The Pont Marie is a bridge which crosses the Seine in Paris , France .
62-647: The bridge links the Île Saint-Louis to the quai de l'Hôtel de Ville and is one of three bridges designed to allow traffic flow between the Île Saint-Louis and the Left and Right banks of Paris . The Pont Marie links the Right Bank and is the counterpart of the Pont de la Tournelle which is built along the same line but serves to connect the Île Saint-Louis with the Left Bank. The Pont Marie derives its name from
124-822: A catalogue of her father's work. Matisse's son Pierre Matisse (1900–1989) opened a modern art gallery in New York City during the 1930s. The Pierre Matisse Gallery, which was active from 1931 until 1989, represented and exhibited many European artists and a few Americans and Canadians in New York often for the first time. He exhibited Joan Miró , Marc Chagall , Alberto Giacometti , Jean Dubuffet , André Derain , Yves Tanguy , Le Corbusier , Paul Delvaux , Wifredo Lam , Jean-Paul Riopelle , Balthus , Leonora Carrington , Zao Wou Ki , Sam Francis , and Simon Hantaï , sculptors Theodore Roszak , Raymond Mason , and Reg Butler , and several other important artists, including
186-728: A chapel in Vence, a small town he moved to in 1943, in her honor. Matisse remained, for the most part, isolated in southern France throughout the war, but his family was intimately involved with the French resistance. His son Pierre, the art dealer in New York, helped the Jewish and anti-Nazi French artists he represented to escape occupied France and enter the United States. In 1942, Pierre held an exhibition in New York, "Artists in Exile", which
248-478: A few years, 1904–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Matisse and André Derain . Matisse's first solo exhibition was at Ambroise Vollard 's gallery in 1904, without much success. His fondness for bright and expressive colour became more pronounced after he spent the summer of 1904 painting in St. Tropez with the neo-Impressionists Signac and Henri-Edmond Cross . In that year, he painted
310-540: A graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the Mourlot Studios in Paris. In 1941, Matisse was diagnosed with duodenal cancer . The surgery, while successful, resulted in serious complications from which he nearly died. Being bedridden for three months resulted in his developing a new art form using paper and scissors. That same year,
372-562: A large exhibition of Islamic art in Munich in 1910, he spent two months in Spain studying Moorish art. He visited Morocco in 1912 and again in 1913 and while painting in Tangier he made several changes to his work, including his use of black as a colour. The effect on Matisse's art was a new boldness in the use of intense, unmodulated colour, as in L'Atelier Rouge (1911). Matisse had
434-602: A large mural for the Barnes Foundation , The Dance II , which was completed in 1932; the Foundation owns several dozen other Matisse paintings. This move toward simplification and a foreshadowing of the cut-out technique is also evident in his painting Large Reclining Nude (1935). Matisse worked on this painting for several months and documented the progress with a series of 22 photographs, which he sent to Etta Cone. Matisse's wife Amélie, who suspected that he
496-569: A long association with the Russian art collector Sergei Shchukin . He created one of his major works La Danse specially for Shchukin as part of a two painting commission, the other painting being Music (1910). An earlier version of La Danse (1909) is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Around April 1906, Matisse met Pablo Picasso , who was 11 years his junior. The two became lifelong friends as well as rivals and are often compared. One key difference between them
558-549: A major financial scandal, the Humbert Affair . Her mother (who was the Humbert family's housekeeper) and father became scapegoats in the scandal, and her family was menaced by angry mobs of fraud victims. According to art historian Hilary Spurling , "their public exposure, followed by the arrest of his father-in-law, left Matisse as the sole breadwinner for an extended family of seven." During 1902 to 1903, Matisse adopted
620-447: A new type of medium. With the help of his assistants, he began creating cut paper collages, or decoupage . He would cut sheets of paper, pre-painted with gouache by his assistants, into shapes of varying colours and sizes, and arrange them to form lively compositions. Initially, these pieces were modest in size, but eventually transformed into murals or room-sized works. The result was a distinct and dimensional complexity—an art form that
682-436: A nursing student named Monique Bourgeois responded to an advertisement placed by Matisse for a nurse. A platonic friendship developed between Matisse and Bourgeois. He discovered that she was an amateur artist and taught her about perspective. After Bourgeois left the position to join a convent in 1944, Matisse sometimes contacted her to request that she model for him. Bourgeois became a Dominican nun in 1946, and Matisse painted
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#1732781006951744-486: A period of convalescence following an attack of appendicitis . He discovered "a kind of paradise" as he later described it, and decided to become an artist, deeply disappointing his father. In 1891, he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian under William-Adolphe Bouguereau and at the École Nationale des Beaux-Arts under Gustave Moreau . Initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in
