Philosophers
30-684: The Polish–Swedish union was a short-lived personal union between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden between 1592 and 1599. It began when Sigismund III Vasa , elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , was crowned King of Sweden following the death of his father John III . The union ended following a civil war in Sweden in which he lost the crown to his uncle, who eventually became Charles IX . Sigismund afterwards returned to Warsaw and pursued
60-572: A diplomatic mission , in an attempt to solve the conflict by negotiations. Charles at first looked ready to negotiate but in fact he was playing for time, trying to confirm his power at another Riksdag (in Arboga ), recruiting peasants for his army, and isolating Sigismund's followers. In 1598, the Sejm gave Sigismund the go-ahead to wage a military campaign against his opponents in Sweden; however it refused to give him significant support. Sigismund's army
90-558: A war against his former realm . After the death of John III, his son Sigismund became heir to the throne of Sweden. Sigismund at that time was already the elected King of Poland, and had so been since 1587. Sigismund certainly valued the Swedish throne and upon learning about the death of his father, and the pretensions to the throne of his uncle, Duke Charles of Södermanland , he asked the Sejm (Polish parliament) for permission to leave
120-622: The Battle of Stångebro (also known as the battle of Linköping). Sigismund was captured and forced to hand over some of his followers such as the Chancellor of Sweden , Erik Sparre . In May 1599, Charles' forces captured the last fortress held by Sigismund, Kalmar . On 24 July 1599, the Riksdag in Stockholm officially dethroned Sigismund. The new King of Sweden was Charles IX of Sweden , and
150-583: The Gulf of Finland ( Ingria ) and recalling some of Sigismund's supporters their posts (among them, Admiral Klaus Fleming ). That went against Sigismund's plans, as he has promised in his pacta conventa during his election to the Commonwealth throne to cede the Duchy of Estonia to the Commonwealth from Sweden, and in turn compensate Sweden with territory acquired from Muscovy. In 1595, Charles openly disobeyed
180-761: The War of the Spanish Succession was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, le Grand Dauphin — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power ; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire. Before 1707, see England and Scotland . After 1801, see United Kingdom below. In 1826,
210-605: The co-princes of Andorra being the President of France . King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the History of Yuan ) or 1308 (according to Goryeosa ) to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Mongol Empire and Mongol imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he
240-525: The Catholics against the Protestants. At this period Duke Charles and his Protestant friends were clearly outnumbered by the supporters of Sigismund. Nevertheless, immediately after King John’s death, a synod summoned to Uppsala by Duke Charles rejected the new liturgy and drew up an anti-Catholic confession of faith on 5 March 1593. Holy Scripture and the three primitive creeds were declared to be
270-482: The Commonwealth and go to Sweden, where he could secure the Swedish crown. The Sejm gave him permission, and on 3 August 1593, Sigismund, accompanied by his wife, Anna of Habsburg , and other followers, departed for Sweden. In Sweden, he encountered a serious problem due to his religion, as Sigismund was a devoted Catholic , and most of the Swedish population (including Charles) had converted to Lutheranism . There were fears that Sigismund, if elected king, would support
300-800: The House of Oldenburg (the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein). Besides the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to
330-744: The Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Ko , one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen. Due to Andorra's special government form resulting from the Paréage of 1278 , it is a diarchy with co-princes . One of them is the Bishop of Urgell , the other was originally the Count of Foix . It is through this feudal co-prince that the Principality has entered partial personal union with: In 1607
SECTION 10
#1732765328328360-558: The Polish–Swedish union was dissolved after barely seven years of existence. In March 1600, some of Sigismund's supporters were executed, including five senators , in an event known as the Linköping Bloodbath ( Linköpings blodbad ). Sigismund, who was allowed to return to Poland, did not relinquish his desire to regain the throne of Sweden. This attitude led to a series of Polish–Swedish wars , that culminated during
390-501: The Protestants, and forbade the Catholics from public demonstrations of their faith and from holding high offices. The agreement of 19 February seemed to have calmed the situation; Sigismund was crowned in the Cathedral of Uppsala and became the king of Sweden . The Kingdom of Sweden was now in a personal union with Poland–Lithuania . In July, Sigismund left Sweden in the hands of the regency council and returned to Poland. Sweden
420-604: The conflict by military means, but gained little support within the Privy Council. The new Riksdag he summoned at Arboga in 1597 – again despite the King's orders – saw few participants, and only one from the Privy Council. Even so, Duke Charles did not achieve support for his military action, but initiated it nonetheless. Parts of southern Sweden were successfully taken. Several of the Privy Council members fled to Poland to convince Sigismund to take counteractions. Sigismund sent
