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70-580: Polish Police is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of Police , subordinate to the Minister of Interior and Administration . The Police is supported by municipal forces of city guards , having less legal authority and with jurisdiction only over prosecuting contraventions . The force's name, Policja , translates into the English language as Police . An individual officer is typically called

140-450: A policjant (plural policjanci ); these are not, however, official titles and are not included in the official rank structure, they are simply terms used to refer to any police officer regardless of the rank they may hold. A police station is known as Komenda Policji or Komisariat Policji both of which translate more or less into English as Police Commissariat. Female officers may be referred to as policjantki ,

210-414: A different shade of blue. All uniformed and most non-uniformed officers of the state police are routinely armed. In addition to their firearm, Policja officers carry handcuffs and a number of other pieces of equipment which usually includes a personal radio system for communication with other officers and their police station. Pepper spray is also commonly issued to officers in order to provide them with

280-513: A non-lethal alternative weapon with which to incapacitate violent suspects. Riot police, when needs be, are provided with non-ballistic body armour, helmets and shields. Less-lethal weaponry is also used by riot-control units such as shotguns with rubber bullets, tear gas canisters or water cannons . Sometimes they also deploy LRAD units. The strict control of civilian firearms ownership in Poland, only recently liberalized , has significantly aided

350-422: A number of different services. Each voivodeship/municipal command has subdivisions within its force. This leaves the police service with a large number of specialised branches which can more specifically target certain types of crime and apply more expert knowledge in the investigation of cases relating to their area of policing. In addition to these specific groups, all police forces retain a majority of officers for

420-627: A number of guises throughout the existence of the Polish police, and whilst the current office came into being following Poland's transformation into a liberal democracy in 1990, the same rank was also used for the highest-ranking officer of the State Police of the Second Republic during the inter-war years. Nowadays, holders of this office are considered to be successors to the commanders of the inter-war state police; commanding officers of

490-409: A special uchastkovyi militsioner ("quarter policeman"), assigned to each. The main duty of uchastkovyi is to maintain close relations with the residents of his quarter and gather information among them. In particular, uchastkovyi should personally know each and every ex-convict, substance abuser, young hooligan etc. in given uchastok , and visit them regularly for preemptive influence. Uchastkovyi

560-526: A specialist driver (either a serviceman or a civil employee) is assigned to each car and is also in charge of its maintenance. Under the Patrol Police Service Regulations a designated police officer-driver is required to have a driver licence and is not allowed to abandon the vehicle. However, this refers only to fully marked police vehicles with emergency lights; detectives are allowed to drive civilian cars with are registered to

630-628: Is UVD (УВД; Управление внутренних дел, Upravleniye vnutrennikh del ) or, sometimes, GUVD (ГУВД; Главное управление внутренних дел, Glavnoye upravleniye vnutrennikh del ), same for national republics is MVD, (МВД; Министерство внутренних дел, Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del ).) Functionally, Ministries of Internal Affairs are mostly police agencies. Their functions and organisation differ significantly from similarly named departments in Western countries, which are usually civil executive bodies headed by politicians and responsible for many other tasks as well as

700-440: Is also responsible for tackling minor offences like family violence, loud noise, residential area parking etc. Uchastkovyi is also the main, and actually the real, militsiya force in remote areas and small settlements where permanent police departments are not created. Uchastkovyi militsioners possess separate small offices within their quarters and maintain citizens admittance in definite weekdays. This system slightly resembles

770-485: Is expected to adhere to the terms of International arrest warrants and cooperate with the police forces of other nations through formal diplomatic channels. In many cases such cooperation has led to the arrest of high-risk criminals. The Polish Police is a centralised police force, organised under one central command in Warsaw and with all officers assigned to one of 17 voivodeship /municipal operations' commands, except in

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840-567: Is part of the Komenda Główna Policji (Policja Headquarters). On a regional level, voivodeship commands have control of smaller units called SPAP ( Samodzielny Pododdział Kontrterrorystyczny Policji ) , Independent Counter-terrorism Policja Subunit), these units are responsible for, high-risk arrests, search warrant execution service, hostage rescue operations (only in alarm situations; BOA has priority in this task) and other similar tasks. Because of their training and skill level, members of

