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64-454: The library collects books, journals, electronic and audiovisual publications published in the territory of Poland, as well as Polonica published abroad. It is the most important humanities research library, the main archive of Polish writing and the state centre of bibliographic information about books. It also plays a significant role as a research facility and is an important methodological center for other Polish libraries. The National Library

128-463: A national library status. There are three general sections: The National Library's history has origins in the 18th century ( Załuski Library ) including items from the collections of John III Sobieski which were obtained from his grand daughter Maria Karolina Sobieska , Duchess of Bouillon. However, the Załuski collection was confiscated by troops of Russian tsarina Catherine II in the aftermath of

192-768: A permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth . Polish literature Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland . Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language , though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin , Yiddish , Lithuanian , Russian , German and Esperanto . According to Czesław Miłosz , for centuries Polish literature focused more on drama and poetic self-expression than on fiction (dominant in

256-634: A poet laureate , became known among European nations as Horatius christianus (Christian Horace ) for his Latin writings; Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621–1693), an epicurean courtier and diplomat, extolled in his sophisticated poems the valors of earthly delights; and Wacław Potocki (1621–1696), the most productive writer of the Polish Baroque, unified the typical opinions of Polish szlachta with some deeper reflections and existential experiences. Notable Polish writers and poets active in this period include: The period of Polish Enlightenment began in

320-529: A Nobel Prize in literature for his patriotic Trilogy inspiring a new sense of hope. Writers of this period include: Literature of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) encompasses a short, though exceptionally dynamic period in Polish literary consciousness. The socio-political reality has changed radically with Poland's return to independence. In large part, derivative of these changes was

384-653: A Polish nobleman, Egyptologist , linguist , and adventurer, whose travel memoirs made him legendary in his homeland. Outside Poland he is known chiefly for his novel, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa , which has drawn comparisons to such celebrated works as the Decameron and the Arabian Nights . Notable Polish writers and poets of the Enlightenment period include: Due to partitions carried out by

448-567: A hundred years earlier. The sentence was supposedly uttered by a Bohemian settler, Bogwal ("Bogwalus Boemus"), a subject of Bolesław the Tall , expressing compassion for his own wife who "very often stood grinding by the quern-stone ." Most notable early medieval Polish works in Latin and the Old Polish language include the oldest extant manuscript of fine prose in the Polish language entitled

512-430: A particular variant of a poetic cult of Piłsudski . In the years of German and Soviet occupation of Poland , all artistic life was dramatically compromised. Cultural institutions were lost. The environment was chaotic, and the writers scattered: some found themselves in concentration and labor camps (or Nazi-era ghettos ), others were deported out of the country; some emigrated ( Tuwim , Wierzyński ), many more joined

576-410: A preparation for a political career. The studies of poetry required the practical knowledge of writing both Latin and Polish poems, which radically increased the number of poets and versifiers countrywide. On the soil of humanistic education some exceptional writers grew as well: Piotr Kochanowski (1566–1620) gave his translation of Torquato Tasso 's Jerusalem Delivered ; Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski ,

640-612: A printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers; as well as Jan Długosz 's Chronicle from the 15th century and his Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium . With the advent of the Renaissance , the Polish language was finally accepted on an equal footing with Latin. Polish culture and art flourished under Jagiellonian rule, and many foreign poets and writers settled in Poland, bringing with them new literary trends. Such writers included Kallimach ( Filippo Buonaccorsi ) and Conrad Celtis . Many Polish writers studied abroad, and at

704-493: A strong aesthetic opposition to the ideals of its own predecessor (promoting organic work in the face of foreign occupation). Artists following this early philosophy of Young Poland believed in decadence , symbolism , conflict between human values and civilization, and the existence of art for art's sake . Prominent authors who followed this trend included Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer , Stanisław Przybyszewski and Jan Kasprowicz . The later ideology emerged in conjunction with

