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47-580: Polly Woodside is a Belfast-built, three-masted, iron-hulled barque , preserved in Melbourne , Victoria (Australia) , and forming the central feature of the South Wharf precinct. The ship was originally built in Belfast by William J. Woodside and was launched in 1885. Polly Woodside is typical of thousands of smaller iron barques built in the last days of sail, intended for deep water trade around

94-489: A cargo vessel carrying coal, nitrate, and wheat between British ports and the ports of South America , such as Montevideo , Valparaiso and Buenos Aires . In sixteen voyages between December 1885 and August 1903 she made a number of arduous passages around Cape Horn . The Polly Woodside's operating crew, including master and mate was generally less than 20. In 1904 Polly Woodside was sold to A.H. Turnbull of New Zealand and renamed Rona after Miss Rona Monro, daughter of

141-479: A coal hulk. A number of half-hearted efforts were made in the mid 20th century to preserve Australia's sailing heritage, at the same time as it rapidly disappeared from Australian ports. In 1934, the Shiplover's Society of Victoria arranged for the coal hulk Shandon (a 1,400 ton former barque) to be partially re-rigged and refitted as a static display, to celebrate the centenary of European settlement. However, by

188-601: A distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the mid-19th century, the spelling had taken on the French form of barque . Although Francis Bacon used the spelling with a "q" as early as 1592, Shakespeare still used the spelling "barke" in Sonnet 116 in 1609. Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the barca-longa of the Mediterranean Sea . The usual modern spelling convention

235-540: A navigational hazard, a large hole was blown in her stern. Part of the inspiration for preserving James Craig has been credited to Karl Kortum, then director of the San Francisco Maritime Museum who had also been involved in encouraging Australians to preserve the similar sized barque Polly Woodside in Melbourne in 1962. Restoration of James Craig began in 1972, when volunteers from

282-507: A nondescript vessel that did not fit any of its usual categories. Thus, when the British admiralty purchased a collier for use by James Cook in his journey of exploration, she was registered as HM Bark  Endeavour to distinguish her from another Endeavour , a sloop already in service at the time. Endeavour happened to be a full-rigged ship with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows. William Falconer 's Dictionary of

329-668: A shareholder in the company. Valued in 1906 at £4,300, Rona then generally operated on the New Zealand –Australian run, carrying timber, salt, cement, grain and coal. The ship changed hands in 1911 for £3000 to Captain Harrison Douglas, of New Zealand and again in 1916 to the George H. Scales Company. Because of the heavy loss of shipping in the 1914–1918 war, Rona also traded between New Zealand ports and San Francisco , carrying case oil and copra. Two mishaps occurred in

376-517: A small boat , not a full-sized ship. French influence in England led to the use in English of both words, although their meanings now are not the same. Well before the 19th century, a barge had become interpreted as a small vessel of coastal or inland waters, or a fast rowing boat carried by warships and normally reserved for the commanding officer. Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of

423-732: A storage hulk in Port Moresby. However, with the world-wide shortage of shipping caused by the First World War, she was re-rigged and refitted for trade in the Pacific in 1918. The reprieve for sailing ships was short-lived. With the exception of the grain trade , sailing ships were soon unable to compete with cargo-carrying steamships. In 1925 she was laid up again, then used as a hulk , until eventually being abandoned at Recherche Bay in Tasmania .To avoid her drifting and becoming

470-404: A term for an Egyptian boat. The Oxford English Dictionary , however, considers the latter improbable. The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by English, perhaps from Irish , was "bark", while that adopted by Latin as barca very early, which gave rise to the French barge and barque . In Latin, Spanish, and Italian, the term barca refers to

517-874: Is (as of summer, 2014) sailing the New England coast. The United States Coast Guard still has an operational barque, built in Germany in 1936 and captured as a war prize , the USCGC Eagle , which the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London uses as a training vessel. The Sydney Heritage Fleet restored an iron-hulled three-masted barque, the James Craig , originally constructed as Clan Macleod in 1874 and sailing at sea fortnightly. The oldest active sailing vessel in

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564-637: Is a reference to the Roman Catholic Church . The term refers to Peter , the first Pope , who was a fisherman before becoming an apostle of Jesus. The Pope is often said to be steering the Barque of St. Peter. James Craig (barque) James Craig is a three-masted, 19th century iron-hulled barque restored and sailed by the Sydney Heritage Fleet , Sydney, Australia. She is one of only four pre-20th century barques in

