The Polish cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England . These monumentally grand churches are not necessarily cathedrals , defined as seats of bishops or of their dioceses .
26-471: Polish cathedral churches generally have large amounts of ornamentation in the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style. The decorations used reflect the tastes of the Polish immigrants to these regions in both the symbols and statuary of saints prominently displayed throughout. Additionally there is a heavy proclivity towards ornamentation drawn from
52-461: A Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration in Spain in the late 17th century and was used until about 1750, marked by extreme, expressive and florid decorative detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main façade of a building. Named after the architect and sculptor, José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725), who
78-612: A mixture of architectural traits from numerous past eras characteristic of Europe and the Americas. Skerrett says Polish churches surpassed other immigrants' churches in size. Their style promoted the immigrants' vision of Polish identity. Kantowicz writes in The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith : "The preference of the Polish League for Renaissance and Baroque forms seems more clear cut. The glory days of
104-694: A sites: In Mexico , the Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas , capital of Zacatecas state, and the Templo de Santa Prisca , located in Taxco , Guerrero state are considered as masterpieces of Churrigueresque style. The building of Parroquia Antigua in Salamanca, Guanajuato , founded on August 24, 1603, was completed in the year 1690, and the Churrigueresque façade in 1740. The altarpiece of
130-528: A tutor. He supplemented his meager income as a contributor to encyclopedic dictionaries and dispersed his funds among poor Polish exiles throughout France. Janski sent two of his associates, Peter Semenenko and Jerome Kajsiewicz to Rome to work on re-establishing the Polish college to educate priests for Poland. Joining them, the three established a small community. Semenenko and Kajsiewicz were ordained in 1842. Pope Pius IX advised them to "Organize yourselves in
156-692: A way that will do the most good for the Church". The name of the Congregation refers to the bells sounded in Rome at noon on Easter Sunday , 1842, when the first seven brothers left the Catacombs of San Sebastiano , near San Sebastiano fuori le mura , after their religious vows . In 1866 the Collegio Polacco (Polish College) college was finally opened due to the efforts of the Congregation of
182-537: Is attached to the same Cathedral, are also representatives of the style. California Churrigueresque is a revival style native to California , developed in the early 20th century by architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr. for the 1915 Panama–California Exposition , which helped popularize its use in Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California, and to a lesser extent
208-640: The Baine , Cherokee , Herman , Hollywood Studio , Pickwick Book Shop , Pig 'n Whistle , and Wax Museum buildings. Resurrectionist Order The Resurrectionists officially named the Congregation of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ ( Latin : Congregatio a Resurrectione Domini Nostri Jesu Christi ), abbreviated CR is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men (Priest, Brother or Permanent Deacon). It
234-587: The Chicago Architecture Foundation 's ArchiCenter held an exhibit on these treasures titled Chicago's Polish Churches . These ornate temples were largely built by the working poor in these regions in the era spanning the period from the end of the American Civil War until the end of World War II . Many of Chicago 's Protestant elites criticized these stylistically grand churches as "ostentatious" in comparison with
260-510: The Congregation of the Resurrection , in addition to the architectural styles of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Both in scale and scope, these edifices were attempts to contradict the marginal status of Polish immigrants in society. As a stateless people whose culture was systematically attacked in its homeland during the years of partition , they also had a low economic rank in the industrial centers to which they had immigrated at
286-667: The First Congregational Church of Riverside , Los Angeles's St. Vincent de Paul Church and Million Dollar Theatre , as well as Beverly Hills City Hall . The Golden Gate Theater in East Los Angeles is another example. The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District contains several contributing properties with Churrigueresque in their design, including the Palace , El Capitan , and Warner theatres; Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel ; and
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#1732772334114312-700: The Polish Commonwealth came in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when it formed the largest state in Europe … The architectural style of Chicago's Polish churches in Chicago reflect this, particularly the magnificent edifices of Worthmann and Steinbach built along Milwaukee Avenue on the Northwest Side , reflected the renaissance glory of Polish Catholicism ". Peter Williams in his book Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in
338-492: The Renaissance and Baroque periods as well as modeling designs after famous churches in Poland . The claim of different 'architectural styles' of Europe ascribed to these churches is misleading, as most of them are already labeled by art historians as examples of Eclecticism and Historicism , characterized by the various architectural revivals found in styles of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These churches exhibit
