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62-794: The Police Tactical Unit ( PTU ) is a paramilitary specialist unit of the Singapore Police Force and comes under the direct command of the Special Operations Command . Based in Queenstown , it is the main anti-rioting and disaster-management unit of the police force. They are also called upon to handle cases of serious crime in progress, particularly cases involving firearms. From 2004, PTU officers also presented greater public prominence when they conducted patrols in public areas, such as at Orchard Road , Holland Village and Serangoon Gardens Estate , partly as

124-498: A badge of office and discipline-enforcer, so some modern sources call this weapon a "bosun's cosh". The term "blackjack" is sometimes applied by early 20th-century maritime sources to a lead weight knotted or woven into the end of a short piece of rope that serves as a handle, though most sources would consider this weapon a type of slungshot . In the 20th century newer shorter (and more readily concealable) designs emerged that were predominantly made of stitched or braided leather, with

186-403: A baton, in a concealed fashion. According to Cap 217 (Weapons Ordinance), Laws of Hong Kong , any person who has possession of any prohibited items commits an offence, which includes expandable batons. In India and Bangladesh , police often carry a large bamboo stick called a lathi ( Odia : ବାଡ଼ି , Tamil : குறுந்தடி , Hindi : लाठी ) that is used during riot controlling or used when

248-465: A button lock and manually collapsing the shafts. Additionally, the baton, in the collapsed configuration, may be used as a control device against non-compliant subjects in conjunction with pain-compliance control techniques, such as to remove a driver refusing to exit his or her vehicle. It can be used as a large kubotan . The expandable baton is provided to most officers in the British police forces,

310-477: A cotton-polyester mix which is more durable and fire resistant. The colour of the uniform is also changed to a darker shade of blue for tactical purposes. High-heel boots with garters were also introduced. The PTU officers are equipped with a variegated arsenal of weapons, such as riot gears, pepper spray , batons , the Heckler & Koch HK69A1 tear gas launcher, the Heckler & Koch USP semi-auto pistol and

372-437: A dense (often lead ) weight attached to the end of a short shaft. A form of bludgeon , these use a handle to accelerate the dense core and transfer kinetic energy from the swing to it. The blow can be directed at any normal blunt force target, but delivered to the head induces concussion . While usually meant to stun or knock out the subject, head strikes have a high risk of causing a permanent, disabling brain injury or

434-401: A fatality. The terminology applied to these weapons can be imprecise, depends on the source and time period, and may refer to an improvised device accomplishing the same result. Blackjacks have long been a favorite of the criminal element as a concealed carry weapon, and are illegal to privately own in many jurisdictions. A late 19th-century type is a wooden shaft about one foot long, with

496-560: A few were built to withstand occasional lighter impacts. They are rarely issued to patrol officers in modern times due to their price and the other associated problems with electroshock weapons. The jitte was a Japanese Edo period police weapon consisting of a round or octagonal metal rod about 30–61 cm (12–24 in) long with a hook-like guard above the handle. It was used in a similar manner to modern police batons and it continued to be issued in Japan to some police departments until

558-404: A fixed, acrylic baton is used. Side-handled batons were issued for a while, but fell out of favour. The New York City Police Department used to use two kinds of batons depending on the time. The one for daytime was called a day-stick and was 280 mm (11 in) in length. Another baton, that was used at night, was 660 mm (26 in) long and called a night-stick, which is the origin of

620-401: A flexible spring inside the handle to impart a whip-like action to compensate for leverage and acceleration sacrificed to reduced overall length. To balance forces and minimize unintended damage, this style came to employ a flexible material such as lead shot as a weight. Law enforcement sources from the mid-20th century preferred to divide these into two categories: "blackjacks", which have

682-410: A fluted handle to aid in gripping. Truncheons are often ornamented with their organizations' coats of arms . Longer truncheons are called "riot batons" because of their use in riot control . Truncheons may have developed as a marriage between the club or military mace and the staff of office / sceptre . Straight batons of rubber have a softer impact. Some of the kinetic energy bends and compresses

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744-594: A foot or more in length for delivering a shock. Many designs function like an elongated stun gun or a cattle prod, requiring the tip to be held against the target and then manually triggering a shock by a switch in the handle. Some more sophisticated designs carry a charge along the shaft's entire surface, administering a shock on contact. This later design is especially useful in preventing the officer from having their weapon grabbed and taken away by an assailant. Most batons of this design were not intended to be used as impact weapons and will break if used in this way, though