611-422: Is a working link to a time when such ships carried the bulk of global commerce in their holds. Thousands of similar ships plied the oceans in the 19th and early 20th centuries linking the old world, the new world, Asia and Oceania. She is sailed in the traditional 19th Century manner, mostly by volunteers. Her running rigging consists of 140 lines secured to belaying pins and spider bands. She achieved 11.3 knots on

658-474: Is over $ 1 million a year and the ship relies on generating income from visitors alongside, charters, events, and regular daysails with up to 80 passengers. The ship has now made historic return voyages to Hobart (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2017, 2019 and 2023) and to Port Philip (Melbourne and Williamstown) in 2006, 2008 and 2020. The voyages to Hobart coincide with the Wooden Boat Festival , one of

705-584: Is that, to distinguish between homophones , when spelled as barque it refers to a ship, and when spelled as bark it refers to either a sound or to a tree hide . " Barcarole " in music shares the same etymology, being originally a folk song sung by Venetian gondoliers and derived from barca —"boat" in Italian, or in Late Latin. In the 18th century, the Royal Navy used the term bark for

752-701: Is the Pommern , the only windjammer in original condition. Its home is in Mariehamn outside the Åland maritime museum. The wooden barque Sigyn , built in Gothenburg 1887, is now a museum ship in Turku . The wooden whaling barque Charles W. Morgan , launched 1841, taken out of service 1921, is now a museum ship at Mystic Seaport in Connecticut . The Charles W. Morgan has recently been refit and

799-558: The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) to put up a proposal to save the ship in 1962. In the context of the time, this proposal was quite risky but showed extraordinary vision. The National Trust of Australia relied entirely on volunteer labour, and it had no experience in restoring a sailing ship, even for static display. The restoration of the Rona/Polly Woodside would be a massive task. A long campaign led to

846-451: The National Trust of Australia purchasing her from Howard Smith Industries for one cent in 1968. An estimated 60,000 hours of painstaking voluntary labour saw the ship refurbished close to its original state. The project received strong support from businesses, unions, former crewmembers and several Captains. The first Master of Restoration, Captain G.H. Heyen was a master in sail. Polly Woodside's chief rigger for 27 years of restoration

893-577: The Lady Hopetoun and Port Jackson Marine Steam Museum (now the Sydney Heritage Fleet) refloated her and towed her to Hobart for initial repairs. Brought back to Sydney under tow in 1981, her hull was placed on a submersible pontoon to allow work on the hull restoration to proceed. Over the next twenty-five years, the vessel was restored. Most of the hull was replaced, being repaired by both paid craftspeople and volunteers. The ship

940-554: The Marine defined "bark", as "a general name given to small ships: it is however peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without a mizzen topsail . Our Northern Mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship, which carries no ornamental figure on the stem or prow." A 16th-century paper document in the Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service notes

987-411: The above-described considerations and compromises. Usually the main mast was the tallest; that of Moshulu extends to 58 m off the deck. The four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew—at minimum, 10—and while the usual crew was around 30, almost half of them could be apprentices. Today many sailing- school ships are barques. A well-preserved example of a commercial barque

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1034-449: The barque and the barquentine, are compromises, which combine, in different proportions, the best elements of these two. Whether square-rig, barque, barquentine or schooner is optimal depends on the degree to which the sailing-route and season can be chosen to achieve following-wind. Square-riggers predominated for intercontinental sailing on routes chosen for following-winds. Most ocean-going windjammers were four-masted barques, due to

1081-576: The culture also provided barques for their final journey. The type of vessel depicted in Egyptian images remains quite similar throughout the thousands of years the culture persisted. Barques were important religious artifacts , and since the deities were thought to travel in this fashion in the sky, the Milky Way was seen as a great waterway that was as important as the Nile on Earth; cult statues of

1128-524: The culture. Transportation to the afterlife was believed to be accomplished by way of barques, as well, and the image is used in many of the religious murals and carvings in temples and tombs. The most important Egyptian barque carried the dead pharaoh to become a deity. Great care was taken to provide a beautiful barque to the pharaoh for this journey, and models of the boats were placed in their tombs. Many models of these boats, that range from tiny to huge in size, have been found. Wealthy and royal members of

