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61-573: Polytechnique Montréal was founded in 1873 in order to teach technical drawing and other useful arts . At first, it was set in a converted residence. It later moved to a larger building on Saint-Denis street. In 1958, it moved to its current location on the Université de Montréal campus. The original building was enlarged in 1975 and then in 1989. In 2002, the Computer and Electrical Engineering Department (they were later separated) began to occupy

122-412: A conceptual model . Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing requirements , design, refactoring , documentation, onboarding , communication with stake holders. Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can act as a form of shared understanding in a team. Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of

183-462: A drafting machine that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel. The drafter uses several technical drawing tools to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses , used for drawing arcs and circles, and the French curve , for drawing curves. A spline

244-556: A visual language and help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. Many of the symbols and principles of technical drawing are codified in an international standard called ISO 128 . The need for precise communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from the expressive drawing of the visual arts . Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning. A draftsman

305-582: A Bachelor of Science in applied science, an online completion Bachelor of Science in applied science, and a Master of Applied Science. Coursework is centered on science, agriculture, and natural resources with a wide range of options, including ecology, food genetics, entrepreneurship, economics, policy, animal science, and plant science. In New York City, the Bloomberg administration awarded the consortium of Cornell-Technion $ 100 million in City capital to construct

366-443: A composition before a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming. Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of diagram . These sketches, like metaphors , are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, thereby enhancing

427-402: A drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes. The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying

488-551: A parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials. In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an exploded view drawing or diagram. These parts may be used in engineering. Also called As-Built drawings or As-made drawings . As-fitted drawings represent a record of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the working drawings and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture. Applied science Applied science

549-499: A point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can be a time-consuming process. A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quickly. These machines often included

610-415: A provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional conceptual framework , such as working hypotheses or pillar questions. The OECD 's Frascati Manual describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with basic research & experimental development . Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in

671-518: A technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams . The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object

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732-468: A three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface. Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen. In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible. Multiview is a type of orthographic projection . There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases,

793-577: A very broad term. It stems from the Latin ingenerare , meaning "to create". Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment. Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc. Its purpose

854-404: A visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering". The two types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection . This is used to create an image of

915-414: Is a person who makes a drawing (technical or expressive). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician. A sketch is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish

976-472: Is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves. Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of stagecraft , a lighting designer will draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate

1037-526: Is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts. It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three- dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations. An exploded view drawing (EVD) can show

1098-472: Is also home to various extracurricular technical societies. These student organizations are practical projects aiming to design various technological devices, and include: Polytechnique is famous around Montreal for its beach party, organised by a delegation of students known as Poly-Party. It takes place once every two years during winter (generally in January). Students build a complete "artificial beach" in

1159-409: Is known as architecture . To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc. Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design. Engineering can be

1220-492: Is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check

1281-599: Is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering , civil engineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . Some scientific subfields used by engineers include thermodynamics , heat transfer , fluid mechanics , statics , dynamics , mechanics of materials , kinematics , electromagnetism , materials science , earth sciences , and engineering physics . Medical sciences , such as medical microbiology , pharmaceutical research , and clinical virology , are applied sciences that apply biology and chemistry to medicine. In Canada,

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1342-483: Is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding". According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to

1403-416: Is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side. While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object. Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show

1464-418: Is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a machinist ), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are always in demand to some degree. Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided design systems (CAD). There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for

1525-614: Is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as engineering and medicine . Applied science is often contrasted with basic science , which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict natural or other phenomena. There are applied natural sciences, as well as applied formal and social sciences. Applied science examples include genetic epidemiology which applies statistics and probability theory , and applied psychology , including criminology . Applied research

1586-420: Is the practice of using natural science , mathematics , and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering , each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics , applied science, and types of application. Engineering

1647-532: Is the use of empirical methods to collect data for practical purposes. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques for a specific state , business , or client-driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with basic or pure research. Basic geographical research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in explaining

1708-489: Is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component. Software engineering practitioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and modelling languages such as Unified Modelling Language (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate

1769-539: Is up to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views. In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object. The art and design that goes into making buildings

1830-787: Is well known for its vivid student life, including its theatre group Poly-Théâtre and photo club (in French) Poly-Photo . Many other groups are present, such as Allo-Poly (humor), Poly-TV, Polyrad, etc. The student newspaper, (in French) Le Polyscope was founded in 1967. It publishes weekly during the Quebec school year. It is known around the campus of the Université de Montréal for its irreverent humour, crosswords puzzles, Arts & Entertainment section and "you submit it, we'll publish it" policy. Polytechnique

1891-666: The Electrical Engineering Department and Computer and Software Engineering Department, was inaugurated in September 2005. This new building won an "Award of Merit" from Canadian Architect magazine in 2003, received a Gold certification from the U.S. Green Building Council and scored 46 on the LEED points scale which was, at inauguration, the highest score ever obtained in Canada. The energy performance of

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1952-758: The GNVQ qualifications offered up to 2005. These courses regularly come under scrutiny and are due for review following the Wolf Report 2011; however, their merits are argued elsewhere. In the United States, The College of William & Mary offers an undergraduate minor as well as Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in "applied science". Courses and research cover varied fields, including neuroscience , optics , materials science and engineering , nondestructive testing , and nuclear magnetic resonance . University of Nebraska–Lincoln offers

2013-559: The Lassonde buildings is 60% better than the standard set by the Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings. Polytechnique is one of the three largest engineering schools in Canada, and the largest one in the province of Quebec . Since its foundation in 1873, this French language educational establishment trains engineers and specialists. The school contributes to the scientific and economic expansion of

