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27-527: Polci may be, Polci language Gerry Polci Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Polci . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polci&oldid=880067053 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

54-618: A dental–retroflex distinction in its plosives, with /b d ɖ  ɟ ɡ/ , the contrast is neutralized in the implosives. A contrastive retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ may also occur in Ngad'a , a language spoken in Flores , Indonesia , and occurs in Wadiyara Koli , a language spoken in India and Pakistan where it contrasts with the voiced alveolar implosive /ɗ/ . More examples can be found in

81-748: A number of categories of verbs. However, Cosper's work was seriously defective. Since then, the majority of the research on South Bauchi West (B.3) languages has been conducted by Bernard Caron, a faculty member at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, LLACAN. Caron's research has focused on South Bauchi West and Polci cluster languages in particular. Many of his papers are available online and include topics such as linguistic classification, syntactic structures such as conditionals, and noun classes such as pronominal and number systems. Polci contains 35 consonant phonemes. /ɓ/ and /ɗ/ are implosive consonants , which are common in

108-791: A plural (morpho-lexical plural). The plural inside the NP (noun phrase) is expressed through the noun modifiers. There is no agreement between the verb and its arguments. However, plurality appears in the verb phrase in two places: (i) the formation of the imperatives (ii) a verbal derivation forming what has come to be called pluractionals . Polci has a decimal numeral system . Conditionals generally are assumed to share their structure with topics. However, in Chadic South Bauchi West languages, such as Polci, conditionals share their structure with focus, not topic. In Polci specifically, focused constituents and conditional clauses appear on

135-616: A seven-way contrast among bilabial stops, /pʰ p ƥ bʱ b ɓ m/ , and its alveolar stops are similar. The voiceless velar implosive [ ƙ ] occurs marginally in Uspantek and /ʠ/ occurs in Mam , Kaqchikel , and Uspantek . Lendu has been claimed to have voiceless /ƥ ƭ ƈ/ , but they may actually be creaky-voiced implosives. The voiceless labial–velar implosive [ƙ͜ƥ] also may occur in Central Igbo. Some English speakers use

162-466: A slightly different airstream mechanism, purely glottalic ingressive. The glottis is closed so no pulmonic airstream is possible. The IPA once dedicated symbols ⟨ ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ ƙ͜ƥ ⟩ to such sounds. These were withdrawn in 1993 and replaced with a voiceless diacritic, ⟨ ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ⟩, though ⟨ ƥ ƭ ƈ ⟩ remain in Serer orthography. Some authors disagree with

189-572: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Polci language The Polci language is one of six dialect clusters of the Zaar subgroup of the Barawa branch of the Chadic languages. The Polci dialects are Zul, Baram (Mbaram), Dir, Buli, Nyamzak/Langas, and Polci proper. An extinct dialect called Luri was possibly dialect of Polci as well, but it

216-657: Is needed to determine the true nature of these sounds. Implosives may occasionally occur phonetically in some European languages: For instance, in some northern dialects of Ingrian , intervocalic bilabial stops may be realised as the implosive [ɓ] or [ɓ̥] . Fully voiced stops are slightly implosive in a number of other languages, but this is not often described explicitly if there is no contrast with modal-voiced plosives. This situation occurs from Maidu to Thai to many Bantu languages , including Swahili . Sindhi and Saraiki have an unusually large number of contrastive implosives, with /ɓ ᶑ  ʄ ɠ/ . Although Sindhi has

243-615: Is not well attested. There have been several attempts to clarify the linguistic situation in the southern and southwestern part of Bauchi State, Nigeria , of which the Polci cluster and Polci language are a part. In 1971, John Ballard, working with the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Ibadan, did an extensive linguistic survey of the Nigerian Middle Belt published Historical inferences from

270-726: The Mayan languages in North America , Saraiki and Sindhi in the Indian subcontinent . They appear to be entirely absent as phonemes from Europe and northern Asia and from Australia , even from the Australian ceremonial language Damin , which uses every other possible airstream mechanism besides percussives . However, Alpher (1977) reports that the Nhangu language of Australia may actually contain implosives, though more research

297-523: The Swahili j has an implosive allophone, but the distinction is pulmonic affricate [dʒ] vs implosive stop [ʄ] . Similarly, implosive [ɗʒ] has been reported from Roglai , but it has also been analyzed as [ʄ] , and the implosive affricates reported from Gitxsan turn out to be lenis ejectives that are sometimes perceived as voiced. Consonants variously called "voiceless implosives," "implosives with glottal closure," or "reverse ejectives" involve

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324-401: The air in the vocal tract. The stop is then released. In languages whose implosives are particularly salient, that may result in air rushing into the mouth before it flows out again with the next vowel. To take in air sharply in that way is to implode a sound. However, probably more typically, there is no movement of air at all, which contrasts with the burst of the pulmonary plosives. This is

351-510: The analysis implied by the IPA voiceless diacritic and retain the dedicated voiceless letters, or, occasionally, transcribe them instead as ingressive ejectives ⟨ pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓ k͡pʼ↓ ⟩. The IPA had also suggested the possibility of a superscript left pointer, ⟨ p t ʈ c k q k͡p ⟩, which might also be used for fricatives, but it was not approved by the membership. The attested voiceless implosive stops are: In