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768-567: A ti poziwai " ("Let me grind, and you take a rest") – a paraphrase of the Latin " Sine, ut ego etiam molam. " The work in which this phrase appeared reflects the culture of early Poland. The sentence was written within the Latin language chronicle Liber fundationis from between 1269 and 1273, a history of the Cistercian monastery in Henryków , Silesia . It was recorded by an abbot known simply as Piotr (Peter), referring to an event almost

832-704: Is a liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church containing the public or canonical prayers, hymns, the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use, especially by bishops, priests, and deacons in the Divine Office. The Illuminated Sketchbook of Stephan Schriber (1494). Autographs are an important part of the library's collection. They include items from 19th-century romantic poets, 16th and 18th century philosophers, and many Nobel Prize-winning authors. List of notable people from

896-838: Is estimated that out of over six million volumes in Warsaw's major libraries in 1939, 3.6 million volumes were lost during World War II, a large part of them belonging to the National Library. Today the collections of the National Library are one of the largest in the country and in the world . Among 7,900,000 volumes (2004) held in the library are 160,000 objects printed before 1801, over 26,000 manuscripts (including 6,887 music manuscripts), over 114,000 music prints and 400,000 drawings. The library collections also include photographs and other iconographic documents, more than 101,000 atlases and maps, over 2,000,000 ephemera, as well as over 2,000,000 books and about 800,000 copies of journals from

960-583: The Holy Cross Sermons , as well as the earliest Polish-language Bible of Queen Zofia and the Chronicle of Janko of Czarnków  [ pl ] from the 14th century, not to mention the Puławy Psalter  [ pl ] . Most early texts in Polish vernacular were influenced heavily by the Latin sacred literature. They include Bogurodzica (Mother of God), a hymn in praise of

1024-868: The Borejsza's publishing empire embraced the Sovietization of Polish culture. In 1953 the ZLP Union , run by Kruczkowski with a slew of prominent signatories, declared full support to persecution of religious leaders by the Ministry of Public Security . Death sentences were not enforced, although Father Fudali died in unexplained circumstances, as had 37 other priest and 54 friars already before 1953. Likewise, writer Kazimierz Moczarski from Armia Krajowa (the Home Army), tortured in jail by Romkowski's subordinates for several years and sentenced to death,

1088-649: The Kraków Academy , which became a melting pot for new ideas and currents. In 1488, the world's first literary society, the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (Vistula Literary Society) was founded in Kraków. Notable members included Conrad Celtes , Albert Brudzewski , Filip Callimachus and Laurentius Corvinus . A Polish writer who used Latin as his principal vehicle of expression was Klemens Janicki ( Ianicius ), who became one of

1152-633: The Occupation of Poland appeared in print only after the conclusion of World War II, including books by Nałkowska , Rudnicki , Borowski and others. The Soviet takeover of the country did not discourage Émigrés and exiles from returning, especially before the advent of Stalinism . Indeed, many writers attempted to recreate the Polish literary scene, often with a touch of nostalgia for the prewar reality, including Jerzy Andrzejewski , author of Ashes and Diamonds , describing (according to Communist design) Anti-communist resistance in Poland . His novel

1216-475: The Poland's return to independence (1918). Notable authors included Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer , Stanisław Przybyszewski and Jan Kasprowicz . The neo-Romantic era was exemplified by the works of Stefan Żeromski , Władysław Reymont , Gabriela Zapolska , and Stanisław Wyspiański . In 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz received a Nobel Prize in literature for his Quo Vadis inspiring a new sense of hope. Literature of

1280-461: The Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) encompasses a short, though exceptionally dynamic period in Polish literary consciousness. The socio-political reality has changed radically with Poland's return to independence. New avant-garde writers included Julian Tuwim , Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz , Witold Gombrowicz , Czesław Miłosz , Maria Dąbrowska and Zofia Nałkowska . In the years of German and Soviet occupation of Poland , all artistic life