910-781: Is the Akademia Policji or Police Academy in Szczytno ( Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship ). This school was founded in 1954 as the officer academy of the Milicja Obywatelska , renamed in 1972 to the Higher Militia School, the college finally became the Higher Police School upon Poland's return to liberal democracy in 1990. Since then it has remained the only establishment in the country certified to run courses for commissioned officers of

980-721: Is the ceremonial drill unit of the police. Affiliated with the Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces , it performs public duties and drill and ceremony on behalf of the police force and the President of Poland . In regards to national events, it mainly performs during the annual National Independence Day ceremony in November alongside other honor units on Piłsudski Square . The Policja's representative band

1050-1018: Is the use of conscripted soldiers from the Internal Troops and special motorized militsiya units ( СМЧМ , SMChM) for regular urban policing and for securing various mass events, which required more force employment than usual. The Internal Troops and SMChMs are the gendarmerie -like military force who can be assigned to carry out simple public security tasks like patrolling while being accompanied by professional militsioners, or cordoning large crowds at sport events, concerts, and protests. These soldiers possess no firearms on their policing duties, however they are equipped with PR-73 rubber police batons , PR-90 tonfas and related equipment; when called to perform riot control duties, they are typically equipped with ballistic shields and tear gas . The SMChM soldiers typically wear grey militsiya uniforms, distinguished from commissioned officers by wearing standard-issued sapogi instead of individual boots or shoes,

1120-810: Is typically voiced by Polish youth. This is most commonly expressed with the acronyms (C) HWDP and JP. [REDACTED] Media related to Police of Poland at Wikimedia Commons Commander-in-Chief of Police of Poland Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 205844955 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:53:36 GMT Milicja Militsiya (Russian: милиция , IPA: [mʲɪˈlʲitsɨjə] , Serbian : милиција , romanized :  milicija , lit.   ' militia ') were

1190-463: Is usually headed by a general. The rank name is suffixed with of militsiya (e.g. major of militsiya for a major). Militsiya personnel carry firearms , but are not permitted to carry their weapons when they are off duty. Unlike in some other countries' police agencies, militsioners are not assigned permanent partners, but work alone or within larger groups. Neither uniformed officers nor detectives are allowed to drive police vehicles themselves, so

1260-640: The European Union , been undergoing a thorough restructuring and has in the process acquired a large number of new vehicles; as of 2011 this process is still ongoing and new vehicles are constantly being procured in order to replace ageing old patrol cars as their service lives come to an end. In addition to standard sedan and hatchback model vehicles, the Policja has been investing significant amounts of money in developing their ability to respond to any incident no matter where it may be, this has in turn led to

1330-515: The German , Czech , Slovakian and Lithuanian police services has reached an all-time high. Furthermore, the Policja officers have taken part in a number of foreign police officer training and exchange programs, such as Project Lifesaver, which has seen a number of officers sent to the UK to observe and discuss alternative methods of policing abroad. As a constituent member of Interpol, the Polish police

1400-523: The Internal Troops . Since the disbanding of the Tax Police , it also investigates economic crimes. In August 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev introduced new legislation to reform and centralize the funding of the militsiya, as well as to officially change the militsiya's name to "Police" (the term which was used in the Russian Empire ). The change was performed on March 1, 2011. Militsiya

1470-599: The Lwów dialect of Polish or possibly from the Polish word menda . The following countries have changed the name of the police force from Militsiya (or equivalent) to a western-style name analogous to "police": Bulgaria , Poland , Romania , Estonia , Lithuania , Moldova , Latvia , Mongolia , North Macedonia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia , Kazakhstan , Armenia , Turkmenistan , Russia and Ukraine . In 2019, Uzbekistan officially removed references to

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1540-625: The NKVD had no personal ranks, much akin to the Red Army , Red Navy , and OGPU , and used position ranks. When personal ranks were reintroduced in the military in 1935, the Militsiya created a curious rank system that was a blend of standard military ranks such as sergeant, lieutenant, captain and major, and old positional ranks like 'squad leader', 'inspector', and 'director', some with several grades like 'senior' or 'junior'. The collar rank insignia

1610-480: The Polish nation , the state reorganised itself along non-federalist lines and established a centralised form of government. Under the auspices of the new government and with assistance from a British mission of soldiers and police officers led by Brigadier-General Gordon Macready , a new national police force was formed; this 'Polish State Police' (Policja Państwowa) then existed as the primary law enforcement agency for

