Misplaced Pages

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38-833: Until 2012/13, individual police authorities were maintained for each of the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales , and for the 8 territorial police forces in Scotland . Police authorities in England and Wales were abolished in November 2012, and replaced with directly elected police and crime commissioners , and those in Scotland were merged in April 2013 to form the Scottish Police Authority as part of

76-683: A joint board: The various special police forces in the United Kingdom each have different oversight arrangements. The British Transport Police , a privately funded police force responsible for policing the railways of Great Britain , is overseen by the British Transport Police Authority . The Authority was created in 2004 by the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 and is made up of approximately 12-15 members, each of whom represents groups concerned with

114-531: A national scale in England and Wales began with the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , which required each borough to establish a " watch committee " and thus appoint constables to "preserve the peace". Before the advent of police authorities, the regulatory bodies for police forces confined to a single borough were these watch committees, whilst those for counties from 1889 had been "standing joint committees" (after 1889 some control passed to

152-505: A single force, overseen by an independent "police authority". The new police authorities would consist of two-thirds elected members of county or borough councils, and one-third magistrates. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the remaining borough police forces were abolished, and police authorities consisted of county councillors and magistrates in a ratio of two to one. The Police and Magistrates' Courts Act 1994 altered

190-674: A value for money statement and to outline planned efficiency savings. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Audit Commission (or the Welsh Audit Commission in Wales) began a programme of inspection for police authorities in September 2009. Inspection scores four areas of police authority capability: Each theme was scored from one to four: The police authority was also given an overall score using

228-447: Is Andy Cooke, former chief constable of Merseyside Police , who was appointed in April 2022. His predecessor was the lawyer and former rail regulator Tom Winsor , who took office on 1 October 2012 as the first chief inspector to be appointed from outside the police service. Before Winsor, the chief inspector was former Surrey Police Chief Constable, Sir Denis O'Connor , in post from 2008 until his retirement in 2012. In addition to

266-656: Is overseen by the Scottish Police Authority , an independent public body that reports to the Scottish Parliament . The SPA also incorporated the Scottish Police Services Authority , which was the police authority for the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (itself merged into Police Scotland). The following police forces were supervised by one single local authority: The following police forces were supervised by

304-612: Is responsible to the UK Parliament . The first inspectors were appointed under the County and Borough Police Act 1856 ; current statutory functions are contained in the Police Act 1996 and related legislation. However, the body's principal statutory functions are unchanged since its establishment in 1856, namely to assess and report on the efficiency and effectiveness of police forces in England and Wales. In July 2017, its remit

342-630: Is the federal-level police service. It also acts as the provincial police service in every province except for Ontario , and Quebec , which operate provincial police services, as well as Newfoundland and Labrador , which is served by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary . The RCMP is also contracted to act as the territorial police force in Nunavut , Yukon and the Northwest Territories in addition to being

380-475: Is the use of such a force in East Timor in substitution for Indonesian National Police . Her Majesty%27s Inspectorate of Constabulary His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services ( HMICFRS ), formerly Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary ( HMIC ), has statutory responsibility for the inspection of the police forces of England and Wales, and since July 2017

418-629: The G8 Conference in Scotland in 2005 or COP26 officers of the Metropolitan Police who are on protection duties anywhere in the United Kingdom and when taking a person to or from a prison . The United Nations (UN) has operated territorial police forces in those parts of countries which have been under control of the UN from time to time. These were usually formed from police personnel on loan from member countries. A recent example

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456-579: The Home Office in the form of an annual grant (calculated on a proportionate basis by the Home Office to take into account the differences between the 43 forces in England and Wales, which vary significantly in terms of population, geographical size and crime levels and trends), though police authorities could also set a precept on the Council Tax to raise additional funds. The Home Office had

494-705: The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) have been made in recent years by invitation, on a non-statutory basis. The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998 allows HMIC to perform inspection and assessment of services or projects by direction of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . At the request of the chief constable of the PSNI, in 2013 the inspectorate published a report into Northern Ireland's Historical Enquiries Team . Inspectors of Constabulary for England and Wales from 1856: The first chief inspector

