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57-442: In publishing, because of their seniority, a political editor's byline is often added to stories that actually are the work of more junior colleagues to give the story more credibility and to indicate their seniority within the publication. The political editor usually carries out the major interviews with a country's prime minister and senior government figures and covers major events like party conferences . BBC News introduced

114-483: A brothel ". He built a network of loyal political cronies that included Maj. Gen. Dan Butterfield for chief of staff, and the notorious political general , Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles , for command of the III Corps . Hooker's plan for the spring and summer campaign was both elegant and promising. He first planned to send his cavalry corps deep into the enemy's rear, disrupting supply lines and distracting him from

171-423: A newspaper or magazine article gives the name of the writer of the article . Bylines are commonly placed between the headline and the text of the article, although some magazines (notably Reader's Digest ) place bylines at the bottom of the page to leave more room for graphical elements around the headline. Dictionary.com defines a byline as "a printed line of text accompanying a news story, article, or

228-570: A candidate for a lieutenant colonelcy", but nothing came of his request. From 1859 to 1861, he held a commission as a colonel in the California militia . At the start of the Civil War in 1861, Hooker requested a commission, but his first application was rejected, possibly because of the lingering resentment harbored by Winfield Scott, general-in-chief of the Army. He had to borrow money to make

285-642: A dispute with Army headquarters over the status of defensive forces in Harpers Ferry , he impulsively offered his resignation in protest, which was quickly accepted by Lincoln and Halleck. On June 28, 1863, three days before the Battle of Gettysburg , Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade . Hooker received the Thanks of Congress for his role at the start of the Gettysburg Campaign , but

342-463: A foot wound. He asserted that the battle would have been a decisive Union victory if he had managed to stay on the field, but General McClellan's caution once again failed the Northern troops and Lee's much smaller army eluded destruction. With his patience at an end, President Lincoln replaced McClellan with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Although Hooker had criticized McClellan persistently, the latter

399-578: A general's pay and pension. The December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg was another Union debacle. Upon recovering from his foot wound, Hooker was briefly made commander of V Corps but was then promoted to "Grand Division" command, with a command that consisted of both III and V Corps. Hooker derided Burnside's plan to assault the fortified heights behind the city, deeming them "preposterous". His Grand Division (particularly V Corps) suffered serious losses in fourteen futile assaults ordered by Burnside over Hooker's protests. Burnside followed up this battle with

456-595: A journalist's clerical error, and the nickname stuck. His personal reputation was as a hard-drinking ladies' man, and his headquarters was known for parties and gambling. Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts , the grandson of a captain in the American Revolutionary War . He was of entirely English ancestry, all of whom had been in New England since the early 1600s. His initial schooling

513-651: A ladies' man began in Mexico, where local women referred to him as the "Handsome Captain". After the Mexican–American War (which ended in 1848), he served as an assistant adjutant general of the Pacific Division, but resigned his commission in 1853; his military reputation had been damaged when he testified against his former commander, General Scott, in the court-martial for insubordination of Gideon Johnson Pillow . The Handsome Captain struggled with

570-589: A major role in the Seven Days Battles , although he and fellow division commander Phil Kearny tried unsuccessfully to urge McClellan to counterattack the Confederates. He chafed at the cautious generalship of McClellan and openly criticized his failure to capture Richmond . Of his commander, Hooker said, "He is not only not a soldier, but he does not know what soldiership is." The Peninsula cemented two further reputations of Hooker's: his devotion to

627-464: A piece of creative nonfiction might read: John Smith is working on a book, My Time in Ibiza , based on this article. He is returning to the region this summer to gather material for a follow-up essay. Bylines were rare before the late 19th century. Before then, the most similar practice was the occasional "signed" or "signature" article. The word byline itself first appeared in print in 1926, in

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684-550: A scene set in a newspaper office in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway. One of the earliest consistent uses of the idea was for battlefield reporting during the American Civil War. In 1863, Union General Joseph Hooker required battlefield reporters to sign their articles so that he would know which journalist to blame for any errors or security violations. The practice became more popular at

