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78-688: The SGP was founded in 1918 by orthodox Protestants led by Yerseke pastor Gerrit Hendrik Kersten , some of which originated from the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP). After the Pacification of 1917 , compulsory voting and proportional representation was introduced in the Netherlands. The founders did not want to vote for existing parties, but saw an opportunity for a smaller party because of proportional representation. The party first participated in

156-742: A Protestant fundamentalist party the SGP draws much from its ideology from the Reformed Christian tradition, specifically the ecclesiastical doctrinal standards known as the Three Forms of Unity , including an unamended version of the Belgic Confession ( Dutch : Nederlandse Geloofsbelijdenis ). It includes 21 words that were removed by the synod of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1905, which state that

234-411: A bicameral system because of the conviction that their nobility should be given a place in the legislature. While the northern members were not enthusiastic about the proposal, they agreed under the condition that nobility would not be a requirement for membership. The new constitution, which came into effect on 24 August 1815, thus provided for a Senate consisting of forty to sixty members appointed by

312-479: A chambre de reflection , which was deemed impossible when they would be forced to campaign for direct election. It was therefore decided that the Senate would henceforth be elected by provincial councils. Its 39 seats were distributed among the provinces degressively proportional to population, and a third of its members would be elected for 9-year terms every three years using a majoritarian system. The position of

390-465: A bill has been passed by the House of Representatives, it is sent to the Senate and is submitted to a parliamentary committee. The committee decides whether the bill can be immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber or if there should first be preparatory study of the bill. If a bill is immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber, it is passed as a formality without a debate. Although this body

468-645: A civil engineer. In the 1984 European Parliament election , the SGP joined the two other orthodox Protestant parties, the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) and the Reformed Political League (GPV). They won one seat in the European Parliament, which was taken by SGP member Leen van der Waal , a mechanical engineer. In 1986, Van Rossum was succeeded by Bas van der Vlies . In the 1994 election

546-501: A high salt content (a lucrative commodity in the Middle Ages). Extraction has since formed the characteristic landscape today: rich, low-lying meadows atop a thick peat layer are interspersed by sandy creek ridges along which roads and paths have developed over the centuries. Due to large variation in soils and sand, a great variety of fauna has developed and the area has become a protected bird sanctuary. A trail guides walkers through

624-646: A modest turnout in Drenthe and Gelderland . Despite SGP's opposition to women's suffrage , it draws significant support from women. In the period 1971–1977, when the Dutch National Voter Survey started, around half of its voters were female. This declined to 34% in 1989–1998, but rose back to half in 2010–2017. In the March 2021 general election and the March 2023 provincial elections , nearly 60% of SGP voters were female. The highest organ of

702-539: A new organ was installed in 1974, partially with funds from a villager who emigrated to the United States . The difference between the new and old bricks is clearly visible. Additional churches and congregations in the town include: Due to lack of congregants, a small Catholic church built in 1893 was remodeled as a residence from 2003 onwards. The village is served by Dutch Railways with half-hourly services to both Amsterdam and Vlissingen . The station

780-509: A provincial federation in each province, except for Limburg . Initially, women were not allowed to be member of the party. In 1983, the first woman, W. van Donge-van Bezooijen, applied for membership, but The Hague electoral association had rejected her application because she was a woman. She then wrote to the national party board, after which she and Riet Grabijn-van Putten became member in 1985. The party board however changed its position in 1991, rejecting membership for women. This position

858-625: A seat, the SGP continued its activities In 1919, the party board started a petition against the Invaliditeitswet  [ nl ] (Disability Act), which forced workers to pay premiums to insure against disability. It received 4,800 signatures. The party encouraged its members to send back their stamp cards which tracked their premiums. In December 1920, the Senate passed a law that would accommodate their conscientious objections. A similar petition against compulsory vaccination received 27,059 signatures in 1922, but sorted no effect. For

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936-648: A second seat in 1926, it has usually varied between two and three seats in the House of Representatives. Most of its electorate is formed by so-called pietistic Reformed Protestants (" bevindelijk gereformeerden  [ nl ] "), Reformed Protestants for whom personal religious experience is very important. Most of the Old Reformed Congregations and the Reformed Congregations are considered pietistic Reformed Protestants. Pietistic Reformed Protestants are also present in

1014-513: Is a village situated on the southern shore of the Oosterschelde ( Eastern Scheldt ) estuary in the Dutch province of Zeeland . A separate municipality until 1970, it today forms part of the municipality of Reimerswaal . As of 2010 Yerseke had a recorded population of 6,695 inhabitants, living in 2,680 households. The fishing village is well known for its aquaculture . Tourists visit