532-629: The Police Service of Northern Ireland and some overseas police forces. Reporting has also been performed on a voluntary basis for the Special Investigation Branch (SIB) of the Royal Military Police . It also receives funding from the Treasury for its work on HMRC. As a public authority, decisions and actions of HMICFRS are susceptible to judicial review . HM Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services

570-692: The federal police force in those Canadian territories. A separate Sahrawi indigenous unit serving the Spanish colonial government was the Policia Territorial . This gendarmerie corresponded to the Civil Guard in metropolitan Spain . It was commanded by Spanish officers and included Spanish personnel of all ranks. In the United Kingdom (UK) the phrase is gaining increased official (but not yet statutory ) use to describe

608-767: The Chief Inspector of Constabulary, there are three Inspectors of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services: Roy Wilsher, former chief fire officer in Hertfordshire; Matt Parr , formerly a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy ; and Wendy Williams, formerly Chief Crown Prosecutor of CPS Direct . Appointments follow the Code of Practice of the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments . Inspections of

646-651: The Ministry of Defence Police. The Committee (or its members) also has various functions in determining police misconduct and appeals cases. Territorial police force A territorial police force is a police service that is responsible for an area defined by sub-national boundaries, distinguished from other police services which deal with the entire country or a type of crime. In countries organized as federations , police responsible for individual sub-national jurisdictions are typically called state or provincial police . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP/GRC)

684-695: The Monarch). The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is supervised by the Northern Ireland Policing Board , of which ten are members of the Northern Ireland Assembly and nine are independent. The Board and the PSNI are the successors to the Police Authority for Northern Ireland and Royal Ulster Constabulary respectively, who they replaced on 4 November 2001. In Scotland , supervision of

722-767: The Police Authority Board of the Court of Common Council , the elected body that runs the Corporation. Eleven of the members of the Board — including the chair and their deputy — are elected members of the Common Council, and the other three are appointed independent members. The appointment of the Commissioner of the City of London Police is now made by the Common Council (although technically by

760-681: The chief officer is appointed by the locally elected police and crime commissioner, the national and international importance of the work of the Metropolitan Police means the appointment of the Metropolitan Police Commissioner is still in the hands of the Home Secretary (and constitutionally made by the Monarch), although they must "have regard to any recommendations made" by the Mayor of London since

798-526: The collection of forces responsible for general policing in areas defined with respect to local government areas. The phrase " Home Office Police" is commonly used but this is often inaccurate or inadequate as the words naturally exclude forces outside England and Wales , but include some special police forces over which the Home Secretary has some power. The police forces referred to as "territorial" are those whose police areas are defined by: Members of territorial police forces have jurisdiction in one of

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836-443: The composition of the authorities with independent members being added. Typically, a police authority was made up of seventeen members – nine elected members (who were drawn from the local authority or authorities for the force area, and would be reflective of the political makeup of those authorities). The remaining eight members were called independent members, and were appointed from the local community for fixed terms of four years by

874-520: The control, operation or use of the railways. They include representatives of the railway operators, railway users (freight and passenger), employees and the appropriate government departments dealing with transport in England, Scotland and Wales. The Civil Nuclear Constabulary , which polices nuclear power-related facilities and shipments in the United Kingdom, is overseen by the Civil Nuclear Police Authority . The Authority

912-424: The creation of Police Scotland , the single police force for Scotland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is overseen by the Northern Ireland Policing Board , and two of the three UK-wide special police forces continue to be overseen by individual police authorities. The oversight of the two police forces serving London continues to be implemented via unique arrangements. The introduction of police forces on

950-714: The elected county council ; the joint committee also had magistrates). The Police Act 1964 introduced major reforms to the organisation and oversight of the police in England and Wales, following the report of the Royal Commission on the Police in 1962. The 1964 act abolished the old watch committee system which had come under severe criticism following several high-profile corruption scandals. The act introduced police areas , which would be administrative counties, county boroughs or "combined police areas", consisting of combinations of counties and county boroughs, served by