806-468: A leather- or macramé -covered lead ball as the head. This weapon is referred to by some sources as a "sap" (derived from " sapling " due to its wood handle), or euphemistically as a "life-preserver". The term "cosh" may also originate with this weapon, being derived from the Romani word kašt , meaning "stick" or "piece of wood". The term "blackjack" referring to a hand weapon is of unknown etymology, and

868-482: A mostly cylindrical striking head, and "saps" which have a flat, usually oval-shaped head. In common usage, however, these terms have become interchangeable, so a "sap" of this latter kind is sometimes more precisely called a flat sap, slap jack or beavertail sap to differentiate it. The sap's flat profile makes it easier to carry in a pocket and spreads its impact out over a broader area, making it less likely to break bone. However, it can also be used to strike with

930-519: A prohibited weapon under a regulation entitled "Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted" (also capable of being referred to by its registration number: SOR 98–462). However, it is a crime under section 90 of the Criminal Code to carry any weapon, including

992-460: A range of materials including wood, poly-carbonate, epoxy, aluminium, or a combination of materials. Some side-handle batons are one-piece design; the side-handle component and primary shaft are permanently fused together during manufacturing. One-piece designs are potentially stronger than two-piece designs, and have no risk of having a locking screw loosen from its threads. Other side-handle batons are two-piece in design (common among cheaper makes);

1054-653: A response to greater terrorism concerns. The PTU traces its history back to the early 1950s, when the Maria Hertogh riots demonstrated the incapability of existing law enforcement measures to contain situations of mass rioting and other disturbances to public peace. Hence, in 1952, the first Riot Squad was formed with 60 junior officers deliberately chosen from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds, and who had been screened to ensure no relations to any political party or faction. These officers underwent rigorous (military) training conducted by Colonel William E. Fairbairn , who

1116-495: A suspect into non-resistance and that which would fracture their skull tends to be narrow and unpredictable. Second, there were problems with reliability, as resistance to cerebral concussion varies widely between individuals, and head strikes that did not disable the suspect were found to merely escalate the encounter. Officer Arthur Lamb, a well-known trainer on the baton, once stated: I've trained over 200 police departments, comprising over ten thousand men. In every class, I ask

1178-458: A suspect. Besides the head, they were also used on the elbows, wrists, shins, collarbone, and groin. The flat sap, in particular, could be used to strike large muscle groups with the edge. In the early days of use, they were favored for their ability to stun or knock a suspect unconscious with a blow to the head. By the late 1960s head-strikes with impact weapons in general were strongly discouraged by most police departments and trainers because of

1240-451: Is over. But if you hit him in the head and put him into a state of shock where he is almost immune to pain, and now enraged beyond reason, the only thing left for you to do is beat him into the ground. This is why so many police brutality charges came about when batons were used the old-fashioned way. As a result, civil lawsuits and claims of police brutality resulted in revised training for officers. Batons in common use by police around

1302-469: Is red to make it more visible as a signaling aid in directing traffic . In Russia, traffic batons are striped in black and white for the same reason, and in Sweden they are white. Until the mid-1990s, British police officers carried traditional wooden truncheons of a sort that had changed little from Victorian times. Since the late 1990s, the collapsible baton is issued except for public order duties, where

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1364-669: Is restricted by law in many countries. In the Victorian era , police in London carried truncheons about one foot long called billy clubs . According to the Online Etymology Dictionary , this name was first recorded in 1848 as slang for a burglars' crowbar . The meaning "policeman's club" is first recorded 1856. The truncheon acted as the policeman's ' Warrant Card ' as the Royal Crest attached to it indicated

1426-402: Is subject to the same use of force regulations as the use of purpose-designed impact weapons like batons. Police officers may often choose to use such flashlights because they are viewed primarily as illumination devices; thus, if a police officer carries one in their hands during nighttime encounters with potentially violent subjects, it would be less likely to escalate the situation (by making

1488-546: Is the large, metal D-cell Maglite , still in use by some law enforcement and security personnel. Use of such flashlights as a club or baton is generally officially discouraged by the manufacturers and law enforcement officials, but its use is an option. As with all police weapons , there have been many examples of misuse, such as in the Malice Green beating in Detroit . The use of flashlights as improvised impact weapons

1550-583: Is typically 61 cm (24 in) in length. They are derived from the tonfa , an Okinawan kobudō weapon , and are used with a similar technique (although tonfa are usually used in pairs, whereas side-handle batons are not). The best-known example is the Monadnock PR-24; "PR-24" has become a genericized trademark within the law enforcement and security communities for this type of product. It can be held by: Side-handle batons are made in both fixed and collapsible models and may be constructed from