1175-399: The deities traveled by boats on water and ritual boats were carried about by the priests during festival ceremonies. Temples included barque shrines, sometimes more than one in a temple, in which the sacred barques rested when a procession was not in progress. In these stations, the boats would be watched over and cared for by the priests. The Barque of St. Peter , or the Barque of Peter,

1222-640: The early 1960s, Rona was the last of her kind still afloat in Australia. A few others lay full of water, abandoned and forgotten – the James Craig in Recherche Bay , Tasmania ; the Santiago in the Port River , near Adelaide . The Polly Woodside's restoration owes much to the efforts of Karl Kortum, former director of the San Francisco Maritime Museum , who inspired Dr. Graeme Robertson of

1269-399: The hull plating could still be seen when the ship was dry-docked in 1974. Maritime historian Georg Kåhre has described the early 1920s as the final abandonment of sail by most of the world's maritime nations. "In the hectic economic climate of the great war there had been no question of scrap prices [for sailing ships]." However, by 1922 this had changed. "World freight rates were sliding in

1316-660: The largest in the world. In October 2013 James Craig participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney , Australia . James Craig is of exceptional historical value in that she is one of only four 19th century barques in the world that still go regularly to sea. In 2003 the World Ship Trust awarded the James Craig a Maritime Heritage Award for authentic restoration. She

1363-592: The last years of the ship's sailing career. In March 1920 the schooner W. J. Pirie , under tow in San Francisco harbour, collided with Rona at anchor, carrying away her headgear. Then in June 1921 the Rona , carrying a cargo of coal, grounded on Steeple Rock , off Wellington Heads. The shingle bottom caused little damage and she was able to be towed into Wellington harbour. However, some slight stress fractures to

1410-549: The names of Robert Ratclyfe, owner of the bark Sunday and 10 mariners appointed to serve under the Earl of Sussex , Lord Deputy of Ireland . By the end of the 18th century, the term barque (sometimes, particularly in the US, spelled bark) came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of sail plan . This comprises three (or more) masts , fore-and-aft sails on the aftermost mast and square sails on all other masts. Barques were

1457-471: The new Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre immediately next to the Polly Woodside . The ship was temporarily relocated approximately 50 metres away to a mooring on the adjacent Yarra River on 26 August 2008 – its first move in 33 years – for a $ 13 million operational refurbishment and restoration of its dry dock home, board walk, and adjacent former wharf sheds. Between this time and May 2009

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1504-706: The next 40 years quite unremarkably, bunkering coal-burning ships in the Port of Melbourne. An exception was her war service; during the Second World War . In 1943 she was requisitioned as a dumb lighter (coal hulk) by the Royal Australian Navy for service with other hulks in New Guinea waters. She was taken under tow of ST Tooronga on 28 October 1943 and arrived in Cairns on 19 November 1943. She

1551-561: The post war slump; what had been marginal before was now uneconomic." A few larger sailing ships defied this trend, but not the relatively small Rona . In September 1921 the ship was laid up, then sold to Adelaide Steamship Company for service as a coal hulk in Australia . She arrived in Sydney on 8 October 1922, and by early 1923 had been stripped down. In March 1925 the Lammeroo towed Rona to Melbourne for this purpose. She spent

1598-629: The preservation of maritime heritage" – a first for a restored merchant ship. In March 2007, Polly Woodside was added to the Victorian Heritage Register . Polly Woodside was closed to the public on 30 April 2006 to allow for the major redevelopment of the lower Yarra River 's southern bank. The $ 1.4 billion redevelopment, announced by the Victorian Government in February 2006, included construction works for

1645-419: The ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, the more seamen were trained. Another advantage is that, downwind, a barque can outperform a schooner or barkentine , and is both easier to handle and better at going to windward than a full-rigged ship. While a full-rigged ship is the best runner available, and while fore-and-aft rigged vessels are the best at going to windward,

1692-409: The twenty-six years to 1900. In 1900 she was acquired by Mr J J Craig, renamed James Craig in 1905 and began to operate between ports in New Zealand and Australia . She made thirty-five voyages on the trans-Tasman run, to 1911. Like many other sailing ships of her modest size, she fell victim to the advance of steamships in the first decade of the twentieth century and in 1911 she was converted to