378-898: The articles on individual implosives. Voiceless implosives are quite rare, but are found in languages as varied as the Owere dialect of Igbo in Nigeria ( / ƥ / / ƭ / ), Krongo in Sudan , the Uzere dialect of Isoko , the closely related Lendu and Ngiti languages in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Serer in Senegal ( /ƥ ƭ ƈ / ), and some dialects of the Poqomchi’ and Quiche languages in Guatemala ( /ƥ ƭ/ ). Owere Igbo has

405-545: The case with many of the Kru languages , for example. That means that implosives are phonetically sonorants (not obstruents) as the concept of sonorant is usually defined. However, implosives can phonologically pattern as both; that is, they may be phonological sonorants or obstruents depending on the language. George N. Clements (2002) actually proposes that implosives are phonologically neither obstruents nor sonorants. The vast majority of implosive consonants are voiced , so

432-734: The conclusion that not all languages listed under the dialect continuum of the South Bauchi Group belonged there and came up with a much more extensive, new classification. This is also the work from which the Barawa subgroup name came from, which was found to be the term used locally in this area to denote the speakers of this dialect continuum. Much of the research done on Barawa languages, the Polci cluster, and Polci itself use this survey as an important reference. In 1999, Ronald Cosper published Barawa lexicon: A wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages: Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Jimi, Polci, Sayanci and Zul . It considered most of

459-461: The extent that they are noticeably implosive, but no language is known where implosion is a general characteristic of such sounds. The attested voiced implosive stops are the following: There are no IPA symbols for implosive fricatives, and no confirmed cases of implosive fricatives or affricates. Implosive affricates are occasionally reported, but further investigation typically reveals that such sounds are either stops or not implosive. For example,

486-422: The glottis is only partially closed. Because the airflow required for voicing reduces the vacuum being created in the mouth, implosives are easiest to make with a large oral cavity. Implosives are most often voiced stops, occasionally voiceless stops. Individual tokens of glottalized sonorants (nasals, trills, laterals, etc.) may also be pronounced with a lowering of the glottis by some individuals, occasionally to

513-418: The languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. Polci contains six vowels qualities, which can be pronounced as short or long. Short vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /ə/, and /u/ Long vowels: /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /əː/, and /uː/ Polci is a three-tone language: Low = à; Mid = a; High = á. Polci, being a South Bauchi West language, does not possess grammatical gender or nominal classes and as a rule, few nouns form

540-488: The languages to be endangered and found that most individuals who spoke any of these languages were also bilingual in Hausa, which may have had influence on their lexicons and grammars. The book contains a lexicon of 852 words from the different Barawa languages. The words are organized based on semantic and syntactic categories. Semantic noun categories are followed by adjectives, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and

567-416: The left periphery marked by the identifying copula /kɶn/ 'it is'. ]. Implosive consonants Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates ) with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism . That is, the airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. Therefore, unlike

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594-527: The linguistic geography of the Nigerian Middle Belt . As a result, it came to light that there was a narrow corridor occupied by the speakers of Chadic languages in the southwest of Bauchi. In the same year, Neil Campbell and James Hoskison from the Summer Institute of Linguistics carried out a linguistic survey of the Bauchi area. The survey, Bauchi Area Survey Report and published in 1972, listed

621-461: The names, location and population of twenty four Chadic languages, which are very closely related to each other and are spoken to the south and west of Bauchi. They also collected word lists. However, no detailed analysis of linguistic data or language classification was included in either of these surveys. Also in 1971, C. Hoffman published Provisional Check List of Chadic Languages , which contained 17 languages divided into two sub-groups. This list

648-595: The presence of implosives further forward. One of the few languages with a farther back implosive (specifically the alveolar one [ɗ] ), and without the bilabial implosive, is Yali , a Dani language spoken on the Indonesian side of New Guinea . Implosives are widespread among the languages of Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia and are found in a few languages of the Amazon Basin . They are rarely reported elsewhere but occur in scattered languages such as

675-504: The purely glottalic ejective consonants , implosives can be modified by phonation . Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages. In the International Phonetic Alphabet , implosives are indicated by modifying the top of a letter (voiced stop) with a rightward-facing hook: ⟨ ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ ⟩. During the occlusion of the stop, pulling the glottis downward rarefies

702-438: The world's languages, the occurrence of implosives shows a strong cline from front to back points of articulation. Bilabial [ɓ] is the most common implosive. It is very rarely lacking in the inventory of languages which have implosive stops. On the other hand, implosives with a back articulation (such as velar [ɠ] ) occur much less frequently; apart from a few exceptions, the presence of the velar implosive [ɠ] goes along with

729-686: Was revised and amplified by Kay Williamson in a document handed out to students at the University of Ibadan, titled Chadic languages of Nigeria in 1972, to include 21 languages classified into three subgroups. With this information, K. Shimizu set out in 1974 to list the languages belonging to the Southern Bauchi Group, to examine their geographical distribution, and to use valid linguistic data to come up with sub-classifications. The survey, published in 1978 and titled A survey report of The South Bauchi Group of Chadic Languages came to

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