988-514: The fire and rescue services of England. HMICFRS is headed by the Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services . It has taken over the responsibilities of His Majesty's Fire Service Inspectorate . Inspections may also be made, by invitation only, and on a non-statutory basis, of the Police Service of Northern Ireland and other organisations with policing responsibility. In England and Wales , HMICFRS

1026-529: The introduction of that position in 2000. The City of London Corporation has been the police authority for the City of London Police since their formal establishment in 1839. Despite the introduction of police and crime commissioners in 2012, the function of the Corporation as the police authority was retained by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 . This function is currently exercised by

1064-576: The outgoing members of police authorities stood for the role of PCC, highlighting their successive experience in the field, and many were elected. The Metropolitan Police and City of London Police have historically been exceptions to the national rule. The Metropolitan Police were under the direct control of the Home Secretary from their establishment in 1829 until 2000, when the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA)

1102-652: The perceived lack of accountability of police authorities to the communities they served. The Conservatives proposed to replace them with a single elected individual (a 'police and crime commissioner', criticised as a model by some in policing), whilst the Liberal Democrats proposed to introduce direct elections to police authorities, whilst strengthening their powers. Following Royal Assent of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 police authorities were abolished and replaced with directly elected police and crime commissioners on 22 November 2012. Many of

1140-590: The police authority itself - a long list, from applications received, was submitted by a committee of elected members and magistrates to the Home Office . That committee then appointed the independent members from a shortlist returned by the Home Office. At least three of the police authority's independent members were magistrates. There was no difference in power or responsibility between the different types of member – there were examples of elected, independent and magistrate members chairing police authorities throughout England and Wales. The bulk of police funding came from

1178-404: The police was historically the responsibility of the elected local authority which either directly supervised the local police force where its border was conterminous with the force, or through joint boards with neighbouring local authorities where one forces covered more than one council area. The eight territorial police forces in Scotland were replaced in April 2013 by Police Scotland , which

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1216-400: The power to prevent any precept increases deemed to be excessive. It was the police authority's responsibility to set the budget for the force area, which included allocating itself enough money from the overall policing budget to ensure that it can discharge its own functions effectively. In its annual Policing Plan, a police authority was obliged to publish its budget for the year, as well as

1254-749: The same 1-4 system. Ten inspection reports were published, with the majority of inspected authorities scoring 2. The inspectorates published "Learning Lessons: An overview of the first ten joint inspections of police authorities by HMIC and the Audit Commission", outlining their findings from the first ten inspections, in March 2010. In the 2010 British general election campaign , both the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats ' manifestos outlined plans, respectively, to replace or reform police authorities, both parties raising concerns about

1292-440: The three distinct legal systems of the United Kingdom – either England and Wales , Scotland or Northern Ireland . A police officer of one of the three legal systems has all the powers of a constable throughout their own legal system but limited powers in the other two legal systems. Certain exceptions where full police powers cross the border with the officer are when officers are providing planned support to another force such as

1330-475: Was appointed in 1962. In July 2017, the role became Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. The incumbent is Andy Cooke, who was appointed in April 2022. In March 2021, HMICFRS published a report that endorsed a proposed clampdown on protests. In response to the report, a whistleblower alleged that its authors had reached conclusions favouring the government's view prior to gathering and assessing evidence, in breach of

1368-585: Was created in 2004 by the Energy Act 2004 ; it is made up of eight members; four are nominated by the nuclear industry, while the remaining four include the Chairman. The Ministry of Defence Police does not have a police authority; however, the Ministry of Defence Police Committee , established by the Ministry of Defence Police Act 1987 , advises the Secretary of State for Defence on matters concerning

1406-645: Was established under the Greater London Authority to oversee the force. The MPA was replaced in January 2012, alongside the introduction of police and crime commissioners, by the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime , under the control of the Mayor of London , and reporting to the Police and Crime Committee of the London Assembly . Unlike the other police forces in England and Wales, where

1444-652: Was expanded to include responsibility to assess and report on the efficiency, effectiveness and leadership of the 45 Fire & Rescue services in England. The inspectorate is also paid by other departments to report on the activities of non- Home Office bodies involved in law enforcement, such as the British Transport Police , the Civil Nuclear Constabulary , HM Revenue and Customs , the National Crime Agency ,

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