1680-575: The police forces in the Soviet Union until 1991, in several Eastern Bloc countries (1945–1992), and in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992). The term Militsiya continues to be used in common and sometimes official usage in some of the individual former Soviet republics such as Belarus , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan , as well as in the partially recognised or unrecognised republics of Abkhazia , South Ossetia , Transnistria , DNR and LNR . In Russian law enforcement ,

1750-536: The Army – from private (Rus: ryadovoy ), which is the lowest rank, to colonel general – with only these exceptions: there are no ranks of Yefreytor , Army General , or Marshal . Detectives (Russian: operative ,- operativnik (оперативник), short for “operative employee ,- operativniy rabotnik (оперативный работник)) hold a rank of lieutenant at least and could be promoted to major or the colonel . The militsiya of an oblast (or other equivalent subnational entity )

1820-514: The BOA and SPKP units cooperate with similar special police formations from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and other ATLAS members. They also, train with servicemen from Służba Ochrony Państwa , Straż Graniczna , Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego , Wojska Specjalne , and most recently with the U.S. Army and 10th CAB's premier special missions company, A/3-10 GSAB WarAngels. Since

1890-720: The Internal Service , rather than Major of Militsiya ). The most common types were: The Russian MVD was recreated as the MVD of the Russian SFSR in 1990, following the restoration of the republican Council of Ministers and Supreme Soviet , and remained when Russia gained independence from the Soviet Union. It controlled the Militsiya, the State Road Inspection Service ( GAI ), and

1960-473: The Internal Troops wear green military uniform . During emergencies, raids , dragnets and other police operations, they are equipped with bullet-proof vests and protective gear, firearms and armoured vehicles while performing their policing duties. While not on law enforcement duty, soldiers reside in barracks and maintain standard military training. Special motorised militsiya units stationed in

2030-407: The MVD, having white number plates (marked police vehicles have blue plates) with specific series (for example, o...vo , o...rr , o...mm , o...om ). The last two are usually assigned to the vehicles registered to regional level MVD units. The law does not provide any preferences on the road nor allows emergency lights and/or sirens on such vehicles, therefore technically police officers do not have

2100-480: The Policja and the Polish Border Guard . The Policja's general commander is the senior-most officer of the Polish police. The rank of the general commander (usually General Inspector) is considered to be equivalent to that of a ranking general in the Polish military and both general inspektors and chief inspectors (who are also considered Police 'Generals') are entitled to wear embroidered white eagles,

2170-523: The Policja's foundation in its current form in 1990, the service has taken part and continues to participate in a number of international peacekeeping and international police missions around the world. To date the Policja has sent officers to participate in the following international peacekeeping missions: In addition to participating in international missions, the Policja also send delegates to and cooperate with international law enforcement agencies and organisations such as Europol and Interpol . Currently

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2240-577: The Polish officers make up the eighth largest staff contingent of Europol; a figure which is expected to rise as the Polish police force becomes more integrated with, and more active within, the organisation. Europol has also become far more important to Poland's policing community in recent years since Poland, in 2007, became a signatory of the Schengen Agreement , allowing for greater European integration, uninterrupted travel, and cross-border police cooperation. To this end, Polish cooperation with

2310-458: The Polish police outside the country, including concerts in Denmark, Belgium, Czech Republic, Belarus and Russia, yet they still value their well-kept tradition of playing performances for the ordinary residents of Warsaw. The band's musical repertoire includes marches, concert pieces, transcriptions of orchestral music and religious songs, as well as a great deal of other developmental music. Being

2380-550: The Polish police, and the officer's commissioning course. All students who attend the Higher Police School are expected to study criminal, constitutional and economic law. In addition to academic studies, officer candidates are trained in modern policing techniques, weapons' handling, and informatics. The college has numerous links with senior police academies in Europe and throughout the wider world. The Representative Honor Guard Company ( Polish : Kompania reprezentacyjna Policja )