1344-611: The Virgin Mary written down in the 15th century, though popular at least a century earlier. Bogurodzica served as a national anthem. It was one of the first texts reproduced in Polish on a printing press; and so was the Master Polikarp's Conversation with Death (Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią). In the early 1470s, one of the first printing houses in Poland was set up by Kasper Straube in Kraków (see: spread of

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1408-533: The assimilation of Poland's Jewish minority ; and the defense of the Polish population in the German-ruled part of Poland against Kulturkampf Germanization and the displacement of the Polish population by German settlers. The writers worked to educate the public about constructive patriotism, which would enable Polish society to function as a fully integrated " social organism ", regardless of adverse circumstances. Poland's Positivist period lasted until

1472-545: The second Partition of Poland and sent to Saint Petersburg , where the books formed the mass of the Imperial Public Library on its formation in 1795. Parts of the collection were damaged or destroyed as they were mishandled while being removed from the library and transported to Russia, and many were stolen. According to the historian Joachim Lelewel , the Zaluskis' books, "could be bought at Grodno by

1536-574: The 1730s–40s and peaked in the second half of the 18th century during the reign of Poland's last king , Stanisław August Poniatowski . It went into sharp decline with the Third and final Partition of Poland (1795), followed by political, cultural and economic destruction of the country, and leading to the Great Emigration of Polish elites. The Enlightenment ended around 1822, and was replaced by Polish Romanticism at home and abroad. One of

1600-546: The 1730s–40s and peaked in the second half of the 18th century. Leading Polish Enlightenment authors included Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801) and Jan Potocki (1761–1815). Polish Romanticism , unlike Romanticism elsewhere in Europe, was largely a movement for independence against the foreign occupation. Early Polish Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics. Notable writers included Adam Mickiewicz , Seweryn Goszczyński , Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki . In

1664-678: The 19th to 21st centuries. Notable items in the collection include 151 leaves of the Codex Suprasliensis , which was inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2007 in recognition for its supranational and supraregional significance. In 2012 the library signed an agreement to add 1.3 million Polish library records to WorldCat . The Catalogue of the Archbishops of Gniezno and Lives of

1728-469: The Bishops of Cracow by Jan Długosz is a 16th-century manuscript illuminated by Stanislaw Samostrzelnik between 1531 and 1535. Today it resides in the collection of the National Library in Warsaw. A selection of illuminated Breviary pages from various unknown miniaturists working in and around Paris, Bruges and Gent in the middle of the 15th century. A breviary (from Latin brevis, 'short' or 'concise')

1792-544: The English speaking world). The reasons were manifold but mostly rested on the historical circumstances of the nation. Polish writers typically have had a more profound range of choices to motivate them to write, including past cataclysms of extraordinary violence that swept Poland (as the crossroads of Europe), but also, Poland's collective incongruities demanding an adequate reaction from the writing communities of any given period. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in

1856-704: The Polish society, and growing pessimism. The whole period was amazingly rich nevertheless. In 1933 the Polish Academy of Literature (PAL) was founded by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic ( Rada Ministrów RP); as the highest opinion-forming authority in the country; it awarded Gold and the Silver Laurels (Złoty, and Srebrny Wawrzyn), the two highest national honors for contributions to literature until invasion of Poland in 1939. One of

1920-587: The Russians and deportations to Siberia. The literature of Polish Romanticism falls into two distinct periods, both defined by insurgencies : the first around 1820–1830, ending with the November uprising of 1830; and the second between 1830 and 1864, giving birth to Polish Positivism . In the first period, Polish Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics – Their art featured emotionalism and imagination, folklore , country life, as well as

1984-497: The Soul), printed in Kraków in 1513 at one of Poland's first printing establishments, operated by Florian Ungler (originally from Bavaria ). The most notable Polish writers and poets active in the 16th century include: The literature in the period of Polish Baroque (between 1620 and 1764) was significantly influenced by the great popularization of Jesuit high schools, which offered education based on Latin classics as part of

