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46-780: Pomaria may refer to: Places and jurisdictions [ edit ] Pomaria, the Roman municipality and former bishopric in Mauretania on the site of modern Tlemcen , in Algeria, now a Latin Catholic titular see Pomaria, South Carolina , USA Pomaria (Summer–Huggins House) , on the list of NRHPs in South Carolina Pomaria, a region of Henderson , Auckland, New Zealand Other [ edit ] Pomaria (plant) ,

92-550: A large portion of the Maghreb , they were displaced to the south and west in conflicts with the more powerful Kutama and Houara . The Zenata adopted Islam early, in the 7th century. While other Berber tribes continued to resist the Umayyad Caliphate conquest well into the 8th century, they were quickly Islamized. They also formed a substantial contingent in the subsequent Muslim conquest of Iberia . As Berbers,

138-588: A legume genus in the Caesalpinioideae Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pomaria . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomaria&oldid=984225432 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

184-632: A process that would determine Tlemcen's historical role for almost all of the next millennium. In the late 8th century a settlement named Agadir existed on the site of former Roman Pomaria. Idris I founded a congregational mosque here, the Great Mosque of Agadir, circa 790 (no longer extant). In 1081 or 1082 the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin founded the city of Tagrart ("encampment" in Berber language ), just west of Agadir. The fusion of

230-556: A single city and gave it the name Tlemcen. Initially, Yagmurasen resided in the Qasr al-Qadim but he soon moved the seat of power to a new citadel, the Mechouar , towards the mid 13th century. The city was thereafter ruled for centuries by successive Zayyanid sultans. During this era it was one of the most important economic and cultural centers in the region, alongside other political capitals like Fez , Tunis , and Granada . During

276-399: A unique outlook on art and culture, and its architecture and urban life evolved to accommodate this new sense. In the independence movements of the mid-twentieth century, it was relatively quiet, reflecting the city's sense of aloofness from the turbulence of Algiers. In 1943 Tlemcen was little more than a railway halt. On January 13 a British and American train patrol engaged in a skirmish with

322-637: A variety of Mediterranean maritime goods "redirected" to Tlemcen by corsairs —in addition to imported European goods available at the funduk. Merchant houses based in Tlemcen, such as the al-Makkari, maintained regular branch offices in Mali and the Sudan . Later in the fourteenth century, the city twice fell under the rule of the Marinid sultan, Abu al-Hasan Ali (1337–1348) and his son Abu 'Inan . Both times

368-599: Is twinned with: Zenata The Zenata ( Berber languages : Iznaten ; Arabic : زناتة , romanized :  Zanāta ) are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of the largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda . Their lifestyle was either nomadic or semi-nomadic. The 14th-century historiographer Ibn Khaldun reports that the Zenata were divided into three large tribes: Jarawa , Maghrawa , and Banu Ifran . Formerly occupying

414-530: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tlemcen A major centre of the Central Maghreb , the city is a mix of Arab , Berber , 'Āndalusī , Ottoman , and Western influences . From this mosaic of influences, the city derives the title of capital of Andalusian art in Algeria. Various titles are attributed to the city including "the Pearl of

460-1035: Is from the Zanata words talam ("junction") and sān ("two"), referring to the town's geographic position which links the desert regions to the south with the mountainous regions to the north.   Roman Empire 2nd century–c. 429   Agadir c. 429–c. 477   Kingdom of Masuna c. 477-578   Kingdom of Altava 578–708   Umayyad Caliphate 708–c. 757   Emirate of Tlemcen c. 757–790   Rustamid dynasty 790–798   Idrisid dynasty 798–831   Rustamid dynasty 831–902   Idrisid dynasty 902–919   Fatimid Caliphate 919–944   Zirid dynasty 944–982   Zenata 982–1015   Hammadid Emirate 1015-1083   Almoravid dynasty 1083–1147   Almohad Caliphate 1147-1235 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Tlemcen 1235-1337   Marinid Sultanate 1337-1348 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Tlemcen 1348-1551 [REDACTED] Regency of Algiers , ( tributary of

506-663: Is reported to have been advised by a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time of the Inquisition of Torquemada , opened the gates of Tlemcen to Jewish and Muslim refugees fleeing Spain. Abraham is said to have supported them with his own money and with the tolerance of the king of Tlemcen. In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after the Campaign of Tlemcen . Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen

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552-705: The Battle of the Nobles and the Battle of Bagdoura . While the Umayyads managed to defeat the rebels eventually and reassert some of their authority, the westernmost parts of the Maghreb, including what is now Morocco, remained outside of Arab caliphal rule. In this vacuum, various principalities arose in the region, such as the Midrarid Emirate in eastern Morocco, led by a Zenata Miknasa tribe, to which

598-581: The Castilians took Algeciras from the Marinids in 1344, definitively expelling them from the Iberian Peninsula . In contrast to their predecessors, the Marinids sponsored Maliki Sunnism as the official religion and made Fez their capital. Under their rule, Fez enjoyed a relative golden age. The Marinids also pioneered the construction of madrasas across the country which promoted

644-704: The Gaetuli to revolt against the Romans. Tlemcen became a military outpost of Ancient Rome in the 2nd century CE under the name of Pomaria. It was then an important city in the North Africa see of the Roman Catholic Church , where it was the center of a diocese . Its bishop , Victor, was a prominent representative at the Council of Carthage (411) , and its bishop Honoratus was exiled in 484 by

690-542: The Ottoman Empire ) 1551–1832 [REDACTED] Emirate of Mascara 1832-1836 [REDACTED] France , ( French Algeria ) 1836–1837 [REDACTED] Emirate of Mascara 1837-1842 [REDACTED] France , ( French Algeria ) 1842–1962 [REDACTED]   Algeria 1962–present The areas surrounding Tlemcen were inhabited during the Neolithic period, as evidenced by the discovery of polished axes in

736-865: The Spanish in Oran and the Saadians in Morocco, was finally ended by the Ottomans . Zanata tribesmen also played a role as light cavalry in the armies of the Emirate of Granada . This gave rise to the Spanish term jinete (derived from the name 'Zenata'), which denoted this type of light cavalry. They formed the backbone of the Granadan army, serving both in crucial battles as well as in regular raids inside Christian territory. They were highly mobile on

782-530: The Vandal king Huneric for denying Arianism . It was a center of a large Christian population for many centuries after the city's Arab conquest in 708 AD . In the later eighth century and the ninth century, the city became a Kingdom of Banu Ifran with a Sufri Kharijite orientation. These same Berber Kharijis also began to develop various small Saharan oases and to link them into regular trans-Saharan caravan routes terminating at Tlemcen, beginning

828-732: The Almohads at the Battle of Jebel Nafusa in 1210. Despite the destruction of Tlemcen's already-feeble agricultural base, Tlemcen rose to prominence as a major trading and administrative center in the region under the ensuing reign of the Almohads . After the end of Almohad rule in the 1230s, Tlemcen became the capital of one of the three successor states, the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (1236–1554). The Zayyanid ruler Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan succeeded in merging Agadir and Tagrart into

874-624: The Almoravids to the Almohad Caliphate in the mid-twelfth century. After its conquest, the Almohad ruler ' Abd al-Mu'min surrounded the city with a wall in 1145 and built a new citadel . However, in the early thirteenth century, 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya attempted to restore Almoravid control of the Maghreb . In about 1209, the region around Tlemcen was devastated by retreating Almoravid forces, not long before their final defeat by

920-705: The Berbers of the Rif region are believed to be of Zenata ancestry. In the early Islamic period of Morocco, Berber groups and tribes dominated the politics of the region well after the Arab conquests . The Zenata confederation did too. A Zenata chieftain, Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati , was a leading figure in the Berber revolt of 740 against the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , and led Berber rebels to major victories in

966-487: The European financial system. For example, Genoese bills of exchange circulated there, at least among merchants not subject to (or not deterred by) religious prohibitions. At the peak of its success in the first half of the fourteenth century, Tlemcen was a city of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants. It housed several well-known madrasas and numerous wealthy religious foundations, and became the principal centers of culture in

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1012-681: The Maghreb ", "the African Granada" and "the Medina of the West". The name Tlemcen ( Tilimsān ) was given by the Zayyanid King Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan . One possible etymology is that it comes from a Berber word tilmas , meaning "spring, water-hole", or from the combination of the Berber words tala ("fountain"), the preposition m- , and sān ("two"), thus meaning "two fountains". Another proposed etymology

1058-577: The Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance. Nevertheless, these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end. Over the following two centuries, Zayyanid Tlemcen was intermittently a vassal of Ifriqiya (then governed by the Hafsid dynasty ), Maghrib al-Aqsa (then governed by the Marinid dynasty), or Aragon . When the Spanish took the city of Oran from