1092-655: Is called the "Senate" in English, this is not a direct translation of its official Dutch name, the "First Chamber of the States General" or, in short, the "First Chamber". Nevertheless, and in contrast to the Second Chamber, the name Senaat is also used often in the media. "Member of the First Chamber" ( Eerste Kamerlid ), "member of the Senate" ( senaatslid ) or "senator" ( senator ) are used, although

1170-533: Is located 4 km to the south, close to the neighbouring town of Kruiningen , accessible by regular bus services. The A58 motorway , with access points close to the railway station, connects to the national motorway network. The small size of the village makes it easily walkable and traversable by bike. Former settlements: Senate (Netherlands) Opposition (45) The Senate ( Dutch : Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal [ˈeːrstə ˈkaːmər dɛr ˈstaːtə(ŋ) ɣeːnəˈraːl] , literally " First Chamber of

1248-525: Is the largest political youth organization in the Netherlands. The SGP participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy , a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties. The SGP has close links with several other orthodox Protestant organisations, such as several Reformed churches and the newspaper Reformatorisch Dagblad . Together they form a small but strong orthodox-Reformed pillar . Until 1963,

1326-455: The 1918 general election . The hastily organised campaign focused on the ARP and its support of what SGP called state coercion, such as compulsory vaccination and insurance law. Because some might object to him combining being polician and pastor, Kersten was not a candidate, but instead Barend Lemans and Pieter Gijze. The party received over 5,000 votes, not enough for a seat. Despite not winning

1404-541: The 1922 general election , Kersten was lead candidate , accepting objections within his electorate. The party won one seat in the House of Representatives , which was taken by Kersten. His speeches in parliament regularly received media attention, for example when he opposed the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In the 1925 general election , the party won another seat which was taken by Pieter Zandt . Later that year,

1482-631: The 2019 European Parliament election . In European Parliament elections, the SGP formed one candidate list with the Christian Union , called CU–SGP , until the 2024 European Parliament election . Currently the SGP is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR Group) in the European Parliament. The SGP has had a very stable electorate since first entering the States-General in 1922. Since winning

1560-455: The Battle of Zeeland , naval bombardment severely damaged the church: the bell tower and roof both collapsed, while fire gutted the interior, destroying the stained-glass windows and organ in the process. The church was restored in 1948, while the tower was never rebuilt, eventually replaced with a much smaller belfry atop the crossing's roof. A bay was added to the west side of the crossing, where

1638-575: The Caribbean Netherlands and Dutch expatriates. The seats are distributed in one nationwide constituency using party-list proportional representation . Remainder seats are distributed using the highest averages method . The weight of a member's vote is determined by the population of the province in which the voter is a member of the States-Provincial, at a ratio of approximately 1 vote per 100 residents. The table below shows

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1716-648: The Carolingian period (7th to 9th centuries). However, the first historical mention of Yerseke most likely dates to a deed, or charter, issued on January 24, 966 CE under the name of 'Gersika' by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (the Great). The area was originally property of abbeys in Flanders . The town was founded on a ridge (like many settlements of that era) as dikes were only built in

1794-782: The Christian Reformed Churches , the Reformed Association in the Protestant Church in the Netherlands and the Restored Reformed Church . Not all SGP voters are however pietistic Reformed Protestants, and not all pietistic Reformed Protestants vote SGP. The SGP's support is concentrated geographically in the Dutch Bible Belt , a band of strongly Reformed and mostly rural municipalities ranging from Zeeland in

1872-578: The Polar Regions , as well as participating in several deep-sea projects. A museum close to the main church details the town's history, the fishing industry and the natural environment of the Eastern Scheldt. Several seafood restaurants in the village showcase the fishing industry, including the recently closed Nolet het Reymerswale that for years boasted a Michelin star (the adjacent restaurant Nolet's Vistro remains open and shares

1950-463: The Reformed Political League (GPV) entered parliament, in 1981 they were joined by the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF). Together these three parties formed the "Small Christian parties". They shared the same orthodox Protestant political ideals and had the same political strategy, as testimonial parties . They cooperated in municipalities, both in municipal executives , where the parties were strong, as well as in common municipal parties, where

2028-588: The anti-Catholic SGP would cause the fall of the second Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet in what became known as the Night of Kersten ( Dutch : Nacht van Kersten ). During the debate on the budget of the Foreign Affairs Ministry , Kersten had proposed cutting the budget of the diplomatic mission of the Netherlands to the Holy See . The amendment received a majority, because it was supported by