741-428: A typographical error changed the entry "Fighting – Joe Hooker Attacks Rebels" to remove the dash and the name stuck. Robert E. Lee occasionally referred to him as "Mr. F. J. Hooker" in a mildly sarcastic jab at his opponent. Hooker's reputation as a hard-drinking ladies' man was established through rumors in the pre-Civil War Army and has been cited by a number of popular histories. Biographer Walter H. Hebert describes

798-492: A way as to believe it, of your recently saying that both the Army and the Government needed a Dictator. Of course, it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain success can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship. During the spring of 1863, Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored

855-457: Is a point to remember because to speak up for General Stone took moral courage, a quality which Joe Hooker is rarely accused of possessing. Despite this, Fighting Joe would set a very bad example for the conduct of generals and their staff and subordinates. His headquarters in Falmouth, Virginia , was described by cavalry officer Charles F. Adams, Jr. , as being a combination of a "bar-room and

912-633: The Press Gazette gives the following examples: Ponsford also highlights cases in which newspapers byline fictional authors for pieces that attack other newspapers: for example, the Daily Express ' s use of "Brendon Abbott". Joseph Hooker Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 – October 31, 1879) was an American Civil War general for the Union, chiefly remembered for his decisive defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at

969-578: The Army of the Potomac on January 26, 1863. Some members of the army saw this move as inevitable, given Hooker's reputation for aggressive fighting, something sorely lacking in his predecessors. During the "Mud March" Hooker was quoted by a New York Times army correspondent as saying that "Nothing would go right until we had a dictator, and the sooner the better." Lincoln wrote a letter to the newly appointed general, part of which stated, I have heard, in such

1026-567: The Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. Hooker had served in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War , receiving three brevet promotions, before resigning from the Army. At the start of the Civil War, he joined the Union side as a brigadier general, distinguishing himself at Williamsburg , Antietam and Fredericksburg , after which he was given command of the Army of the Potomac . His ambitious plan for Chancellorsville

1083-546: The Bureau of Military Information , which was the first all-source intelligence organization employed by the U.S. military. He also implemented corps badges as a means of identifying units during battle or when marching and to instill unit pride in the men. Other orders addressed the need to stem rising desertion (one from Lincoln combined with incoming mail review, the ability to shoot deserters, and better camp picket lines), more and better drills, stronger officer training, and for

1140-661: The XX Corps ) competently in the 1864 Atlanta Campaign under Sherman but when Army of the Tennessee commander James B. McPherson was killed in July during the battles around Atlanta, Sherman appointed XI Corps commander Oliver O. Howard to command the army instead. Hooker was offended at this gesture as he outranked Howard and had blamed him for the defeat at Chancellorsville. He also had very poor relations with XII Corps commander Henry W. Slocum ever since that battle and Slocum

1197-620: The regular army rank of major general. He died on October 31, 1879, while on a visit to Garden City, New York , and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio , his wife's hometown. Hooker was popularly known as "Fighting Joe" Hooker, a nickname he regretted deeply; he said, "People will think I am a highwayman or a bandit." When a newspaper dispatch arrived in New York during the Peninsula Campaign,

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1254-620: The 1970s, most modern newspapers and magazines have attributed almost all but their shortest articles and their own editorial pieces to individual reporters or to wire services . An exception is the British weekly The Economist , which publishes nearly all material except blog posts anonymously . The Economist explains this practice as being traditional and reflective of the collaborative nature of their reporting. Articles that originate from press agency journalists are sometimes incorrectly attributed to newspaper staff. Dominic Ponsford of

1311-630: The Army of the Potomac began to march north, attempting to locate Lee's Army of Northern Virginia as it slipped down the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania . Hooker's mission was first to protect Washington, D.C., and Baltimore and second to intercept and defeat Lee. Unfortunately, Lincoln was losing any remaining confidence he had in Hooker. Hooker's senior officers expressed to Lincoln their lack of confidence in Hooker, as did Henry W. Halleck , Lincoln's General-in-chief. When Hooker got into

1368-761: The Army of the Tennessee, but Sherman threatened to resign if the president insisted. However, due to "obvious gaps" in the Official Records , the story cannot be verified. After leaving Georgia, Hooker commanded the Northern Department (comprising the states of Michigan , Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois ), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio , from October 1, 1864, until the end of the war. While in Cincinnati he married Olivia Groesbeck, sister of Congressman William S. Groesbeck . After

