005, also features a grass-covered roof. During the renovation of the Hamilton City Hall in Hamilton, Ontario that spanned from 2007 to 2010, many efforts were taken to enhance

4160-608: The salmonid runs were extended to the Twin Branch Dam in Indiana, a distance of 63 miles (101 km) from Lake Michigan. This enabled the trout and salmon to spawn in coldwater tributaries such as McCoy Creek . Although completion of fish ladders on the lowest five mainstem dams in 1992 allowed salmonine passage as far as Twin Branch Dam in Mishawaka, Indiana , 94% of the fish that pass are salmon and trout, as

4264-602: The salmonids to run an additional 10 miles (16 km) upstream to the Buchanan Dam. In 1980 the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Indiana Department of Natural Resources and United States Fish and Wildlife Service signed the "St. Joseph River Interstate Cooperative Salmonid Management Plan", which led to construction of fish ladders at the Buchanan, Niles, South Bend and Mishawaka dams. By 1992

Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-476: The 1960s, and has since spread to many countries. Today, it is estimated that about 10% of all German roofs have been "greened". A number of European Countries have very active associations promoting green roofs, including Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, the UK, and Greece. Germany was the first country to start developing green roof systems and market them on

4472-466: The EPA, found water runoff was reduced by over 75% during rainstorms. Water is stored by the roof's substrate and then taken up by the plants, from which it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation. Green roofs decrease the total amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into

4576-604: The East and West Races were claimed by Alexis Coquillard and Lathrop Taylor in 1831, when the city of South Bend was founded. Although the idea of digging a mill race (man-made canal) was put forth in 1835, a dam and the East and West Races were not constructed until 1843. The construction was done by the South Bend Manufacturing Company, incorporated in December 1842 for this very purpose. The South Bend Manufacturing Company thus became owner of

4680-726: The Gaming Regulatory Act, the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , and the tribal-state Gaming Compact between the Band and the State of Michigan and Indiana . St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan) The St. Joseph River (known locally as the St. Joe ) is a 210-mile-long (340 km) river that flows in a generally westerly direction through southern Michigan and northern Indiana , United States , before emptying into Lake Michigan . The St. Joseph River drainage basin covers 4,685 square miles (12,130 km ), and

4784-525: The International School in Lyon. Another huge green roof of roughly 8,000 m (86,000 square feet) has been incorporated into the new museum L'Historial de la Vendée which opened in June 2006 at Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne . Long-held green roof traditions started in the early industrialization period more than 100 years ago exist in Germany. In the 1970s, green roof technology was elevated to

4888-556: The Kalamazoo-Portage, Elkhart-Goshen, Mishawaka-South Bend, and St. Joseph/Benton Harbor metropolitan areas. The St. Joseph River main stem is 206 miles (332 km) long, rising in southern Michigan in Hillsdale County flowing from Baw Beese Lake , within 5 miles (8 km) of the headwaters of the other St. Joseph River of the eastward-flowing Maumee River watershed. Baw Beese Lake was historically named for

4992-624: The Oliver Chilled Plow Works constructed a hydro-electric power plant on the waterway to supply electricity for light, heat, and power to the Oliver Opera House, Oliver Hotel, South Bend factories, and other Oliver buildings. Other sources of energy and changes in technology resulted in the canals no longer being used for industrial purposes. In the late 1940s the Indiana and Michigan Electric Company purchased

5096-737: The Pokagon Band government. The Tribal Court Judiciary consists of the Chief Judge, one Associate Judge, and three Appellate Court Justices. All members of the Judiciary are appointed by the Tribal Council to serve staggered four (4)-year terms. The Pokagon Tribal Police Department was established in 2003 to provide direct law enforcement services to the tribal members and visitors in the ten-county tribal geographic boundaries in Michigan and Indiana . The Pokagon Tribal Police Department