1104-540: The Middle Ages, Tlemcen not only served as a trading city connecting the "coastal" route across the Maghreb with the trans-Saharan caravan routes, but also housed a European trading center, or funduk which connected African and European merchants. African gold arrived in Tlemcen from south of the Sahara through Sijilmasa or Taghaza and entered European hands. Consequently, Tlemcen was partially integrated into

1150-704: The Miknasa when Musa switched allegiance to the Umayyads of Cordoba in 931 in an attempt to gain more independence. The Fatimids sent Humayd ibn Yasal (or Hamid ), the nephew of Masala ibn Habus, to confront Musa, defeating him in 933 and forcing him to fall back into line. Once the Fatimids were gone, however, Musa once again threw off their authority and recognized the Umayyad caliph. The Fatimids sent their general Maysur to confront him again, and this time he fled. He

1196-463: The Zayyanids in 1509, continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish to attempt a counterattack against Tlemcen in 1543, which the papacy deemed a crusade. The Spanish failed to take the city in the first attack, although the strategic vulnerability of Tlemcen caused the kingdom's weight to shift toward the safer and more heavily fortified corsair base at Algiers . The ruler of Tlemcen

1242-757: The Zenata spoke one of the Berber languages . Ibn Khaldun wrote that their dialect was distinct from other Berber dialects. French linguist Edmond Destaing in 1915 proposed " Zenati " as a loose subgrouping within the Northern Berber languages , including Riffian Berber in northeastern Morocco and Shawiya Berber in northeastern Algeria. Before the Arab conquests, the Zenata ranged between present-day Tunisia and Tripolitania in present-day Libya , before moving steadily west where they settled in western Algeria near Tiaret and Tlemcen , while some of them moved still further west to Morocco . They dominated

1288-496: The caves of Boudghene by Gustave-Marie Bleicher in 1875. There are three important prehistoric sites in the region: lake Karar, located one kilometer south of Remchi ; the rock shelters of Mouilah, 5 km north of Maghnia ; and the deposit called "d'Ouzidan", 2 km west of Aïn El Hout. The shelters found at the Mouilah and Boudghene show evidence of long periods of pre-historic human habitation. In AD 17 , Tacfarinas led

1334-527: The central Maghreb. The Zayyanids were the first to sponsor of the construction of madrasas in this part of the Maghreb, and among the most famous in Tlemcen was the Tashfiniya Madrasa founded by Abu Tashfin I (r. 1318–1337). At the souk around the Great Mosque, merchants sold woolen fabrics and rugs from the East, slaves and gold from across the Sahara, local earthenware and leather goods, and

1380-635: The century, the Maghrawa controlled Fez , Sijilmasa and Aghmat while the Banu Ifran ruled over Tlemcen, Salé (Chellah), and the Tadla region. In the 13th century the Banu Marin ( Arabic : بنو مرين ), a Zenata tribe, rose to power in Morocco. Starting in 1245 they began overthrowing the Almohads who had controlled the region. At the height of their power in the mid-14th century, during

1426-447: The city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant display of Andalusi culture, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a tomb —that of Sidi Boumédiène , whose tomb adjoins a mosque . The Great Mosque of Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture. Tlemcen

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1472-478: The city. Starting in the early 10th century, however, the Fatimids in the east began to intervene in present-day Morocco, hoping to expand their influence, and used the Miknasa as proxies and allies in the region. In 917 the Miknasa and its leader Masala ibn Habus, acting on behalf of their Fatimid allies, attacked Fez and forced Yahya IV to recognize Fatimid suzerainty, before deposing him in 919 or 921. He

1518-622: The colonial period they served in the French Army. French Jews of the Alliance Israélite Universelle paid for a local Jewish school, which closed in 1934, perhaps owing to the rise of Fascism. In 2009 Jordanian sources reported that the Algerian government intended to restore the damaged Jewish tombs at the historic cemetery. Tlemcen has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). Its centuries of rich history and culture have made

1564-474: The education of Maliki ulama , although Sufi sheikhs increasingly predominated in the countryside. Starting in the early 15th century the Wattasid dynasty , a related ruling house, competed with the Marinid dynasty for control of their state and became de facto rulers of Morocco between 1420 and 1459 while officially acting as regents or viziers . In 1465 the last Marinid sultan, Abd al-Haqq II ,

1610-469: The field, armed with lances , javelins , and small round shields known for their flexibility, and used their own characteristic set of tactics. They were recruited and led by exiled members of the Marinid family and settled within the kingdom of Granada. Their Marinid commander was known as the shaykh al-ghuzāt ('chief of the ghazis '), but in 1374 Muhammad V suppressed this office due to their political interference, after which they were commanded by