1425-472: The Hooker legend may have been at least partly responsible for the popularity of the term. There is some evidence that an area in Washington, DC, known for prostitution during the Civil War, was referred to as "Hooker's Division". The name was shortened to "The Division" when he spent time there after First Bull Run guarding D.C. against incursion. There is an equestrian statue of General Hooker outside

1482-529: The I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. During the Maryland Campaign, Hooker led the I Corps at South Mountain and at Antietam, his corps launched the first assault of the bloodiest day in American history, driving south into the corps of Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson , where they fought each other to a standstill. Hooker, aggressive and inspiring to his men, left the battle early in the morning with

1539-407: The Potomac historian and author Bruce Catton termed this request by Hooker "a strange and seemingly uncharacteristic thing" and "one of the most interesting things he ever did." Hooker never explained why he asked for Stone, but Catton believed: [Hooker] laid schemes and calculations aside and for one brief moment stood up as a straightforward soldier who would defy politics and politicians. ... It

1596-472: The Union XI Corps . The Army of the Potomac dropped into a purely defensive mode and eventually was forced to retreat. The Battle of Chancellorsville has been called "Lee's perfect battle" because of his ability to vanquish a much larger foe through audacious tactics. Part of Hooker's failure can be attributed to an encounter with a cannonball; while he was standing on the porch of his headquarters,

1653-473: The claims that Hooker was a heavy drinker or that he was ever intoxicated on the battlefield. There is a popular legend that "hooker" as a slang term for a prostitute is derived from his last name because of parties and a lack of military discipline at his headquarters near the Murder Bay district of Washington, DC. Some versions of the legend claim that the band of prostitutes that followed his division

1710-510: The effort to organize and train the new Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan . In the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, Hooker commanded the 2nd Division of the III Corps and made a good name for himself as a combat leader who handled himself well and aggressively sought out the key points on battlefields. He led his division with distinction at Williamsburg and at Seven Pines . Hooker's division did not play

1767-422: The end of the 19th century, as journalists became more powerful and popular figures. Bylines were used to promote or create celebrities among some yellow journalists during this time. Proponents of signed articles believed that the signature made the journalist more careful and more honest; publishers thought it made papers sell better. However, the increasing use of bylines was resisted by others, including

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1824-719: The first time, combining the federal cavalry into a single corps. The corps badge idea was suggested by Hooker's chief of staff, Daniel Butterfield . Hooker said of his revived army: I have the finest army on the planet. I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run, God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none. Also during this winter, Hooker made several high-level command changes, including with his corps commanders. Both "Left Grand Division" commander Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin , who vowed that he would not serve under Hooker, and II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner

1881-410: The general's personal habits as the "subject of much debate" although there was little debate in the popular opinion of the time. His men parodied Hooker in the popular war song Marching Along . The lines McClellan's our leader, He's gallant and strong were replaced by Joe Hooker's our leader, He takes his whiskey strong. Historian Stephen W. Sears , however, states that there is no basis for

1938-527: The glory would go to Meade. Hooker's tenure as head of the Army of the Potomac had lasted 5 months. Hooker's military career was not ended by his poor performance in the summer of 1863. He went on to regain a reputation as a solid corps commander when he was transferred with the XI and XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac westward to reinforce the Army of the Cumberland around Chattanooga, Tennessee . Hooker

1995-574: The humiliating Mud March in January and Hooker's criticism of his commander bordered on formal insubordination. He described Burnside as a "wretch ... of blundering sacrifice." Burnside planned a wholesale purge of his subordinates, including Hooker, and drafted an order for the president's approval. He stated that Hooker was "unfit to hold an important commission during a crisis like the present." But Lincoln's patience had again run out and he removed Burnside instead. Lincoln appointed Hooker to command of

2052-491: The important position of chief of staff, Hooker asked the War Department to send him Brig. Gen. Charles Stone , however, this was denied. Stone had been relieved, arrested, and imprisoned for his role in the Battle of Ball's Bluff in the fall of 1861, despite the lack of any trial. Stone did not receive a command upon his release, mostly due to political pressures, which left him militarily exiled and disgraced. Army of