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2048-454: The basket". Because of that, when Poland regained her independence in 1918, there was no central institution to serve in the capacity of a national library. On 24 February 1928, by the decree of president Ignacy Mościcki , the National Library was created in its modern form. It was opened in 1930 and initially had 200 thousand volumes. Its first Director General was Stefan Demby, succeeded in 1934 by Stefan Vrtel-Wierczyński . The collections of

2112-467: The collection: The National Library houses the Fryderyk Chopin manuscript collection, the largest collection of the composer's work. It also holds works from other important composers such as Józef Elsner , Karol Szymanowski , Grażyna Bacewicz , Witold Lutosławski and Krzysztof Komeda . From May 2024, the most valuable objects from the collection of the National Library are presented at

2176-545: The collective and unobstructed development of programs for artists and writers. New avant-garde trends had emerged. The period, spanning just twenty years, was full of notable individualities who saw themselves as exponents of changing European civilization, including Tuwim , Witkacy , Gombrowicz , Miłosz , Dąbrowska and Nałkowska ( PAL ). They all contributed to a new model of the twentieth-century Polish culture echoing its own language of everyday life. The two decades of Interbellum were marked by rapid development in

2240-579: The end or even in the middle of the 10th century, contains a menaion for the month of March, intersecting with the movable cycle of Easter. It also contains 24 lives of saints, 23 homilies and one prayer, most of which were written by or are attributed to John Chrysostom . The 284-folio (or 285-folio, according to some sources) codex was "discovered" in 1823 by Canon Michał Bobrowski in the Uniate Basilian monastery in Supraśl . In 1838, Bobrowski sent

2304-410: The failed January 1863 Uprising against Russian occupation, the new period of Polish Positivism —which took its name from Auguste Comte 's philosophy of Positivism —advocated skepticism and the exercise of reason . Questions addressed by Poland's Positivist writers revolved around "organic work," which included the establishment of equal rights for all members of society, including feminists ;

2368-403: The field of poetry, undivided and undiminished for the first time in over a century. From 1918 to 1939, the gradual and successive introduction of new ideas resulted in the formation of separate and distinct trends. The first decade of Polish interwar poetry was clear, constructive, and optimistic; as opposed to the second decade marked by dark visions of the impending war, internal conflicts within

2432-461: The idea of the poeta-wieszcz (nation's bard) developed. The wieszcz functioned as spiritual leader to the suppressed people. The most notable poet among the leading bards of Romanticism , so recognized in both periods, was Adam Mickiewicz . Other two national poets were: Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński . Polish writers and poets of the Romantic period include: In the aftermath of

2496-427: The increasingly violent Communist regime , which engaged in gross violations of human rights. In the years 1944–1956, around 300,000 Polish citizens were arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced against political prisoners, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". Fearing for their proper jobs, many writers associated with

2560-725: The introduction of the Stalinist doctrine by minister Sokorski . Poland had three Nobel Prize winning authors in the later 20th century: Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978), Czesław Miłosz (1980) and Wisława Szymborska (1996). In the early 21st century, yet another writer was awarded the Prize: Olga Tokarczuk . Almost nothing remains of Polish literature prior to the country's Christianization in 966. Poland's pagan inhabitants certainly possessed an oral literature extending to Slavic songs, legends and beliefs, but early Christian writers did not deem it worthy of mention in

2624-640: The last part of the manuscript in two pieces to Slovene philologist Jernej Kopitar so that he could transcribe it. After Kopitar returned it, Bobrowski sent him the first part (118 folios ), however for unknown reasons it was never returned to Bobrowski and was found in 1845 among the documents of the deceased Kopitar. It was later kept by the Ljubljana Lyceum and now by the National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana. The largest part

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2688-481: The leading Polish Enlightenment poets was Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801), known locally as "the Prince of Poets" and Poland's La Fontaine , author of the first Polish novel called The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom (Mikołaja Doświadczyńskiego przypadki); he was also a playwright, journalist, encyclopedist and translator from French and Greek . Another prominent writer of the period was Jan Potocki (1761–1815),