1612-409: Is typically composed of a cylindrical outer shaft containing telescoping inner shafts (typically 2 or 3, depending on the design) that lock into each other when expanded. The shafts are usually made of steel, but lightweight baton models may have their shafts made from other materials such as aluminum alloy. Expandable batons may have a solid tip at the outer end of the innermost shaft; the purpose of

1674-1009: The Heckler and Koch MP5 sub-machine gun. Paramilitary A paramilitary is a military that is not a part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934. Though a paramilitary is, by definition, not a military , it is usually equivalent to a light infantry or special forces in terms of strength, firepower, and organizational structure. Paramilitaries use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as internal security / SWAT vehicles ), or even actual military equipment (such as long guns and armored personnel carriers ; usually military surplus resources), skills (such as battlefield medicine and bomb disposal ), and tactics (such as urban warfare and close-quarters combat ) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as law enforcement , coast guard , or search and rescue . A paramilitary may fall under

1736-461: The Rodney King beating. It is a version of the side-handle baton released in the mid-1990s. It tries to address some of the disadvantages of straight, side and expandable batons and combine them with the strengths of the aforementioned. An expandable baton (also referred to variously as a collapsible baton , telescopic baton , tactical baton , spring cosh , ASP , or extendable )

1798-448: The 1970s, a common use of the police baton was to strike a suspect's head with a full-force overhand motion in order to stun them or knock them unconscious by cerebral concussion , similar to the pre-baton practice of buffaloing with the handle of a revolver . However, this practice had two major liabilities. First, there was a high risk and incidence of death or permanent injury, as the difference in force between that required to concuss

1860-475: The French bâton (stick), derived from Old French Baston , from Latin bastum . As a weapon a baton may be used defensively (to block ) or offensively (to strike , jab , or bludgeon), and it can aid in the application of armlocks . The usual striking or bludgeoning action is not produced by a simple and direct hit, as with an ordinary blunt object, but rather by bringing the arm down sharply while allowing

1922-608: The PTF underwent another major review in 2003, this time with upgraded weaponry and vehicles, a change to their tactical uniforms in 2005, and the renaming of the unit as the Police Tactical Unit (PTU). Wong Kan Seng, Deputy Prime Minister and Home Affairs Minister, oversaw the acquisition of the PETRA (Patrol, Escort, Tactical Response Van) vehicles alongside Police Tactical Squad (PTS) and Troop Tactical Vehicle (TTV) vans for

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1984-554: The US, such as the Baltimore , Denver , Sacramento , Long Beach , Santa Ana , Philadelphia , San Francisco , and Riverside Police Departments. They also are used by NYPD Auxiliary Police officers, as well as many Military Police forces around the world. Side-handle batons (sometimes referred to as T-batons) are batons with a short side handle at a right angle to the shaft, about 150 mm (6 in) from one end. The main shaft

2046-468: The bulb end pointing from the thumb side of the hand, such that it is pointing outward from the body when held palm upward. When wielded as a club, the bulb end points inward when the hand is palm upward, and the grip is closely choked to the bulb end. Another advantage to using a flashlight as a club is that in poorly lit situations it can be used to initially dazzle the eyes of an opponent. Law enforcement officers often deliberately shine flashlight beams into

2108-441: The command of a military , train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them. Under the law of war , a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a law enforcement agency or a private volunteer militia ) into its combatant armed forces. Some countries' constitutions prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government use . Depending on

2170-408: The day and rolled down at dusk or during tactical training and operations. In 2005, the uniform underwent a major review, and a new tactical uniform was introduced. The red beret was introduced to facilitate ease of spotting PTU officers in the event of a major crowd control incident. The combat uniform was also redesigned to a more loose-fitting attire with utility pockets, and the material changed to

2232-457: The definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include: Baton (law enforcement) A baton (also truncheon , nightstick , billy club , billystick , cosh , lathi , or simply stick ) is a roughly cylindrical club made of wood, rubber, plastic, or metal. It is carried as a compliance tool and defensive weapon by law-enforcement officers , correctional staff , security guards and military personnel . The name baton comes from

2294-441: The device, is used to strike windows and/or windscreens of the vehicle to either gain entry or to stop the driver from seeing where they are going in circumstances where the officer has hit the screen while the vehicle is still in motion. The advantages of a collapsible baton over a fixed baton are numerous: Expandable batons have some disadvantages: Since early law enforcement professionals were very reliant on their batons there