2109-620: The intervening years. Andy Bell has been the programme's political editor since 1999. Sky News launched in 1989 with Adam Boulton as political editor. Faisal Islam took over the role in 2014 before moving to the BBC as Economics Editor in 2019. Islam was replaced as Sky's political editor by his former deputy, Beth Rigby . This journalism -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Byline The byline (or by-line in British English ) on

2166-485: The like, giving the author's name". A typical newspaper byline might read: Tom Joyce New Boston Post Reporter A byline can also include a brief article summary that introduces the author by name: Penning a concise description of a long piece has never been as easy as often appears, as Staff Writer John Smith now explains: Magazine bylines and bylines on opinion pieces often include biographical information on their subjects. A typical biographical byline on

2223-1010: The main attack. He would pin down Robert E. Lee's much smaller army at Fredericksburg while taking the large bulk of the Army of the Potomac on a flanking march to strike Lee in his rear. Defeating Lee, he could move on to seize Richmond. Unfortunately for Hooker and the Union, the execution of his plan did not match the elegance of the plan itself. The cavalry raid was conducted cautiously by its commander, Brig. Gen. George Stoneman , and met none of its objectives. The flanking march went well enough, achieving strategic surprise, but when he attempted to advance with three columns, Stonewall Jackson's surprise attack on May 1 pushed Hooker back and caused him to withdraw his troops. From there, Hooker pulled his army back to Chancellorsville and waited for Lee to attack. Lee audaciously split his smaller army in two to deal with both parts of Hooker's army. Then, he split again, sending Stonewall Jackson's corps on its own flanking march, striking Hooker's exposed right flank and routing

2280-464: The missile struck a wooden column against which he was leaning, initially knocking him senseless, and then putting him out of action for the rest of the day with a concussion . Despite his incapacitation, he refused entreaties to turn over temporary command of the army to his second-in-command, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch . Several of his subordinate generals, including Couch and Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , openly questioned Hooker's command decisions. Couch

2337-636: The morale of his soldiers, which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside. Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops (by issuing flour or soft bread 4 times a week, fresh onions or potatoes twice a week and desiccated vegetables once a week) , camp sanitary changes (such as regular airing of bedding, men having to bathe twice a week), improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system, addition of and monitoring of company cooks, several hospital reforms, and an improved furlough system (two man per company by lot, 10 days for mid-Atlantic states, 15 days to northern and western states). He created

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2394-431: The publisher–owner of The New York Times , Adolph Ochs , who believed that bylines interfered with the impersonal nature of news and decreased the sense of institutional responsibility for an article's content. Bylines remained rare in that newspaper for several more decades. The first Associated Press wire services story with a byline appeared in 1925, and the practice became commonplace shortly afterwards. Since

2451-400: The role of political editor in 1970. In addition to the nation-wide political editors, Glenn Campbell has been political editor for BBC Scotland since 2021, Felicity Evans has been political editor for BBC Cymru Wales since 2018 and Nicholas Watt has been political editor for Newsnight since 2016. ITN produces news programmes for ITV , Channel 4 and Channel 5 . The ITN brand

2508-521: The tedium of peacetime life and reportedly passed the time with liquor, ladies, and gambling. He settled in Sonoma County, California , as a farmer and land developer, and ran unsuccessfully for election to represent the region in the California legislature. He was obviously unhappy and unsuccessful in his civilian pursuits because, in 1858, he wrote to Secretary of War John B. Floyd to request that his name "be presented to president Buchanan as

2565-615: The trip east from California. After he witnessed the Union Army defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run , he wrote a letter to President Abraham Lincoln that complained of military mismanagement, promoted his own qualifications, and again requested a commission. He was appointed, in August 1861, as brigadier general of volunteers to rank from May 17. He commanded a brigade and then division around Washington, D.C., as part of

2622-619: The war, Hooker led Lincoln's funeral procession in Springfield on May 4, 1865. He served in command of the Department of the East and Department of the Lakes following the war. His postbellum life was marred by poor health and he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, 1866, and retired from the U.S. Army on October 15, 1868, with