2752-629: The library collections consisted of: In 1940 the Nazi occupants changed the National Library into Municipal Library of Warsaw and divided it as follows: In 1944 the special collections were set ablaze by the Nazi occupants as a part of repressions after the Warsaw Uprising . This caused the destruction of 80,000 early printed books, including priceless 16th–18th century Polonica, 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables, 100,000 drawings and engravings, 50,000 pieces of sheet music and theatre materials. It

2816-495: The library were rapidly extended. For instance, in 1932 president Mościcki donated all of the books and manuscripts from the Wilanów Palace Museum to the library, some 40 thousand volumes and 20 thousand pictures from the collection of Stanisław Kostka Potocki . Initially the National Library lacked a seat of its own. Because of that, the collections had to be accommodated in several places. The main reading room

2880-467: The most notable Latin poets of his time and was laureled by the Pope. Other writers such as Mikołaj Rej , and Jan Kochanowski , laid the foundations for the Polish literary language and modern Polish grammar. The first book written entirely in the Polish language appeared in this period – It was a prayer-book by Biernat of Lublin (c. 1465 – after 1529) called Raj duszny ( Hortulus Animae , Eden of

2944-451: The most prominent poets of the interwar period was Bolesław Leśmian (member of PAL ), whose creative personality developed before 1918, and in large part influenced both Interbellum decades (until his death in 1937). The literary life of his contemporaries revolved mostly around the issues of independence. All Polish poets treated the concept of freedom with extreme seriousness, and many patriotic works had emerged at that time, not to mention

3008-504: The name of a scribe (hence the occasional name Codex of Retko ) and that the text was copied from several sources. Research indicates that at least one of the sources may have Glagolitic (for Epiphanius' Homily on the Entombment ). Vocalizations of yers , rarely occurring epenthesis, change of ъ to ь behind hardened č , ž , š and some other linguistic traits point to its (Eastern) Bulgarian linguistic provenance. From May 2024,

3072-551: The neighboring empires – which ended the existence of the sovereign Polish state in 1795 – Polish Romanticism , unlike Romanticism elsewhere in Europe, was largely a movement for independence against the foreign occupation, and expressed the ideals and the traditional way of life of the Polish people. The period of Romanticism in Poland ended with the Tsarist suppression of the January 1863 Uprising , marked by public executions by

3136-531: The obligatory Latin, and so it has perished. Within the Polish literary tradition, it is customary to include works that have dealt with Poland , even if not written by ethnic Poles. This is the case with Gallus Anonymus , the first historian to have described Poland in his work entitled Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in sophisticated Latin. Gallus

3200-487: The printing press ). In 1475 Kasper Elyan of Głogów (Glogau) set up a printing shop in Wrocław (Breslau), Silesia . Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded at Kraków by Schweipolt Fiol for Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs. The most notable texts produced in that period include Saint Florian's Breviary, printed partially in Polish in the late 14th century; Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia (1475):

3264-506: The propagation of the ideals of independence. The most famous writers of the period were: Adam Mickiewicz , Seweryn Goszczyński , Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki . In the second period (after the January uprising ), many Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from the Polish soil by the occupying power. Their work became dominated by the ideals of freedom and the struggle for regaining their country's lost sovereignty . Elements of mysticism became more prominent. Also in that period,

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3328-460: The ranks of the Polish underground resistance movement ( Baczyński , Borowski , Gajcy ). All literary outlets were forced to cease operation. Writers who remained at home began organizing literary life in conspiracy, including lectures, evenings of poetry, and secret meetings in the homes of writers and art facilitators. Polish cities where such meetings were held most frequently were: Warsaw , Kraków and Lwów . Writers participated in setting-up of

3392-501: The second period, many Polish Romantics worked abroad. Influential poets included Adam Mickiewicz , Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński . In the aftermath of the failed January uprising , the new period of Polish Positivism began to advocate skepticism and the exercise of reason. The modernist period known as the Young Poland movement in visual arts, literature and music , came into being around 1890, and concluded with