1656-710: The foundation of the city of Sijilmasa is attributed. In 868, under the leadership of the Abd al-Razzaq, the Berber Khariji Sufri tribes of Madyuna, Ghayata and Miknasa formed a common front against the Idrisids of Fez. From their base in Sefrou they were able to defeat Ali ibn Umar and occupy Fez. The city's inhabitants refused to submit, however, and the Idrisid Yahya III was able to retake

1702-698: The politics of the western Maghreb (Morocco and western Algeria) in two different periods: in the 10th century, during the decline of the Idrisids , as proxies for either the Fatimid Caliphs or the Umayyad Caliphs of Cordoba , and in the 13th to 16th centuries with the rise of the Zayyanid dynasty in Algeria and the Marinids and Wattasids in Morocco, all from Zenata tribes. Today, most of

1748-539: The reigns of Abu al-Hasan and his son Abu Inan , the Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over most of the Maghreb including large parts of modern-day Algeria and Tunisia . They supported the Emirate of Granada in al-Andalus in the 13th and 14th centuries; an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the European side of the Strait of Gibraltar was however defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 and finished after

1794-534: The retreating troops of the Afrika Korps . As the US Army marched eastwards from its Moroccan landing grounds, the British 8th Army drove west, forcing the Germans into an evacuation pocket at Tunis. Between 1942–1943, before embarking for Italy, the US Army Medical Corps established two fixed hospitals at Tlemcen: 9th Evacuation (as station), 12–26 December 1942. Seven hundred and fifty beds and 32d Station, 28 February – 28 November 1943, 500 beds. The most important place for pilgrimage of all religions into Tlemcen

1840-482: The same time as the Marinids, the Zenata Zayyanid dynasty (also known as the Abd al-Wadids) ruled over the Kingdom of Tlemcen in northwestern Algeria, centered on Tlemcen . The territory stretched from Tlemcen to the Chelif bend and Algiers . At its zenith, the kingdom reached the Moulouya river to the west, Sijilmasa to the south, and the Soummam river to the east. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 until 1556, when their rule, under pressure from

1886-417: The two settlements of Tagrart and Agadir over time became what is now Tlemcen. At the same time as he founded Tagrart, Ibn Tashfin founded its congregational mosque, known today as the Great Mosque of Tlemcen , which was expanded in 1126 by his son and successor 'Ali Ibn Yusuf . He built a governor's residence next to it, known after as the Qasr al-Qadim ("Old Palace"). Control of the region passed from

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1932-399: Was finally overthrown and killed by a revolt in Fez , which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco. The Wattasid sultans in turn lasted until the mid-16th century, when they were finally overthrown by the Saadians , who inaugurated the beginning of Arab Sharifian rule over Morocco (which continues under the present-day Alaouite dynasty ). Meanwhile, around

1978-530: Was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombarded Algiers in 1830, at which point the dey capitulated to French colonial rule; a broad coalition of natives continued to resist, coordinated loosely at Tlemcen. Tlemcen was a vacation spot and retreat for French settlers in Algeria, who found it far more temperate than Oran or Algiers. The city adapted and became more cosmopolitan, with

2024-414: Was pursued and killed by the Idrisids. The latter preserved a part of their realm in northern Morocco until the Umayyads finally ended their rule definitively in 985. The Umayyads in turn kept control over northern Morocco until their caliphate's collapse in the early 11th century. Following this, Morocco was dominated by various Zenata Berber tribes. Until the rise of the Sanhaja Almoravids later in

2070-482: Was succeeded by his cousin Musa ibn Abul 'Afiya, who had already been given charge over the rest of the country. The Idrisid Hassan I al-Hajam managed to wrest control of Fez from 925 but in 927 Musa returned, captured Hassan and killed him, marking the last time the Idrisids held power in Fez. Thereafter Fez remained under Zenata control. The Miknasa pursued the Idrisids to the fortress of Hajar an-Nasr in northern Morocco, but soon afterwards civil war broke out among

2116-452: Was the Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of town. Up to 10,000 people worldwide made the journey to the site. Nonetheless, despite religious freedoms, their community had never numbered more than 5,000–6,000 in the 20th century, and discriminatory laws of had been in force since 1881. After Algerian independence in 1962, most of the small Jewish population evacuated to metropolitan France. The Berber tribes historically professed Judaism. During

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