1739-630: The upbringing of future sailors both as a schoolship, training operations for the Norwegian Navy and generally available for interested volunteers. During the summer of 2021, it hosted "NRK Sommarskuta" with live TV everyday sailing all of the Norwegian coast from north to south and crossing the North Sea to Shetland. After this it will perform its first full sailing trip around world, estimated to take 19 months with many promotional events along

1786-454: The water within the Duke and Orr's Dry Dock was pumped out and a gated dam wall built at the entrance. The bottom of the dry dock was excavated and permanent keel supports built into the concrete base for Polly Woodside to sit upon, allowing the ship to be periodically dry docked for repairs. On 19 May 2009 the dam wall gates were opened allowing water to flow into the dry dock and Polly Woodside

1833-514: The way. Scientific equipment has been installed in support of ongoing university studies to monitor and log environmental data. In Ancient Egypt , barques, referred to using the French word as Egyptian hieroglyphs were first translated by the Frenchman Jean-François Champollion , were a type of boat used from Egypt's earliest recorded times and are depicted in many drawings, paintings, and reliefs that document

1880-416: The workhorse of the golden age of sail in the mid-19th century as they attained passages that nearly matched full-rigged ships, but could operate with smaller crews. The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller (therefore cheaper) crews than a comparable full-rigged ship or brig -rigged vessel, as fewer of the labour-intensive square sails were used, and the rig itself is cheaper. Conversely,

1927-427: The world and designed to be operated as economically as possible. Polly Woodside was built at the north shipbuilding yard of Workman, Clark and Co, Queen's Island, Belfast during 1885, for William J. Woodside and Co. She was launched on 7 November 1885; the christening performed by the owner's wife, Mrs Marian ("Polly") Woodside, after whom the ship was named. Polly Woodside captained by Gilbert Yeates, operated as

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1974-499: The world that still go regularly to sea. Built in 1874 in Sunderland , England , by Bartram, Haswell, & Co., she was originally named Clan Macleod . Characterized by her biographer Jeff Toghill as a typical "workhorse barque," she was intended to be operated as economically as possible while carrying general cargo worldwide - coal, salt, grain and cotton goods. In her world travels she rounded Cape Horn twenty-three times in

2021-497: The world, the Star of India , was built in 1863 as a full-rigged ship, then converted into a barque in 1901. This type of ship inspired the French composer Maurice Ravel to write his famous piece, Une Barque sur l'ocean , originally composed for piano, in 1905, then orchestrated in 1906. Statsraad Lehmkuhl is in active operation in its barque form, stripped down without most of its winches and later improvements more aligned to

2068-556: Was Tor Lindqvist, a former able seaman and sailmaker on Lawhill , Passat and Viking . In 1978 she was opened under her original name to the public, and is now permanently moored at the old Duke and Orr's Dry Dock on the Yarra River near Melbourne . Now landlocked by a nearby roadbridge, she cannot take to sea like the restored barque James Craig , of Sydney. In 1988 the World Ship Trust awarded their seventh maritime heritage award to Polly Woodside , for "supreme achievement in

2115-588: Was relaunched in 1997, and restoration work was completed in 2001. James Craig is currently berthed at Wharf 7 of Darling Harbour , near the Australian National Maritime Museum . She is open to the public, and takes passengers out sailing on Sydney Harbour and beyond. She is crewed by volunteers from the Sydney Heritage Fleet. Maintenance is by paid staff, contractors and volunteers. The cost of maintaining her

2162-561: Was returned to the Duke and Orr's Dry Dock. Polly Woodside was reopened to the public on 23 December 2010. 37°49′29″S 144°57′12″E  /  37.824716°S 144.953356°E  / -37.824716; 144.953356 Barque The word "barque" entered English via the French term, which in turn came from the Latin barca by way of Occitan , Catalan , Spanish, or Italian. The Latin barca may stem from Celtic barc (per Thurneysen ) or Greek baris (per Diez ),

2209-542: Was then taken in tow by ST Wato and towed to Milne Bay in New Guinea waters. Captain Douglas Strath described her thus; "queen of this dumb (ie lacking self propulsion) but mighty workforce was Rona . She was big enough to supply, unload, store, repair, construct and function in so many ways... she was an integral part of the vital servicing fleet." She was towed back to Melbourne in 1946, resuming her career as

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