364-411: The "plainer" style in vogue for Protestant houses of worship. Catholic hierarchs such as John Lancaster Spalding , the first Bishop of Peoria , responded by comparing the churches that the immigrants financed to the pyramids of Egypt that were built by slaves. The need for identity was evident in the unique architecture of the Polish cathedral style. It was often associated with the religious order of
390-742: The Church, and to the Congregation Their life as consecrated religious within the Congregation of the Resurrection is fulfilled as a Priest, Brother or Permanent Deacon. Internationally, they are divided into three Provinces and one Region, ministering in sixteen countries worldwide. The Community works and has its missions in Italy, Poland, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Bolivia, Australia, Bermuda, Mexico, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia, and Israel. The Congregation has its Motherhouse in Rome. The superior general and
416-528: The Churriguera popularized Guarino Guarini 's blend of Solomonic columns and composite order , known as "supreme order". Between 1720 and 1760, the Churrigueresque column, or estipite , in the shape of an inverted cone or obelisk, was established as a central element of ornamental decoration. The years from 1760 to 1780 saw a gradual shift of interest away from twisted movement and excessive ornamentation towards neoclassical balance and sobriety. Among
442-662: The Renaissance style of their mother country. The scale of these structures was often enormous, both in the great size of these parishes and the episcopal ambitions of their clerical leaders... Still visible from the freeways, many of these "cathedrals" such as St. Stanislaus Kostka in Chicago now serve African-American or Latino constituencies while others have been closed by their archbishops as no longer economically viable. The churches are major tourist attractions in Chicago, with tours devoted exclusively to them. In May 1980
468-573: The Resurrection, which raised the first funds to which Princess Odelscalchi, Pius IX, and others contributed later. As consecrated religious, resurrectionists profess the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience . By our vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, we dedicate and consecrate ourselves totally to the Risen Christ in the religious life. This dedication entails an act of faith whereby we respond to God’s call to give ourselves completely with all our talents, abilities, and powers to Him, to
494-490: The United States on p. 179 writes,"[I]n Detroit and Chicago especially, a distinctive genre of church building emerged among Polish communities, the "Polish cathedral." Where most Catholic churches were built in grander or humbler variations and Gothic and Romanesque themes popular across the country, the ambitious prelates in the Great Lakes Polonias often chose to make monumental statements in
520-800: The church of San Francisco Javier ( National Museum of Viceroyalty ) in Tepotzotlán , State of Mexico is also considered, along with its façade, one of the most important baroque churrigueresque works created by the Jesuits in New Spain . The Altar de los Reyes of the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and the façades of the Sagrario Metropolitano, by the Spanish architect Lorenzo Rodriguez, which
546-561: The highlights of the style, interiors of the Granada Charterhouse offer some of the most impressive combinations of space and light in 18th-century Europe. Integrating sculpture and architecture even more radically, Narciso Tomé achieved striking chiaroscuro effects in his Transparente for the Toledo Cathedral . Perhaps the most visually intoxicating form of the style was Mexican Churrigueresque, practiced in
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#1732772334114572-599: The mid-18th century by Lorenzo Rodriguez , whose masterpiece is the Sagrario Metropolitano (1749–69) in Mexico City , New Spain . The first of the Churriguera was José Benito de Churriguera (1665–1725), who trained as a joiner of altarpieces , drawing some very important for various churches of Salamanca , Madrid , Valladolid and other cities in Spain. Some in Spain have gone and some remain only
598-746: The rest of the United States. Goodhue and Winslow developed the style after studying Churrigueresque and Plateresque ornamentation in Spanish Colonial buildings in Mexico. Many of the best examples of California Churrigeresque are located in Balboa Park in San Diego , the site of the Panama–California Exposition. Other notable buildings in this style include San Francisco's Mission Dolores Basilica and Mission High School ,
624-631: The turn of the century. The construction of these churches greatly influenced the development of neighborhoods that surrounded them. World views that the Polish immigrants from the Old World retained, and their creative assimilation into the New World , shaped the landscape of the rapidly growing industrial regions to which they immigrated. Churrigueresque Churrigueresque ( / ˌ tʃ ʊər ɪ ɡ ə ˈ r ɛ s k / ; Spanish : Churrigueresco ), also but less commonly "Ultra Baroque", refers to
650-633: Was born in Madrid and who worked primarily in Madrid and Salamanca , the origins of the style are said to go back to an architect and sculptor named Alonso Cano , who designed the façade of the cathedral at Granada , in 1667. A distant, early 15th century precursor of the highly elaborate Churrigueresque style can be found in the Lombard Charterhouse of Pavia . The development of the style passed through three phases. Between 1680 and 1720,
676-827: Was founded in 1836 by three men, Bogdan Jański, Peter Semenenko and Hieronim Kajsiewicz on the heels of the Polish Great Emigration . The Congregation of the Resurrection began in Paris on Ash Wednesday of 1836. Bogdan Janski, Peter Semenenko, and Jerome Kajsiewicz, the first three members, are regarded as the founders. As a university student in Warsaw, Janski became involved in various student movements. He then studied economics in France, England, and Germany. Disenchanted with various social movements, he began to assist Polish exiles living in France, where he worked as
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