2450-825: The Red Army in May 1940). This created a great deal of inconsistency and tension between army and NKVD/NKGB officers. The NKVD rank system was streamlined in 1943 when imperial-style shoulder boards replaced the collar insignia patches. The ranks now copied those of the Soviet Army, with the exception of top officers starting with 'Senior Major' who were renamed Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, although they still wore army-style Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. The GUGB/NKGB maintained their commissar ranks until 1945, and switched to equivalent General ranks after that. The Militsiya retained

2520-594: The US system of sheriffs but shows some notable differences. Uchastkovyi is neither a chief police officer in a given community nor a universal one (not combining detective, incarceration or special tactics tasks). The system of uchastkovyis dates back to imperial times when uriadniks were conducting lowest-level policing in rural areas. In Soviet Union, uchastkovyis were also responsible for such tasks as maintaining propiska limitations and overseeing former political prisoners, which were subject to daily registration at

2590-733: The airborne and land-based patrol units of the Policja, many regional commands, and especially those based near the coast or through which major waterways flow, have maritime units. The largest of police maritime units are currently found on the Vistula river in Warsaw (under the command of the Capital Police) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship where there is a large network of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas, maritime law enforcement cooperation also exists between

2660-483: The case that they are specialists working independently for the national commandant. The Policja has five training establishments sited within Poland. Four of these training establishments are police schools for enlisted personnel, whilst the fifth is a higher educational institution tasked with the education of officers and senior officials in a range of disciplines and expertises. The four junior colleges are located in: The final police training establishment in Poland

2730-534: The cities were all battalions with three exceptions. Kyiv and Leningrad had regiments and Moscow had a division , known as ODON , which is frequently used for policing Moscow; its soldiers can be spotted by a shoulder patch which features a white panther ; other Internal troops units in the Moscow region use a shoulder patch with a white falcon. Until late 1936, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of

2800-456: The commissar ranks until 1973. Some MVD officers had distinct ranks of General of the Internal Service of 1st, 2nd and 3rd rank; they were replaced with Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General in the 1970s. Ranks of militsiya are considered special ranks, not to be confused with military (all-forces) ranks, which are used by the internal troops of the MVD . All militsiya ranks have had

2870-416: The communist-era Milicja Obywatelska (Citizens' Militia) however, are not considered successors of the original cadre of Policja generals as they exercised authority over an organisation often utilised by the state as an instrument of political oppression. Since 1990 there have been twelve general commanders of the Policja who have completed their service. General Inspector Marek Papała, the formet holder of

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2940-506: The end of 2009 this figure had grown significantly, and despite small undulations, an average of 72% rated the Policja's work as 'good' or better. This brings the level of trust in the police to around the same level of 64-75% seen in other member states of the European Union. Much in the same way as other national police forces, the Policja is sometimes criticised for the methods it employs in maintaining law and order, such criticism

3010-533: The entire nation up until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. During the inter-war period , a number of key law enforcement duties were delegated to other formations, such as the Border Guard and Military Gendarmerie . With the end of World War II and the onset of the communist period , the new Soviet backed government decided to radically change the structure of policing in Poland;

3080-463: The former Soviet Union: Cognate terms also came into use in several Soviet bloc countries during the Cold War . Examples included Bulgaria ( Peoples' Militia ), Poland ( Milicja Obywatelska ) and other Warsaw Pact nations, as well as the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia ( Milicija ), which was phased out throughout the 1990s and replaced by policija (police) in early 1997. Bulgaria changed

3150-625: The latter word is offensive (it literally means "trash" or "garbage"), it originated from an acronym for the Moscow Criminal Investigations Department ( Russian : МУС , romanized :  MUS , short for Russian : Московский уголовный сыск , romanized :  Moskovskiy ugolovnyy sysk ) in Imperial Russia . Ment is a close equivalent to the English slang term "cop" and derived from

3220-478: The local MVD office. Although women constitute a significant proportion of militsiya staff, they are usually not permitted to fill positions that carry risks (such as patrolman, guard, SWAT ), but are allowed to carry firearms for self-defence. Instead, they are widely represented among investigators, juvenile crime inspectors, clerks, etc. However, limited attempts are being made to appoint women as traffic officers or operativniks . Another unique militsiya feature

3290-540: The militsiya differ significantly from those of western police. Militsiya as an organisation consists of many functional departments, such as the GIBDD , a traffic police. Organised crime detectives form highly independent squads inside regional militsiya. Some units may have the distinctive names (like OMON in Russia) which are more specific than militsiya or militsioner . Militsiya personnel ranks mostly follow those of