2679-585: The welfare and morale of his men, and his hard-drinking social life, even on the battlefield. On July 26, Hooker was promoted to major general, ranked from May 5. During the Second Battle of Bull Run , the III Corps was sent to reinforce John Pope 's Army of Virginia . Following Second Bull Run, Hooker replaced Irvin McDowell as commander of the Army of Virginia's III Corps, which soon redesignated

2736-419: Was apparently unaware of it and in early October, shortly before his termination, had recommended that Hooker receive a promotion to brigadier general in the regular army. The War Department promptly acted on this recommendation, and Hooker received his brigadier's commission to rank from September 20. This promotion ensured that he would remain a general after the war was over, retire a general, and be entitled to

2793-613: Was appointed to command the Army of the Potomac three days before Gettysburg. Hooker returned to combat in November 1863, helping to relieve the besieged Union Army at Chattanooga, Tennessee , and continuing in the Western Theater under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , but departed in protest before the end of the Atlanta Campaign when he was passed over for promotion. Hooker became known as "Fighting Joe" following

2850-771: Was at the local Hopkins Academy . He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 29th out of a class of 50, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery. His initial assignment was in Florida fighting in the second of the Seminole Wars . He served in the Mexican–American War in staff positions in the campaigns of both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott . He received brevet promotions for his staff leadership and gallantry in three battles: Monterrey (to captain ), National Bridge ( major ), and Chapultepec ( lieutenant colonel ). His future Army reputation as

2907-477: Was derisively referred to as "General Hooker's Army" or "Hooker's Brigade". However, the term "hooker" was used in print as early as 1845, years before Hooker was a public figure, and is likely derived from the concentration of prostitutes around the shipyards and ferry terminal of the Corlear's Hook area of Manhattan in the early to middle 19th century, who came to be referred to as "hookers". The prevalence of

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2964-476: Was in command at the Battle of Lookout Mountain , playing an important role in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's decisive victory at the Battle of Chattanooga . He was brevetted to major general in the regular army for his success at Chattanooga, but he was disappointed to find that Grant's official report of the battle credited William Tecumseh Sherman 's contribution over Hooker's. Hooker led his corps (now designated

3021-571: Was relieved at being reassigned and sent to command the Vicksburg garrison. Sherman did not have a very positive opinion of Hooker and readily accepted his resignation. Upon hearing of Hooker's protests at being turned down for army command despite his seniority, Grant remarked "A major general is only entitled to command of a division." Hooker's biographer reports that there were numerous stories indicating that Abraham Lincoln attempted to intercede with Sherman, urging that Hooker be appointed to command

3078-625: Was relieved of command, on Burnside's recommendation, in the same order appointing Hooker to command. The IX Corps was a potential source of embarrassment or friction within the army because it was Burnside's old corps, so it was detached as a separate organization and sent to the Virginia Peninsula under the command of Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith , former commander of VI Corps . (Both Franklin and Smith were considered suspect by Hooker because of their previous political maneuvering against Burnside and on behalf of McClellan.) For

3135-553: Was so disgusted that he refused to ever serve under Hooker again. Political winds blew strongly in the following weeks as generals maneuvered to overthrow Hooker or to position themselves if Lincoln decided on his own to do so. Robert E. Lee once again began an invasion of the North, in June 1863, and Lincoln urged Hooker to pursue and defeat him. Hooker's initial plan was to seize Richmond instead, but Lincoln immediately vetoed that idea, so

3192-399: Was thwarted by Lee's bold move in dividing his army and routing a Union corps, as well as by mistakes on the part of Hooker's subordinate generals and his own loss of nerve. The defeat handed Lee the initiative, which allowed him to travel north to Gettysburg. Hooker was kept in command, but when General Halleck and Lincoln declined his request for reinforcements, he resigned. George G. Meade

3249-525: Was used on ITV until 1999, when it was rebranded as ITV News . Additionally, Colin Mackay has been the political editor for STV News in Scotland since 2019, when he replaced Bernard Ponsonby . Political editors for Channel 4 News include: ITN produced the 5 News programme for Channel 5 from the channel's launch in 1997 until 2005 and again from 2012, with Sky News providing news coverage in

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