5200-563: The Potawatomi bands speak the language, but the Pokagon are participating in a program to restore teaching and use of the language: See Potawatomi language § Language revitalization . Members of the tribal council, including the chairman, are elected by members of the tribe. By their positions, they also serve as members of the Pokagon Gaming Authority. The Tribal Judiciary is a separate and independent branch of

5304-546: The Potawatomi originated as a people along the Atlantic coastline at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Archaeologists say they migrated south from Ontario about 1,000 years ago. Other tribal elders, including Michael Williams, told that Potawatomi originated at the mouth of the Grand River at its mouth at Lake Michigan or along the St. Joseph River near Mishawaka, Indiana. Some followers believe over centuries, along with

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5408-416: The U.S. Department of Energy found a 2 percent reduction in electricity consumption and 9-11% reduction in natural gas when implementing green roofs. A properly designed and installed extensive green-roof system can cost $ 108–$ 248/m ($ 10–$ 23/sq ft) while an intensive green roof costs $ 355–$ 2,368/m ($ 33–$ 220/sq ft) However, since most of the materials used to build the green roof can be salvaged, it

5512-528: The atmosphere via condensation and transpiration , while retaining pollutants in their soil. Many green roofs are installed to comply with local regulations and government fees, often regarding stormwater runoff management. In areas with combined sewer-stormwater systems , heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood, dumping raw sewage into the local waterways. Often, phosphorus and nitrogen are in this category of environmentally harmful substances even though they are stimulating to

5616-418: The bee species recorded from green roofs (worldwide) highlights both the diversity of species, but also the (expected) bias towards small ground-nesting species (Hofmann and Renner, 2017). Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds and other wildlife facing shortages of natural habitat . Bats have also been reported to be more active over green roofs due to

5720-430: The case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. The Chicago City Hall green roof is one of the earliest and most well-known examples of green roofs in the United States; it was planted as an experiment to determine the effects a green roof would have on the microclimate of the roof. Following this and other studies, it has now been estimated that if all

5824-600: The casino were on the Las Vegas Strip , it would be the second largest there. Architecturally the casino's rotunda is built in the style of the Potawatomi people's traditional lodges. A second, satellite casino, Four Winds Hartford , opened in 2011 in Hartford, Michigan . The tribe opened a third, Four Winds Dowagiac , in 2013 in Dowagiac, Michigan . The band has been limited to three casinos by its 2008 compact with

5928-784: The cities and streets in the Michigan area have adopted Potawatomi names. As a federally recognized tribe, the Pokagon Band were able to develop and open in 2007 the Four Winds New Buffalo casino on the Pokagon Reservation. It is located in New Buffalo Township , near New Buffalo, Michigan . The casino is operated in accordance with the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and a compact with Michigan. It expanded in 2011 due to its success. The Chicago Tribune reported that if

6032-523: The conditions in the southern Europe are very different from those in the north and knowledge acquired there can't be directly applied to colder climates. The fifth dimension – Green roofs and walls in urban areas -research program aims to produce high-level scientific and broadly applicable knowledge on optimal green roof and -wall solutions in Finland. In France, an 8,000 m (86,000 square feet) extensive, cable-supported green roof has been created on

6136-733: The depth of planting medium and the amount of maintenance they need. Extensive green roofs traditionally support 50–120 kg/m (10–25 pounds per square foot) of vegetation while intensive roofs support 390–730 kg/m (80–150 pounds per square foot) of vegetation. Traditional roof gardens , which require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants or conventional lawns, are considered intensive because they are labour-intensive, requiring irrigation, feeding, and other maintenance. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees. Extensive green roofs, by contrast, are designed to be virtually self-sustaining and should require only

6240-455: The different species of plant used. Substrate carbon content averaged 913 g C m and after the subtraction of the original carbon content the total sequestration was 378 g C m . The sequestration can be improved by changing plant species, increasing substrate depth, substrate composition, and management practices. In a study done in Michigan above ground sequestration ranged from 64 g C m to 239 g C m for S. acre and S album. Also, by increasing