3360-545: The militsiya itself are usually called "internal security" departments. The official names of particular militsiya bodies and services in post-Soviet countries are usually very complicated, hence the use of the short term militsiya . Laws usually refer to police just as militsiya . The short term for a police officer (regardless of gender) is militsioner (Russian: милиционер , Ukrainian: мiлiцiонер ). Slang Russian terms for militsioner include ment (plural: менты, menty ) and musor (plural: мусора , musora ). Although

3430-400: The office, was assassinated by a person or persons unknown on 25 June 1998. He was shot in the head with a silenced weapon whilst exiting his car near his home in Warsaw's southern Mokotów district. The commander's murder remains unsolved and is considered to be one of the most significant outstanding cases under active investigation by the Polish police. The Policja is currently divided into

3500-426: The official full name for the militsiya forces in the respective countries. Its regional branches are officially called Departments of Internal Affairs—city department of internal affairs, raion department of internal affairs, oblast department of internal affairs, etc. (The Russian term for a raion department is OVD (ОВД; Отдел/Отделение внутренних дел, Otdel/Otdeleniye vnutrennikh del ), for region department

3570-450: The official representative band of the Policja, the group's musicians are often invited to play parade music for important events on national holidays such as the 3rd May Constitution Day . Overall the level of trust in the Policja and its work has increased steadily over the years since 2001. In 2001 only 46% of respondents to a national survey carried out on behalf of the police categorised their work and achievements as 'good', however, by

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3640-491: The police in keeping gun crime to a minimum, and thus the incidence of police firearms use is low. The below list is not intended to be a full list of all the vehicles used by the Polish Police, instead it lists the most commonly used vehicles. As of 1 January 2018; As of 1 January 2018; As of 1 January 2018; The Policja currently has a total of 13 helicopters at its disposal, these are based in: In addition to

3710-570: The pre-war name of 'Policja' and albeit with a few minor changes, the general system of law-enforcement of the Second Republic . Today, most common types include various models from Kia ( Cee'd model - ca. 4000 in use) Škoda (mainly Octavia ), Alfa Romeo , Ford Mondeo , Opel (mainly Opel Astra ), Volkswagen , and Toyota , as of 2011 the FSO Polonez (manufactured in Poland) is no longer in use. The Polish police force has, since joining

3780-461: The purchase of a large number of all-terrain 4x4 vehicles and multi-purpose vans and trucks. This expansion in capabilities was a stated requirement of the police force's restructuring program. Beginning in 2009, the painting scheme is being modified to a silver body design with blue reflective strip, similar to modern German police cars. Traditionally, vehicles were painted a dark blue color with side doors painted in white, and with white stripes and

3850-467: The purpose of patrol duty and general law enforcement. Typically a constituent force of the Policja will contain the following subdivisions within its structure: The Policja has highly qualified and well-equipped counter-terrorism formations. The central (national-level) anti-terrorism is BOA KGP  [ pl ] (Central Counter-terrorism Police Subunit, previously Biuro Operacji Antyterrorystycznych , Bureau of Anti-terrorism Operations), which

3920-439: The right to violate traffic laws even while on an assignment. GIBDD (the traffic militsiya) is the only exception: its members drive their own (or even own private) cars and are specially trained in risk-driving. One unique feature of militsiya policing approach is the system of territorial patronage over citizens. The cities, as well as the rural settlements are divided into uchastoks (Russian: pl. участки , "quarters" ) with

3990-418: The singular of which is policjantka . On the whole, officers' individual ranks are not used by the general public and thus when addressing an officer, it is common to hear the term Pan (female - Pani ), Polish for mister/miss used to refer to police officers. On occasion, this may or may not be followed by the terms Oficer or Funkcjonariusz . In 1919, with the re-independence of

4060-483: The state 'Policja' was renamed as the ' Milicja Obywatelska ' (Citizen's Militia), a name which was meant to reflect a change in the role of the police, from an instrument of oppression ensuring the position of the bourgeoisie, to a force composed of, and at the service of 'normal citizens'. Ironically the reality turned out to be largely the opposite and the Milicja instead represented a rather state-controlled force which