2106-589: The oyster pits, harbors and museum of the town and fishing industry , as well as the annual celebration of the mussel harvest ( Mosseldag ) in August. The village furthermore plays host to the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) . The site of Yerseke may have been inhabited for more than a millennium , and possibly since before the early Middle Ages . Skeletal remains found in 1923 during an archaeological dig were dated to

2184-494: The 13th century by monks. The earliest inhabitants practiced sheep farming and later extracted peat from surrounding moors when dikes were constructed. Agriculture remained the primary activity of the town until the 16th century, when the Saint Felix flood inundated large parts of land around the now lost trading city of Reimerswaal to the east. As a result, Yerseke turned from a landlocked village into one located along

2262-416: The 19th century along with the fishing industry. The original harbor of Yersekendam, initially a loading dock for agricultural products bound for the island of Tholen , was expanded to accommodate fishing boats. This was supplemented with a larger harbour in 1965, named after then Crown Princess Beatrix . A much larger harbour, named after then Queen Juliana and opened in 1981, is deep enough to accommodate

2340-476: The Dutch government, for subsidising SGP. The district court of The Hague ruled that the party could no longer receive subsidies from the government, while it did not force the SGP to change it statutes. Based on the verdict, the party decided to allow female membership, while still not allowing them on candidate lists. At the end of 2017, SGP had 800 female members. Meanwhile in 2005, the Dutch government had refused

2418-462: The Eastern Scheldt by a dam almost led to the collapse of the oyster industry. After moderate recovery, the bacterium Bonamia ostreae infected the prevalent flat oysters , again decimating the industry in 1980. This led to the introduction of the Pacific Oyster , now the most cultivated oyster species, which some consider an invasive species . Mussels have always been a staple along

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2496-467: The House of Representatives, which until then had been elected by provincial councils . The constitutional commission, under the chairmanship of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke , intended for the Senate to be directly elected as well, but the predominantly conservative House of Representatives blocked this, fearing that the two chambers would be too similar. Additionally, senators were expected to judge bills with more independence and distance from daily politics, as

2574-536: The Night of Kersten, but achieved some smaller goals outside of parliament through contact with the ministers. Kersten saw the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 as a punishment for its sins. He rejected resistance against the German occupation and was seen as friendly towards them. After the war, he was nominated again as lead candidate, but he was barred from the House of Representatives for his stances during

2652-606: The Protestant Christian Historical Union (CHU), which was in cabinet together with the Catholic General League. It resulted in more publicity and a third seat in the 1929 general election , which was taken by Cor van Dis sr.  [ nl ] . Kersten, Zandt and Van Dis formed the parliamentary group until the 1937 general election , when the SGP lost one seat. The SGP did not achieve much in parliament other than during

2730-531: The SGP and the CU worked together closely as they were both based on Protestant Christian politics . Recently however, as the CU has moved more towards the centre-left, discernible differences of philosophy between the SGP and CU have caused the parties to not join in elections. The most notable example was the 2011 Senate election where the SGP and CU did not combine their votes. Yerseke Yerseke ( Dutch: [ˈirsəkə] , Zeeuws : [ˈisə] )

2808-472: The SGP filed joint candidate lists with the Christian Union and its predecessors. See CU-SGP for these election results. Since the 1984 European Parliament election the party has had one elected representative in the European Parliament . From 1984 to 1997 Leen van der Waal was the representative, from 1999 Bas Belder was the party's representative, succeeded by Bert-Jan Ruissen in

2886-464: The SGP is the congress, which is formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It convenes once every year. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates list and has the last say over the party program. The SGP chairman is always a minister . Since 2001 this position is ceremonial, as the general chair leads the party's organisation. The party has 245 municipal branches and has

2964-667: The SGP was relatively isolated in parliament. The strongly antipapal SGP refused to cooperate with either the Catholic People's Party or the secular People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Labour Party (PvdA). The also Protestant, larger Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) had some sympathy for the SGP, but cooperated more tightly with the KVP and the other Protestant party, the Christian Historical Union (CHU). In 1963 another orthodox Protestant party,

3042-541: The SGP's application for subsidies. The administrative law division of the district court of The Hague supported the rejection. However, the Council of State overturned this decision in December 2007, maintaining that a party's political philosophy takes precedence, and that women have the opportunity to join other political parties where they can obtain a leadership role. Two weeks later, The Hague courts of appeal ruled on