6344-712: The early 1980s, the East Race canal was re-excavated. It was converted to a man-made whitewater kayaking course, now known as the East Race Waterway. 41°40′34″N 86°14′42″W  /  41.676°N 86.245°W  / 41.676; -86.245 In 1984, the abandoned East Race canal in South Bend, whose outlets were both at the river, was converted into the East Race Waterway , North America's first artificial whitewater waterway and

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6448-572: The elements, good insulation during the winter months, and a cool location in the summer. Unfortunately for modern conveniences, these were neither waterproof nor was there any system to keep out unwanted burrowing wildlife. Modern green roofs, which are made of a system of manufactured layers deliberately placed over roofs to support growing medium and vegetation, are a relatively new phenomenon. However, green roofs or sod roofs in northern Scandinavia have been around for centuries. The modern trend started when green roofs were developed in Germany in

6552-421: The entire length of the main stem, if they are prepared to portage. Many of the larger tributaries offer opportunities for paddling, hiking, hunting, and fishing. A list of dams on the St. Joseph River. AKA Niles Dam Jack Mosley AKA Fairbanks Morse Dam St. Joseph River crossings are located in towns or cities within seven counties of two states . Green roof A green roof or living roof

6656-409: The environment, maximum shade and mass provide a colorful and functional living roof. The community has the largest number of green roofs in the country. In Egypt , soil-less agriculture is used to grow plants on the roofs of buildings. No soil is placed directly on the roof itself, thus eliminating the need for an insulating layer; instead, plants are grown on wooden tables. Vegetables and fruit are

6760-481: The environmentally friendly nature of the structure, which included the addition of a grass-covered roof. Simon Fraser University 's Burnaby campus contains a substantial number of green roofs. Canada's first LEED Platinum V4 Home in Wakefield QC, EcoHome's Edelweiss House, has a living Green Roof which is sloped at 12 degrees. Living green roofs have been built and grown at Saint Michael's Sustainable Community since 2012. Native plants, mostly flowers chosen for

6864-462: The first of four in the United States. Locals first proposed in 1973 that the 19th-century waterway be reopened; construction began in August 1982 and the East Race reopened on June 29, 1984. Through the use of movable barriers and obstacles, the East Race can be configured to provide a whitewater course for recreational and competitive canoeing, kayaking and rafting. In 2021, the East Race was temporarily closed for construction. The City of South Bend

6968-406: The fish, because the plants help to keep it clean by absorbing the ammonia. The fish also get some nutrients from the roots of the plants. In Finland, green roofs are still scarce. Some experimental green roofs have been built in big cities. However, the capital city of Helsinki has published guidelines for enhancing the building of green roofs in the city. There is on-going research on the topic as

7072-421: The flat roofs of new developments with a layer of locally sourced material. Construction techniques for brown roofs are typically similar to those used to create flat green roofs, the main difference being the choice of growing medium (usually locally sourced rubble, gravel, soil, etc...) to meet a specific biodiversity objective. In Switzerland, it is common to use alluvial gravels from the foundations; in London,

7176-522: The foraging opportunities these roofs provide. Research at the Javits Center green roof in New York, NY, has shown a correlation between higher numbers of certain insects on the roof, particularly moths, with an increased amount of bat foraging activity. Green roofs also serve as a green wall , filtering pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air, helping to lower rates of diseases such as asthma. They can also filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater. An additional environmental benefit of

7280-557: The green roof. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater , providing insulation , creating a habitat for wildlife, and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect . Green roofs are suitable for retrofit or redevelopment projects as well as new buildings and can be installed on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings. They effectively use

7384-503: The growth of plant life and agriculture. When these substances are added to a system, it can create mass biological activity since they are considered limiting factors of plant growth and by adding more of them to a system, it allows for more plant growth. Green roofs create natural habitat as part of an urban wilderness . Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has been found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds, bees and butterflies. A recent list of