2356-844: The dual (and competing) goals of control effectiveness and safety (for both officer and subject). A straight, fixed-length baton (also commonly referred to as a "straightstick") is the oldest and simplest police baton design, known as far back as ancient Egypt . It consists of little more than a long cylinder with a molded, turned or wrapped grip, usually with a slightly thicker or tapering shaft and rounded tip. They are often made of hardwood, but in modern times are available in other materials such as aluminium, acrylic, and dense plastics and rubber. They range in size from short clubs less than 30 cm (1 ft) in length to 90-centimetre-long (3 ft) "riot batons" commonly used in civil disturbances or by officers mounted on horseback. Straightsticks tend to be heavier and have more weight concentrated in

2418-412: The earliest text reference is 1889. A type used by 19th and early 20th century sailors for both self-defense and aggression was weighted with a lead ball at one or both ends of a piece of baleen , which was then wrapped in woven or plaited marline or codline and varnished over. Some carefully made examples were likely to have been used by a boatswain or ship's master-at-arms or ship's mate as

2480-473: The early 20th century. The jitte eventually inspired an early form of expandable baton called a tokushu keibo in the 1960s. Some non-purpose-built items have been used by law enforcement over the centuries as impact weapons. Some examples include: Although the Kel-Lite in the 1970s appears to have been the third flashlight designed specifically to be useful as an emergency weapon, the best-known example

2542-503: The edge for more focused impact, though this was discouraged by most police departments for precisely this reason. Alternatively, some variants use lead shot, powdered metal, or even sand for the weight inside the head, usually called a "soft sap", which reduces the likelihood of bone fractures, particularly of the skull. Blackjacks and saps were popular among law enforcement for a time due to their low profile, small size, and effectiveness in very close range , such as when grappling with

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2604-499: The eyes of suspects at night to cause temporary night-blindness as a preemptive defensive measure, whether or not the individual is likely to behave violently. The weight of a flashlight makes it a clumsy baton, unable to be swung swiftly. Batons are legal for sworn law enforcement and military in most countries around the world. However, the legality of civilian carry for purpose-built batons varies greatly by country, and by local jurisdictions. There are no restrictions about batons to

2666-483: The general public, but private security guards can only carry wooden or rubber batons (no length is specified) according to Law 7102/83. They may also carry electric shock batons if they have a Less-Lethal Certification course. There is a general belief in Brazil that rubber batons are less prone to break bones than the wooden ones. There is no law that prohibits batons; except for spring-loaded batons, which are defined as

2728-452: The idea being that should violence suddenly escalate, the baton can be easily deployed but can be stowed neatly away so as not to affect movement due to its mounting point on the officer's clothing. It is also commonly used in the UK and many other countries as a means of gaining entry quickly to a vehicle that contains offenders. In such a situation the baton is deployed and, due to the solid end of

2790-399: The officers if they've ever seen a subject subdued with one blow to the head. None of them ever have. What you're doing when you hit a man in the head is first, creating a serious danger of death, and second, you're numbing the one part of the body that can stop him. If you use my method with one or two strikes and step back, he realizes that the thing has gone against him, and the confrontation

2852-520: The policeman's authority. This was always removed when the equipment left official service (often with the person who used it). Earlier on, the word was used in vulgar Latin ( bastο —a stick helping walking, from basta —hold). The Victorian original has since developed into the multitude of varieties available today. The typical truncheon is a straight stick made from wood or a synthetic material, approximately 32 mm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter and 460–910 mm (18–36 in) long, with

2914-416: The risk of death or permanent injury, as well as questionable effectiveness. By the 1990s virtually all modern police departments had phased them out from their issued equipment, and most banned their use entirely. Stun batons are an unusual modern variation designed to administer an electric shock in order to incapacitate the target. They consist of an insulated handle and guard, and a rigid shaft usually

2976-437: The rubber and bounces off when the object is struck. Rubber batons are not very effective when used on the subject's arms or legs, and can still cause injury if the head is struck. That is why most police departments have stopped issuing them. The Russian police standard-issue baton is rubber, except in places such as Siberia , where it can be cold enough that the rubber may become brittle and break if struck. The traffic baton

3038-506: The side-handle component is screwed into the primary shaft. The side handle may be removed from the shaft by the end-user, converting the side-handle into a straight baton. The advantages of a side-handle baton over a straight baton are numerous: Side-handle batons have a few disadvantages: Side-handle batons have been involved in high-profile incidents of alleged police brutality , such as in New Zealand's 1981 Springbok Tour and

3100-621: The solid tip is to maximize the power of a strike when the baton is used as an impact weapon. Expandable batons are made in both straight and side-handle configurations but are considerably more common in the straight configuration. The best-known example of the straight expandable baton is the ASP Baton, from Armament Systems and Procedures . Depending on the holster or scabbard design, it may be possible to carry an expandable baton in either collapsed or expanded position, which would be helpful if an officer needed to holster an expanded baton and it