3120-450: The SGP, mostly because of the ideological differences between the VVD and the SGP. In 2010, Kees van der Staaij succeeded Van der Vlies. During the 2010 cabinet formation , the negotiating CDA, VVD and Party for Freedom (PVV) took into account some wishes of the SGP, so that SGP would provide confidence and supply in the Senate where the first Rutte cabinet did not have a majority. As

3198-418: The Senate and the criteria governing eligibility to stand for election were also among the changes. Monitoring the quality of legislation gradually came to be the main function of the Senate after 1848. The existence and functioning of the Senate have been criticised throughout history, manifested in reports of state commissions, government proposals and private member's bills calling for reform or abolition of

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3276-431: The Senate as well. Rather than the seats being distributed among the provinces, the provinces were now organised into four groups of roughly equal population, each electing twelve or thirteen senators under party-list proportional representation. The term of senators was decreased to six years, with two of the four groups electing their senators every three years. The number of senators was increased from 50 to 75 in 1956, and

3354-424: The Senate tend to be veteran or part-time politicians at the national level, often having other roles. They receive an allowance which is about a quarter of the salary of the members of the lower house. Unlike the politically more significant House of Representatives , it meets only once a week. It has the right to accept or reject legislative proposals but not to amend them or to initiate legislation. Directly after

3432-451: The Senate. Abolition of the Senate was attempted by social democrats and progressive liberals in 1903, and again after World War I , but these proposals could not count on sufficient support. However, reform came in 1922, five years after a constitutional amendment that introduced universal male suffrage and proportional representation to the House of Representatives. The constitutional amendment of 1922 brought proportional representation to

3510-913: The South via Goeree-Overflakkee and the Alblasserwaard in South Holland and the Veluwe in Gelderland to the Western part of Overijssel , around Staphorst . Outside the Bible Belt, the SGP also performs well in Urk , Uddel and Rijssen-Holten . The geographical concentration of SGP voters has however decreased between 1956 and 2017. Its votes have shifted away from Utrecht and South Holland towards Zeeland , Gelderland , Overijssel , with

3588-651: The States General", or simply Eerste Kamer [ˈeːrstə ˈkaːmər] ; sometimes Senaat [səˈnaːt] ) is the upper house of the States General , the legislature of the Netherlands . Its 75 members are elected on lists by the members of the twelve States-Provincial and four electoral colleges for the Senate every four years, within three months of the provincial elections. All provinces and colleges have different electoral weight depending on their population. Members of

3666-457: The advancement of the true faith. The state should not curtail the freedom of the church, while the church similarly should not impose upon the state. Abma rejected theocracy as form of government, instead harmonizing theocracy and democracy . Over time, it has however become more realistic, accepting the religiously neutral state. The SGP supports the freedom of conscience , but not an unconditional freedom of religion . For example, it rejects

3744-401: The coast, but only at the end of the 19th century were there concerted efforts at standardising production. Beginning approximately after the war, mussels have slowly gained ever greater economic significance and eclipsed the oyster in importance. This is manifest by the village hosting the only mussel auction in the world. In the past, mussels were caught and harvested with small sailing sloops,

3822-457: The distribution of seats among groups of provinces was adapted to account for changes in population distribution. The Senate was subjected to another reform in 1983. The term of senators was further reduced to four years, equal to that of Representatives. The system of groups of provinces and staggered elections was abolished in favour of quadrennial elections for the entire Senate in one nationwide constituency. The state commission which had paved

3900-412: The ecology of the estuary and with it the vital fishing industry of the town that depends on regular tidal movements . Resistance from Yerseke and her fisherman, as well as environmentalists, prevented the complete closure of the Eastern Scheldt. During the third Saturday of August every year, the village celebrates the official start of the mussel harvest with the annual Mosseldag , although these days

3978-477: The economic success and wealth created by the oyster and mussel industries, Yerseke has received the nickname " Klondike of Zeeland ", while mussels are sometimes referred to as "black gold" ( zwart goud ). Starting approximately in 1870, the village began large-scale cultivation of oysters, partly in response to high French demand. For this purpose, parcels within the Eastern Scheldt were leased out by

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4056-546: The first case that the SGP should also allow women's passive suffrage. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands affirmed this decision in 2010 and an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights was unsuccessful in 2012. As a result, the SGP changed its internal regulations to allow women to be candidates in elections. Some women have been candidates starting with the 2014 municipal elections , with lead candidate Lilian Janse-van der Weele  [ nl ] becoming