7488-545: The headwaters in southwestern Michigan, where travelers could make a portage to the St. Joseph River of the Maumee River watershed, which drained into Lake Erie . The second major transfer point was at South Bend, Indiana, where a short portage to the nearby Kankakee River allowed access to the Illinois River and subsequently to the Mississippi. Another major access point along river was at Niles, Michigan, where

7592-496: The ladders were not designed to permit passage of migrating native fish. Historically, the migrating native species included lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ), bass (smallmouth and largemouth), redhorse (silver, golden, shorthead, river, and greater) ( Moxostoma ssp. ), walleye ( Sander vitreus ), lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ), northern pike ( Esox lucius ) and American pickerel ( E. americanus vermiculatus ). Every spring

7696-401: The lower dams allow salmonine passage as far as the Twin Branch Dam in Mishawaka, Indiana . But, the fish ladders are not adequate for many native species, such as sturgeon , and the dams tend to be built on the higher gradient portions of the river, which are the most critical river habitats for fish spawning. saakiiweesiipiiwi (Outlet River, also historically spelt Sakiwasipi ), as it

7800-427: The maintenance costs could be higher, but some types of green roof have little or no ongoing cost. Some kinds of green roofs also place higher demands on the waterproofing system of the structure, both because water is retained on the roof and due to the possibility of roots penetrating the waterproof membrane. Another disadvantage is that the wildlife they attract may include pest insects which could easily infiltrate

7904-405: The most advantageous qualities of extensive and intensive green roofs together. Comprehensive green roofs support plant varieties typically seen in intensive green roofs at the depth and weight of an extensive green roof system. Another important distinction is between pitched green roofs and flat green roofs. Pitched sod roofs , a traditional feature of many Scandinavian buildings, tend to be of

8008-609: The most important centers of green roof research in Germany. Particularly in the last 10 years, much more research has begun. About ten green roof research centers exist in the US and activities exist in about 40 countries. In a recent study on the impacts of green infrastructure , in particular green roofs in the Greater Manchester area, researchers found that adding green roofs can help keep temperatures down, particularly in urban areas: "adding green roofs to all buildings can have

8112-458: The most popular candidates, providing a fresh, healthy source of food that is free from pesticides. A more advanced method, ( aquaponics ), being used experimentally in Egypt, is farming fish next to plants in a closed cycle. This allows the plants to benefit from the ammonia excreted by the fish, helping the plants to grow better and at the same time eliminating the need for changing the water for

8216-594: The mouth of the river. La Salle named the river La Rivière des Miamis (River of the Miamis). At the end of 1679, La Salle followed indigenous trade routes in the opposite direction of that taken by Marquette; heading up the St. Joseph River and portaging to the Kankakee River, getting as far west on the Illinois River as modern-day Peoria, Illinois , before returning to Fort Miami. After giving up on

8320-453: The multifaceted services offered by FBB, which offers a greater degree of market expertise and competitiveness. "Kompetenz im Markt". Today, about 10,000,000 m (110,000,000 square feet) of new green roofs are being constructed each year. According latest studies about 3 ⁄ 4 of these are extensive; the last 1 ⁄ 4 are roof gardens. The cities with the most green roofs in Germany are Berlin and Stuttgart . Surveys about

8424-532: The name of this mighty fish. Now the spawning sturgeon rarely reach Niles, as they are impeded by the dam at Berrien Springs , reducing the length of the river used by them for spawning by 155 miles (249 km). Historically, ninety-seven species of fish were native to the St. Joseph River Basin. In 1994, the Friends of the St. Joe River (FotSJR), a non-profit conservation organization, was founded by Athens, Michigan , residents Al and Margaret Smith, to organize

8528-618: The natural functions of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban landscapes. There are two types of green roof: intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 16  in), and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 to 12.7 cm ( 13 ⁄ 16 to 5 in), lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal maintenance. The term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as