2074-594: The Netherlands, and other places, the Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying, and engineering. There are also Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of

2135-414: The T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the T-square's edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as set squares or triangles. In this case, the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square — which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table — and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with

2196-456: The ability to change the angle, hence removing the need for the triangles. In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order. Although drafting

2257-483: The cafeteria, by putting loads of sand on the floor and assembling an interior water park with a large swimming pool. Also, each year, the Poly-World student delegation goes to another country to learn and compare foreign engineering practices. This extracurricular activity helps participating students learn different cultural visions and helps them appreciate the different factors of global competitiveness in

2318-406: The design process. The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a drawing board . A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper. "Parallel lines" can be drawn by moving

2379-515: The engineering field. Technical drawing Technical drawing , drafting or drawing , is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering . To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols , perspectives , units of measurement , notation systems, visual styles, and page layout . Together, such conventions constitute

2440-635: The engineering sciences. In Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree. In the United Kingdom's educational system , Applied Science refers to a suite of "vocational" science qualifications that run alongside "traditional" General Certificate of Secondary Education or A-Level Sciences. Applied Science courses generally contain more coursework (also known as portfolio or internally assessed work) compared to their traditional counterparts. These are an evolution of

2501-462: The fifth and sixth floor of the old École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal building. In 2003, the construction of three new buildings started. Until the 1960s, the main purpose of the school was to train engineers. However, from 1959 on, the focus went to research. Nowadays, it is a leading research institution in applied sciences in Canada. In 1976, a SLOWPOKE-2 reactor was installed at Polytechnique Montréal . The operating licence for

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2562-604: The following disciplines: Polytechnique is known for its dynamic research, which represented over 40 percent of its budget for the year 2008–2009 (60.5 million CAD research funding). Among the engineering faculties/schools in the U15 , Polytechnique Montréal leads the way in many areas of research: number of Canada Research Chairs (No. 1), total NSERC grants (No. 1), number of publications in engineering faculties in Canada (No. 5) and NSERC research grants in partnership with industry (No.1). Forty research units receive more than 20 percent of

2623-412: The front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What

2684-585: The funding and contracts for research in the area of applied science given to Quebec's universities. Enrolment for 2007 was 3,929 undergraduate and 1,615 graduate students . During the 2003 winter semester there were 5713 students enrolled, of them, 1198 were women and 4515 were men. There were 3997 undergraduates and 1716 graduate students. 220 teachers and 150 researchers are part of the school's community. Approximately 600 diplomas, 200 masters, and 50 doctorates are awarded each year. Former students who have not completed their studies include : The school

2745-432: The intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled first or is the main part inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first. There have been many standard sizes of paper at different times and in different countries, but today most of

2806-477: The knowledge obtained from applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them. Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory. Engineering

2867-413: The literature associated with individual disciplines. Applied research is a method of problem-solving and is also practical in areas of science, such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution. More specifically, this study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With

2928-434: The main campus of the Université de Montréal . The J.-Armand-Bombardier building sits beside the main building and mainly serves for research activities and as an emergence centre for spin-off companies, designed to support the pre-startup of technology-based businesses. The building is named for Joseph-Armand Bombardier , the inventor of the snowmobile . The Pierre-Lassonde et Claudette MacKay-Lassonde building, home to

2989-592: The massacre was the deadliest shooting incident in modern Canadian history, until April 2020, when a gunman slew 22 people in the Nova Scotia rampage . The Polytechnique massacre is commemorated by the Canadian government as the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women . The school's campus is located on the northern face of Mount Royal . Its main building is the highest building on

3050-442: The messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a random sample . Thus, transparency in the methodology is crucial. Implications for the interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered. Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions: Since applied research has

3111-477: The non-power reactor was renewed June 23, 2023, and is valid until June 30, 2033. The reactor has been in operation since 1976 and is not expected to operate beyond 2040. It is used for research, teaching, neutron generation and isotope production. On December 6, 1989, 25-year-old Canadian Marc Lépine entered the campus of Polytechnique Montréal and fatally shot 14 women, wounding 10 other women and four men before killing himself on campus. For more than 30 years,

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3172-638: The parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modelled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture. Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry recognized symbols to represent common components. BS and ISO produce standards to show recommended practices but it

3233-518: The position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates. This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at

3294-586: The processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Instead, applied research utilizes existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues. Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services. The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow. Applied research deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies. Because applied research resides in

3355-512: The production of technical drawings: two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D"). 2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle orthographic projections , auxiliary projections and cross-section views . A 2D CAD system

3416-528: The region. Its graduates were part of most of Quebec's major engineering works of the 20th century such as the construction of hydroelectric dams . Polytechnique Montréal is in the forefront of engineering in many fields such as aeronautics , computer engineering , telecommunications , biotechnology , nanotechnology , environmental science , artificial intelligence , and many other high-end domains. Polytechnique offers 12 undergraduate programs, managed by seven departments. Students can choose to specialize in

3477-608: The standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions. Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product. In architecture, these include civil drawings , architectural drawings , structural drawings , mechanical systems drawings , electrical drawings , and plumbing drawings . Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have

3538-462: The subject matter". A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior. The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces

3599-423: The true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly. Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three-dimensional shape. An exploded-view drawing

3660-409: The various components will fit together. A 3D CAD system (such as KeyCreator , Autodesk Inventor , or SolidWorks ) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting

3721-434: The world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes. The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes , but

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