3456-756: The socio-political upheavals across Europe such as the 1905 Revolution against Nicholas II of Russia , the Norwegian independence , the Moroccan Crisis and others. It was a continuation of romanticism , often called neo-romanticism. The artists and writers following this idea covered a large variety of topics: from the sense of personal mission of a Pole exemplified by Stefan Żeromski 's prose, through condemnation of social inequality in works by Władysław Reymont and Gabriela Zapolska , to criticism of Polish society and Polish revolutionary history by Stanisław Wyspiański . In 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz received

3520-405: The turn of the 20th century and the advent of the Young Poland movement. Prominent writers and poets of Polish Positivism included: The modernist period known as the Young Poland movement in visual arts, literature and music , came into being around 1890, and concluded with the Poland's return to independence (1918). The period was based on two concepts. Its early stage was characterized by

3584-615: The underground presses (out of 1,500 clandestine publications in Poland, about 200 were devoted to literature). Many fought in the Polish army in exile or resisted the Holocaust in a civil capacity. The generation of the Kolumbs, born around 1920, were active during the Warsaw uprising . Best-known representatives of the war years are: All texts published under Soviet rules were strictly censored. Much of Polish literature written during

3648-403: Was a foreign monk who accompanied King Bolesław III Wrymouth in his return from Hungary to Poland. The important tradition of Polish historiography was continued by Wincenty Kadłubek , a thirteenth-century Bishop of Kraków , as well as Jan Długosz , a Polish priest and secretary to Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki . The first recorded sentence in the Polish language reads: " Day ut ia pobrusa,

3712-417: Was adapted into film a decade later by Wajda . The new emerging prose writers such as Stanisław Dygat and Stefan Kisielewski approached the catastrophe of war from their own perspective. Kazimierz Wyka coined a term "borderline novel" for documentary fiction. The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949–1950 with the introduction of the Stalinist doctrine by minister Sokorski , on behalf of

3776-764: Was bought for the private library of the Zamoyski family in Warsaw . This part of the codex disappeared during World War II , but later resurfaced in the United States and was returned by Herbert Moeller to Poland in 1968, where it has been held by the National Library of Poland in Warsaw until the present day. The third part, consisting of 16 folios, is held by the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg . The codex

3840-412: Was dramatically compromised. Cultural institutions were lost. Out of 1,500 clandestine publications in Poland, about 200 were devoted to literature. Much of Polish literature written during the Occupation of Poland appeared in print only after the conclusion of World War II, including books by Nałkowska , Rudnicki , Borowski and others. The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949–1950 with

3904-587: Was located in the newly built library building of the Warsaw School of Economics . In 1935 the Potocki Palace in Warsaw became home for the special collections. A new, purpose-built building for the library was planned in what is now the Mokotów Field , in a planned monumental "Government District". However, its construction was hampered by the outbreak of World War II. Before World War II,

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3968-406: Was one of the first libraries in Europe that fulfilled the tasks of a modern national library in developing collections covering the entire body of Polish literature and making available to the public. Literature and making those works accessible to the public receives a copy of every book published in Poland as legal deposit . The Jagiellonian Library is the only other library in Poland to have

4032-524: Was pardoned and released only at the end of this period. Codex Suprasliensis The Codex Suprasliensis is a 10th-century Cyrillic literary monument, the largest extant Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript and the oldest Slavic literary work located in Poland . As of September 20, 2007, it is on UNESCO 's Memory of the World list. The codex, written in Medieval Bulgaria at

4096-431: Was published by Franz Miklosich (Vienna, 1851), Sergej Severjanov ( Suprasalьskaja rukopisь , Saint Petersburg, 1904), and Jordan Zaimov and Mario Capaldo (Sophia, 1982–1983). Alfons Margulies produced a significant volume on the codex titled Der altkirchenslavische Codex Suprasliensis (Heidelberg, 1927). Folio 260 of the manuscript contains the note g(ospod)i pomilui retъka amin . Some experts think retъka represents

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