8632-418: The next level. Serious storm-water issues made cities think about innovative solutions, preferably with living plants. Modern green roof technology with high performance, lightweight materials were used to grow hardy vegetation even on roofs that can hardly support any additional load. In the 1980s modern green roof technology was common knowledge in Germany while it was practically unknown in any other country in

8736-657: The only Potawatomi band who did not remove west of the Mississippi River. Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Pokagon Band wanted to restore self-government and requested recognition as a tribe by the Department of the Interior , but were denied because of conditions of their treaties and the legislation. After years of petitioning, the Pokagon Band regained recognition in 1994 through legislation affirming their status. Many of

8840-517: The plan was developed, the river carried the greatest portion of atrazine into Lake Michigan. It is an agricultural herbicide associated with cancer even at low levels and is a very common contaminant of drinking water. The St. Joseph River is a trout and salmon sport fishery, encompassing 47 miles (76 km) of river in Michigan and 16 miles (26 km) in Indiana. The economic benefits to local Michigan and Indiana communities are estimated at several million dollars annually. Canoeists can travel

8944-589: The plants have been checked at regular intervals since their installation and are still growing and flowering. One species; Tillandsia bergeri , has grown from a single shoot to several thriving colonies. The project is now titled Tillandsia SWARM and has been expanded to include many other buildings across Australia, including Federation Square, National Gallery of Victoria and Essendon Airport. Godman has also experimented with Tillandsia plant screens that can be moved across skylights to create shade in summer and to allow in sun during winter. Temperature readings taken on

9048-607: The return of his ship, Le Griffon , in April 1680, he became the first European to walk the well traveled indigenous routes east across the Lower Peninsula of Michigan back to the Detroit River and Canada. The French established Fort St. Joseph at the crossroads of Old Sauk Trail and this well-established east–west trail in 1691. The watershed was later used as canoe route by early French fur trappers in

9152-496: The rights along the East Race canal. They began filling it in around 1954 for re-use for other purposes. In 1973 the Oliver Chilled Plow Works hydro-electric plant was demolished to make room for construction of the Century Center , which was completed in 1977. The West Race still exists as a canal North of Jefferson Boulevard and South of Colfax Avenue on the banks of Century Center, between Pier Park and Island Park. In

9256-479: The river communities to clean and restore the river. In 2002 FotSJR developed the St. Joseph River Watershed Management Plan, with grant support from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . The river delivers significant pollutants to Lake Michigan - including sewage overflows from riverside communities, sediments and toxic substances such as mercury and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). When

9360-436: The roof, a waterproofing membrane is often used, which is manufactured to remain watertight in extreme conditions including constant dampness, ponding water, high and low alkaline conditions and exposure to plant roots, fungi and bacterial organisms. Advances in green roof technology have led to the development of new systems that do not fit into the traditional classification of green roof types. Comprehensive green roofs bring

9464-538: The roofs in a major city were greened, urban temperatures could be reduced by as much as 7 °C (13 °F). Green roofs can reduce stormwater runoff via water-wise gardening techniques. Green roofs play a significant role in retrofitting the Low Impact Development (LID) practices in urban areas. A study presented at the Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Conference in June 2004, cited by

9568-501: The state of Michigan. In 2018 the tribe opened Four Winds South Bend in South Bend, Indiana , which it has claimed qualifies for gaming pursuant to specific provisions of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act . In February 2021, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians announced the rollout of its online gaming platform, making it the 11th licensee to offer both online sports betting and casino gaming in Michigan. The tribe has invested revenues from gaming in building needed housing and plans

9672-502: The state of Michigan. The lower Pigeon River is home to the federally endangered Indiana Bat. In 1969, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources began stocking the lower 23 miles (37 km) of the river for steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). In 1975, Michigan constructed a fish ladder at the Berrien Springs Dam to enable

9776-520: The status of regulation are done by the FBB. Nearly one third of all German cities have regulations to support green-roof and rain-water technology. Green-roof research institutions are located in several cities as including Hannover , Berlin, Geisenheim and Neubrandenburg . Germany is the country with the most green roofs in the world as well as the country with the most advanced knowledge in modern green roof technology. Green roofs in Germany are part of