450-423: The counties of Harjumaa , Western Virumaa , Raplamaa and Järvamaa — submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and Läänemaa in 1581. It is also colloquially known as the "good old Swedish times" ( Estonian : vana hea Rootsi aeg ) by Estonians, but this expression was not used before the following Russian rule, in the beginning of which the situation of Estonian peasantry declined rapidly; to gain
480-588: The feudal co-prince was Henry IV of France , who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the French Revolution , the new government did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with: : After 1707, see Great Britain below. Note: The point at issue in
510-545: The king by calling the Estates to session in Söderköping . The Riksdag of 1595, proclaimed him regent though King Sigismund had previously refused him that office. Supported by many Protestants and most of lower classes, he was opposed by most of the nobility, Catholics, the area constituting modern Finland, and most of the population of Stockholm. Sweden was now on the verge of civil war . Duke Charles sought to end
540-462: The newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed. The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into
570-526: The reign of his son, John II Casimir of Poland , with the giant Swedish invasion of Poland known as the Deluge . At the time of the union, the coastline of Poland stretched from Pomerania in the southwest to Pärnu in the northeast (modern-day Estonia). The Swedish coastline stretched from Brömsebro in the west, around the northern part of the Baltic, down to Pärnu . Thus the time of the Polish–Swedish union
600-415: The same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union , by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state , a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing
630-427: The same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states have different succession laws ). The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into republics . There are currently two personal unions in the world: the 15 Commonwealth realms , who share Charles III as their head of state, and one of
SECTION 20
#1732765328328660-628: The single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach . Duchies with peculiar rules for succession . See the Schleswig-Holstein Question . The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire , while Schleswig was a part of Denmark). The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of
690-677: The throne of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, until 1918, when he (and all the other German monarchs) abdicated. : After 1707, see Great Britain above. After 1801, see United Kingdom below. After 1542, see England above. Because heads of state and government of republics are ordinarily chosen from within the citizens of the state in question, sovereign republics very rarely share common leaders. A few examples are: Duchy of Estonia (1561%E2%80%931721) The Duchy of Estonia ( Swedish : Hertigdömet Estland ; Estonian : Eestimaa hertsogkond ; German : Herzogtum Estland ), also known as Swedish Estonia ( Swedish : Svenska Estland ),
720-584: The true foundations of Christian faith, and the Augsburg confession was adopted, on 9 January 1594, in Uppsala . Sigismund was confronted by the representatives of the Lutherans and the lower nobility . Pressured by the political situation, and amidst the turmoil which included Sigismund's Catholic entourage and their Lutheran opponents, he eventually agreed on February 19, to guarantee religious freedom to
750-407: The two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch. The term was coined by German jurist Johann Stephan Pütter , introducing it into Elementa iuris publici germanici (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760. Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as: They can also be codified (i.e., the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall share
780-654: Was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721 during the time that most or all of Estonia was under Swedish rule . The territory was eventually ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad , following its capitulation during a plague outbreak in the Great Northern War . The dominion arose during the Livonian War , when the northern parts of present-day Estonia — Reval (Tallinn) and
810-653: Was a very powerful man during Külüg Khan 's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in Liaodong . However, he lost his power in the Mongol imperial court after the death of the Külüg Khan. Because the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk , Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316,
840-480: Was composed mostly of mercenaries (Germans and Hungarians), supported by a relatively small Polish force (although with some artillery ). Sigismund's campaign was poorly planned. He was unable to coordinate his troop movements with his supporters, particularly Fleming who was supposed to attack Charles from Finland. After initial successes (the taking of Kalmar and defeating Charles' troops at Stegeborg ), Sigismund's forces were defeated on 25 September 1598 at
870-601: Was to be ruled jointly by the Privy Council of Sweden and Sigismund's uncle Duke Charles. Sigismund, however, reneged on his earlier promises, opening Catholic schools, and giving Catholics prominent posts. Charles in turn did not give up on acquiring the Swedish throne and pursued his own political agenda. On 18 May 1595 he signed a treaty of Teusina with Muscovy , ending the Russo-Swedish War (1590–95) by agreeing borders status quo ante bellum around
900-521: Was unique in that the Baltic Sea effectively became an internal sea of this superstate. A somewhat similar situation exists as of 2024, in that the Baltic Sea is now surrounded by NATO, with the sole exception of Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg . Personal union Works List of forms of government A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have
#327672