4134-682: The first female elected representative for the SGP when she was elected municipal councilor in Vlissingen in 2014. The party publishes the Banner ( Dutch : De Banier ) two-weekly since 1921. Its think tank was founded in 1974, and it was renamed after Walloon theologian Guido de Brès in 1992. It publishes the quarterly magazine Zicht (Sight). The youth organisation of the SGP is called the Reformed Political Party Youth (SGPJ), which with its approximately 12,000 members

4212-438: The first one is the official and most used term. The first constitution of the modern Netherlands, passed in 1814, re-established a unicameral States General. As it became clear that the former Southern Netherlands would be added to the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands , a newly instituted constitutional commission was tasked with drafting a new constitution. The southern members of the constitutional commission pressed for

4290-516: The freedom of publicly exercising religion when they consider it idolatry or false religion. The SGP generally opposes women's suffrage , both passive and active. SGP believes it is against a "woman's calling". From the start, the party is not united on this issue. Opponents argue that the biblical argumentation is not clear or that this could hurt them electorally. In 1989 the party changed its principles, approving women voting if they can answer this to God in their conscience. Between 1984 and 2019,

4368-424: The government for farming, while pits outside the dikes employing roof tiles were constructed to cultivate oyster larvae. These pits were eventually abandoned in the 20th century, replaced by pits built within the dikes close to the harbour, where roof tiles have given way to modern racks. The pits also serve to flush oysters harvested from the estuaries , and are surrounded by old, characteristic warehouses. While

4446-492: The government must "eliminate and eradicate all idolatry and false religion, so as to destroy the kingdom of Antichrist". This contrasted with the other two Protestant parties, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU), which had accepted the change. The SGP does favor some, but no strict, separation of church and state . The church and state should cooperate, including

4524-545: The king for life. The list of the first appointees was published on 16 September 1815 and the newly appointed chamber was first assembled on 21 September 1815 in Brussels in a joint assembly with the House of Representatives. In its early years, the Senate functioned as a bulwark of the Crown (the king and his ministers). Its members, appointed by the king from among the "most significant of the country", were mostly confidants of

4602-525: The king who were often called upon to veto bills that displeased him. Such bills were usually private members' bills from the House of Representatives. The Senate remained in existence after the independence of Belgium in 1830, although its membership was halved to no fewer than twenty and no more than thirty members. Much changed in the political sphere as a result of the Constitutional Reform of 1848 , which introduced direct elections for

4680-552: The largest and most modern vessels, and also boasts a dry dock for maintenance. A statue of an old "mussel man" commemorates the opening by Princess Juliana on 18 June 1981. As part of the Delta Works to prevent future flooding after the North Sea floods in 1953, the originally proposed closed earthen dam of the Eastern Scheldt was altered into an open storm surge barrier . This engineering work served to (partially) protect

4758-616: The moor. The main church of the town is the Dutch Reformed Church Protestant congregation located in the centre of the village, also historically the highest point of the surrounding area. This church is part of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), formed by a merger in 2004 with the Lutheran churches. The main medieval church, a grade-listed building built in a simple Gothic style,

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4836-404: The oyster industry created wealth, it also suffered many setbacks and upheavals, as well as creating social inequalities. In 1885, some oyster farmers sought greater opportunities by immigrating to West Sayville, New York on Long Island , where wild oysters were once abundant. During the 20th century, further setbacks in the form of harsh winters, especially in 1963, and the threatened closing of

4914-566: The parties were weak. In the 1984 European Parliamentary election the parties presented a common list and they won one seat in parliament. After 1993 the cooperation between the GPV and the RPF intensified, but the SGP's position at the time on female suffrage prevented the SGP joining this closer cooperation. However, in 2000 the GPV and RPF merged to form the ChristianUnion (CU). Traditionally

4992-604: The party lost one seat in the House, regained it in 1998 , and lost it again in 2002 . During the 2003 cabinet formation , the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) held talks with the SGP — the first time that the SGP was seriously considered as a possible coalition partner. Ultimately, the Democrats 66 joined the second Balkenende cabinet instead of

5070-531: The quota. The establishment of the three electoral colleges for the Caribbean Netherlands was made possible by the constitutional amendment of 2017. The members of the Caribbean electoral colleges were elected for the first time on 20 March 2019. Citizens of Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba with Dutch nationality are entitled to vote. The establishment of a non-resident electoral college