3162-652: The squad was reorganised into 3 troops of 50 men each and renamed the Police Reserve Unit ( PRU ), with PRU 1 stationed at Mount Vernon Camp , PRU 2 at Queensway Base and PRU 3 at Jalan Bahar Camp . The unit would later come to be known as the Police Task Force ( PTF ) following the merger of all three Reserved Units and would be permanently based at Queensway Base . In response to increasingly complicated and multi-faceted public safety and security requirements in contemporary environments,

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3224-494: The striking end than other designs. This makes them less maneuverable, but theoretically would deliver more kinetic energy on impact. Most agencies have replaced the straightstick with other batons because of inconvenience to carry, and a desire for their officers to look less threatening to the community they serve. Despite having been replaced by side-handle and expandable batons in many (if not most) law enforcement agencies, straightsticks remain in use by many major departments in

3286-399: The subject feel threatened) than if the officer were to be equipped with a baton or pepper spray canister instead. This permits the officer to appear less threatening while having an impact weapon in hand and ready for instantaneous action, should the situation indeed turn violent. Characteristic of a flashlight used as a baton or club is the grip employed. Flashlights are commonly held with

3348-461: The tip. Taken together, these are intended to impair the subject's ability to continue advancing (by striking the leg) or attack (by striking the arm) by causing transitory neurapraxia (temporary muscle pain, spasm and paralysis due to nerve injury). Modern systems strictly prohibit hitting the skull , sternum , spine , or groin unless such an attack is conducted in defense of life, with many jurisdictions considering this deadly force . Before

3410-536: The truncheon to pivot nearly freely forward and downward, so moving its tip much faster than its handle. Batons are also used for non-weapon purposes such as breaking windows to free individuals trapped in a vehicle, or turning out a suspect's pockets during a search (as a precaution against sharp objects). Some people other than law enforcement officers use batons as weapons because of their simple construction and easy concealment. The use or carrying of batons or improvised clubs by people other than law enforcement officers

3472-691: The use of the PTU alongside the rest of the SOC in 2006, just in time for the IMF World Bank Summit in Singapore. The first two vans resemble Ford Transit Vans. The unit is currently conducting counter-terrorist duties such as security duties in order to deter terrorist threats in Singapore alongside other police units. The PTU also has sub-units; Armed Strike Teams, Rapid Deployment Troops and its National Servicemen Unit called Public Order Troops that

3534-442: The word nightstick . The night-stick was longer so it could provide extra protection which was thought to be necessary at night. In modern police training, the primary targets are large nerve clusters, such as the common peroneal nerve in the mid-thigh and large, easily targetable muscle groups, such as the quadriceps and biceps . The baton is swung in fast, "snapping" strikes to these areas, sometimes only making contact with

3596-402: The world include many different designs, such as fixed-length straight batons, blackjacks, fixed-length side-handle batons, collapsible straight batons, and other more exotic variations. All types have their advantages and disadvantages. The design and popularity of specific types of baton have evolved over the years and are influenced by a variety of factors. These include inherent compromises in

3658-599: Was a popular movement to outfit police batons with implements like whistles, torches/flashlights and tear gas. At least four models were built with weapon-retention devices that would deploy "sharp spikes or blades" in case a suspect tried to grab an officer's baton. There is even a mention of two early 20th century patents for batons with guns built into the frame in American Police Equipment . The terms blackjack , cosh , and sap refer to any of several short, easily concealed club weapons consisting of

3720-669: Was formed in September 2018. The POT, once fully implemented in 2023, will work alongside its regular counterparts in major events such as riots, national emergencies, and public order incidents, as well as possible terrorist attacks. The Police Tactical Unit officers have traditionally worn the Combat Dress, also known as the no. 4 police uniform. This consists of a blue beret, long-sleeved blue polyester shirt with concealed plastic buttons, black combat belt, blue combat trousers, and black combat boots. The sleeves may be folded up during

3782-707: Was formerly the Assistant Commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police Armed Reserve. These officers formed the first riot control squad, which became operational in December 1952 as the Reserve Unit ( RU ). Their responsibilities included crowd control, riot control, and the provision of assistance during natural calamities such as fires and floods, thus, three specially trained squads were formed. In 1953,

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3844-414: Was not possible or convenient to collapse it at the time. An expandable baton is opened by being swung forcefully while collapsed, using inertia to extend and lock the segments by friction. Some mechanical-lock versions can also be opened by simply pulling the segments apart. Depending on the design, expandable batons may be collapsed either by being brought down (inverted) on a hard surface or by depressing

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