4130-578: The state symbol, on their uniform lapels. The commander’s apparatus is the National Police Headquarters based in Warsaw's Puławska Street. It is from here that the day-to-day administration and organisation of the Polish police's activities is coordinated. The headquarters is considered to have jurisdictional supremacy over all its other units, and subordinate commanders are responsible to the general commander in their capacity as his regional 'executives'. The position has existed in

4200-546: The supervision of law enforcement. The Soviet and successor MVDs have usually been headed by a militsiya general and predominantly consist of service personnel, with civilian employees only filling auxiliary posts. Although such ministers are members of their respective countries' cabinets, they usually do not report to the prime minister or parliament, but only to the president. Local militsiya departments are subordinated to their regional departments, having little accountability to local authorities. Internal-affairs units within

4270-556: The term remained official usage until 2011. The name militsiya as applied to police forces originates from a Russian Provisional Government decree dated April 17, 1917, and from early Soviet history : both the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks intended to associate their new law-enforcement authority with the self-organisation of the people and to distinguish it from the czarist police . The militsiya

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4340-466: The word "Militsiya" from its laws without replacing them with "police". The police are still called militsiya in Belarus , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , as well as in the unrecognized republics of Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Transnistria . In Kyrgyzstan active discussion continues about renaming the police force from militsiya to police . The organizational structure, methods and traditions of

4410-407: The word "POLICJA" on both sides. Earlier versions (used at the beginning of the 1990s) had a thinner stripe with the word "POLICJA" written under it. This design was adopted from the paint scheme used by the communist milicja . Some formerly used vehicles even had visible traces of the word "POLICJA" being corrected from "MILICJA", with the first two letters in a different shade of white, on a patch of

4480-515: The words "of militsiya" at the end, which are part of the rank name and not a descriptive addition. The Soviet and some post-Soviet Ministries of Internal Affairs have also included: These non-police services should be distinguished from the militsiya itself, except passport and registration service, which structures are often included into OVD and sometimes considered one of the important militsiya services. Their members have always used different generic names and specific ranks (e.g. Major of

4550-474: Was completely original and not based on military insignia. This system was largely reused by the GUGB in their special rank structure introduced in 1935, although with new rank insignia and Commissar -style ranks for top officers. New insignia were issued to GUGB in 1937 and to Militsiya in 1939. It was now based on collar rank patches of the Red Army and Internal Troops. Confusingly, the special NKVD rank system

4620-650: Was first founded in 1968. Its core was composed of a group of several musicians, which gradually expanded. From the beginning, the band improved rapidly, reaching a high artistic level, as reflected in the discretion of the judges at musical contests nationwide. In the years 1984, 1986, 1988, the band won its most prestigious trophy, the Cup of the Minister of Internal Affairs. From the outset, the musicians performed at various national, departmental, religious and state events. The band's musicians have on numerous occasions represented

4690-518: Was left intact, so for example ' Captain of Militsiya/State Security was assigned the three-box insignia of an army Colonel (in the Red Army, this patch was reassigned to lieutenant colonel in September 1939, but the NKVD did not alter their insignia) and Major of Militsiya/State Security was mapped to one-romb insignia of Kombrig (a brigade commander) (which was abolished for commanding officers of

4760-571: Was reaffirmed in Russia on October 28 (November 10, according to the new style dating ), 1917 under the official name of the "Workers' and Peasants' Militsiya", in further contrast to what the Bolsheviks called the " bourgeois class protecting" police. Eventually, it was replaced by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian: МВД, MVD ; Ukrainian: МВС, MVS ; Belarusian: МУС, MUS ), which is now

4830-567: Was the national police service of Ukraine from the 1950s until 2015. The militsiya was formed whilst Ukraine was governed by the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , part of the Soviet Union, and continued to serve as a national police service in independent Ukraine until it was replaced by the National Police of Ukraine on 7 November 2015. The term militsiya remains in use in several parts of

4900-536: Was used to exert political repression on the citizens. The Milicja was, for the most part, detested by the general populace; events such as the police's conduct during the Gdańsk Shipyard Strike and surrounding the Popiełuszko affair , only worsened the people's view of their law enforcement agencies. After the fall of the communist government in Poland, the system was reformed once again, this time reviving

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