5148-405: The same kitchen). The main natural feature of the town is the Moer ( moor ) partially surrounding the town, extending westwards along the Eastern Scheldt shoreline, and southeast to the hamlet of Vlake along the canal . This natural area is a former salt-water tidal marsh, separated by dikes from the sea around 1200 CE by monks for the purposes of farming and peat extraction, which boasted

5226-419: The season tends to begin earlier. The event attracts approximately 50,000 visitors who come to eat mussels, take free cruises on mussel ships, and enjoy flee markets, beer tents, parades and marching bands, as well as traditional regional activities including regional dress. The Friday evening before the event, a dance festival is organised. Instead of the yearly fireworks, they will keep after several years, again

5304-446: The shore of the Eastern Scheldt , which would shape much of its future. While initially the economy of Yerseke remained little changed, fishing and aquaculture rapidly acquired greater importance, along with a concurrent population increase, beginning in the 19th century. The industry had its origins in the nearby hamlet Yersekendam that had a small harbour, and is now amalgamated with the town of Yerseke itself. During World War II

5382-473: The so-called hoogaars and hengst. Today, highly advanced and much larger ships are employed, able to not only manage the harvest on the Eastern Scheldt but sail longer distances, including to the Wadden Sea where mussels have been seeded and harvested since about 1950 when a parasite threatened the harvest in the Eastern Scheldt. The mussels are grown and harvested entirely at sea in a mostly natural process. The harbor of Yerseke has expanded continuously since

5460-400: The town. The main church was, along with much of the town centre, almost entirely ruined. Besides the church, twenty-five structures were completely destroyed while an additional 36 received heavy damage, causing seventy families to become homeless. Although the village was liberated by Canadian forces in 1944, Nazi V-1 rockets struck the village in March 1945. During the occupation, men from

5538-410: The village suffered heavy damage. When Nazi Germany invaded in May 1940, many villagers evacuated due to anticipated fighting along the defensive Zanddijk line , stretching from the village southwards towards Hansweert across Zuid-Beveland . French naval bombardment from the Western Scheldt of German positions along the defensive line and Canal through Zuid-Beveland resulted in severe damage to

5616-536: The village were taken to Germany as forced labourers for German industry. The North Sea flood of 1953 did not cause flooding within the town itself. However, many of the town's fishing vessels assisted inundated communities. The locality is well known in the region and farther afield, especially in Belgium, for its aquaculture and fishing industry: particularly for the cultivation from the Eastern Scheldt of mussels , oysters , periwinkles , and lobster . Due to

5694-588: The war. Kersten was succeeded by Zandt, under whose leadership the SGP was very stable, continually getting 2% of votes. In the 1956 general election , the SGP profited from the enlargement of parliament, and entered the Senate for the first time. It lost that seat in 1960 Senate election , but regained it in the 1971 Senate election . In 1961 Zandt died and was succeeded by Van Dis sr. After ten years he stood down in favour of Reverend Hette Abma , who also stepped down after ten years, in favour of Henk van Rossum ,

5772-416: The way for the constitutional reform had also recommended direct elections for the Senate, but the House of Representatives adopted a motion rejecting this proposal. Several minor changes have since been adopted. In 2010, the possibility for party lists to enter into an electoral alliance was abolished, and the number of preference votes needed for a candidate to be elected was increased from 50% to 100% of

5850-658: The well known Mosselrock. The fishing industry supports many businesses and organisations. Yerseke is host to the internationally top-ranked Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology (CEME, Centrum voor Estuariene en Mariene Ecologie ), formerly the Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research and part of the Dutch Institute for Ecology (NIOO, Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie ). CEME conducts research in estuaries and coastal waters in Europe , Africa , Asia , and

5928-414: Was constructed in the second half of the 15th century, although a church has stood on the same spot since the 12th century. The nave was lost to fire or flooding in 1532. The original transept , crossing, choir and sacristy remain, and form the functioning church today. The church added a 51-meter neo-Gothic bell tower in 1887 and received its first organ a year later. On May 16, 1940, during

6006-488: Was made possible by the 2022 constitutional amendment. Any Dutch citizen aged 18 years or older who is qualified to vote can stand for election in either house of the States General. However, no one can simultaneously sit as a member in both houses. The 75 senators are elected every four years by the members of the States-Provincial of the country's twelve provinces and (since 2019) by electoral colleges of

6084-605: Was supported by ninety percent of electoral associations in 1993. The party was aware that this might be against the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women . Meanwhile, public opinion in the Netherlands turned against SGP's decision not to allow women. UN committees also recommended intervention. In 2003, the Clara Wichmann Institute and some other organisations sued

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