9880-443: The substrate depth would allow for more area of carbon storage and diversify the types of plants with greater potential of carbon storage. The direct carbon sequestration techniques and methods can be measured and accounted for. Green roofs also indirectly reduce CO 2 given off by power plants through their ability to insulate buildings. Buildings in the US account for 38% of the total carbon dioxide emissions. A model supported by

9984-545: The virgin forests were mostly logged, and the prairies largely converted to agricultural use, as were many drained wetlands. Among the unique natural features that remain in the watershed are prairie fens , coastal plain marshes, bogs , floodplain forests, hardwood swamps, and moist hardwood forests. Rare plants include prairie dropseed ( Sporobolus heterolepis ), rosinweed, tall beak rush, and umbrella grass. The wetlands and floodplain forests provide habitat to nearly half of all migratory birds in Indiana and Michigan and are

10088-633: The water power rights on the West Race canal, while Samuel L. Cottrell purchased the water rights along the East Race canal. In 1867 the South Bend Hydraulic Company purchased the rights to the East Race canal for $ 100. In 1903 the ownership of stock, property rights, and property of the South Bend Manufacturing Company on the West Race canal passed to the Oliver Chilled Plow Works . Over the next two years

10192-450: The watering required. During a 10-year roof maintenance cycle a house with a green roof requires more retrofit embodied energy than a house with a white roof. The individual components of a green roof have CO 2 implications during the manufacturing process have additional implications compared to a conventional roof. The embodied energy for green roof components are 23.6 kg/m (5 pounds per square foot) CO 2 of green roof. This value

10296-520: The world. Some existing buildings cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roofs because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading . The weight of a green roof caused the collapse of a large sports hall roof in Hong Kong in 2016. In the wake of the disaster numerous other green roofs around the territory were removed. Green roofs require significantly more maintenance and maintenance energy compared to

10400-423: The world. In Stuttgart, with one of the most innovative Department of Parks and Recreation and with the world's oldest horticultural Universities, modern green roof technology was perfected and implemented on a large scale. By the early 2000s, Germany had laws mandating that many metropolitan areas have green roofs. With the first green roof industry boom in Germany there were quality issues recorded. The FLL formed

10504-817: Was announced. The Victorian Desalination Project will have a "living tapestry" of 98,000 Australian indigenous plants over a roof area spanning more than 26,000 m (280,000 square feet). The roof will form part of the desalination plant's sophisticated roof system, designed to blend the building into the landscape, and provide acoustic protection, corrosion resistance, thermal control, and reduced maintenance. In June 2014 ecological artist Lloyd Godman , with structural engineer Stuart Jones and environmental scientist Grant Harris collaborated to install an experiment using Tillandsia plants in extreme outdoor conditions at levels 92, 91, 65 and 56 on Eureka Tower in Melbourne, Australia. The selected air plants are extremely light, and are able to grow with no soil or watering system, and

10608-450: Was born from the then-visionary idea of understanding the relationship between nature and constructions not as oppositional, but as an opportunity. Both the green roofing and conventional roofing industries are equally represented. The FBB has developed to become an innovative lobbying group with a strong market presence, internationally known through its cooperation with other European associations. Today, approximately 100 member companies use

10712-568: Was called by the Miami people, was inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous tribes as it served an essential trade avenue in the Great Lakes region. The most recent indigenous inhabitants of the area were the Miami and Potawatomi peoples. Two different portages allowed nearly continuous travel by canoe among different watersheds of the region. The first major transfer point was at

10816-476: Was published in 2011. Today most elements of the German FLL are part of standards and guidelines around the world (FM Global, ASTM, NRCA, SPRI etc.). Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung (FBB) was founded in 1990 as the second green roof association after DDV (Deutscher Dachgaertner Verband) in 1985. FBB was founded as an open forum for manufacturers and planners, merchants and operators in 1990. The organization

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