806-435: A plaster bust by Rodin , a painting by Gauguin , a drawing by Van Gogh, and Cézanne 's Three Bathers . In Cézanne's sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisse's paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signac 's essay, " D' Eugène Delacroix au Néo-impressionisme ". In May 1902, Amélie's parents became ensnared in
868-509: A professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he pushed his students to think outside of the lines of formality and to follow their visions. In 1907, Guillaume Apollinaire , commenting about Matisse in an article published in La Falange , wrote, "We are not here in the presence of an extravagant or an extremist undertaking: Matisse's art is eminently reasonable." But Matisse's work of the time also encountered vehement criticism, and it
930-501: A reputation, prisoner of success…" The number of independently conceived cut-outs steadily increased following Jazz , and eventually led to the creation of mural-size works, such as Oceania the Sky and Oceania the Sea of 1946. Under Matisse's direction, Lydia Delectorskaya, his studio assistant, loosely pinned the silhouettes of birds, fish, and marine vegetation directly onto the walls of
992-442: A style of painting that was comparatively somber and concerned with form, a change possibly intended to produce saleable works during this time of material hardship. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye , in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, completing The Slave in 1903. Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910. The movement as such lasted only
1054-401: A traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Matisse was influenced by the works of earlier masters such as Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin , Nicolas Poussin , and Antoine Watteau , as well as by modern artists, such as Édouard Manet , and by Japanese art . Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired; as an art student he made copies of four of Chardin's paintings in
1116-604: Is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art . While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 rue de Fleurus . Where the works of Renoir , Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso dominated Leo and Gertrude Stein's collection, Sarah Stein's collection particularly emphasised Matisse. Contemporaries of Leo and Gertrude Stein, Matisse and Picasso became part of their social circle and routinely joined
1178-647: Is now the third-largest collection of Matisse works in France. According to David Rockefeller , Matisse's final work was the design for a stained-glass window installed at the Union Church of Pocantico Hills near the Rockefeller estate north of New York City. "It was his final artistic creation; the maquette was on the wall of his bedroom when he died in November of 1954", Rockefeller writes. Installation
1240-413: Is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was more inclined to work from imagination. The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still lifes , with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realised interiors. Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Paris salon of Gertrude Stein with her partner Alice B. Toklas . During the first decade of
1302-914: Is the southern bank of the river Seine in Paris . Here the river flows roughly westward, cutting the city in two parts. When facing downstream, the southern bank is to the left, whereas the northern bank (or Rive Droite ) is to the right. The Rive Gauche is associated with artists, writers and philosophers, including Colette , Margaret Anderson , Djuna Barnes , Natalie Barney , Sylvia Beach , Erik Satie , Kay Boyle , Bryher , Caresse Crosby , Nancy Cunard , H.D. , Janet Flanner , Jane Heap , Maria Jolas , Mina Loy , Henry Miller , Adrienne Monnier , Anaïs Nin , Jean Rhys , Gertrude Stein , Alice B. Toklas , Renee Vivien , Edith Wharton Pablo Picasso , Arthur Rimbaud , Paul Verlaine , Henri Matisse , Jean-Paul Sartre , Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , James Baldwin , as well as dozens of other members of
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#17327810069511364-533: The Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence , which allowed him to expand this technique within a truly decorative context. The experience of designing the chapel windows, chasubles , and tabernacle door—all planned using the cut-out method—had the effect of consolidating the medium as his primary focus. Finishing his last painting in 1951 (and final sculpture the year before), Matisse utilized the paper cut-out as his sole medium for expression up until his death. This project
1426-491: The French Riviera , a suburb of the city of Nice . His work of the decade or so following this relocation shows a relaxation and softening of his approach. This " return to order " is characteristic of much post- World War I art, and can be compared with the neoclassicism of Picasso and Stravinsky as well as the return to traditionalism of Derain . Matisse's orientalist odalisque paintings are characteristic of
1488-550: The Louvre . In 1896, Matisse, an unknown art student at the time, visited the Australian painter John Russell on the island of Belle Île off the coast of Brittany . Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of Vincent van Gogh —who had been a friend of Russell—and gave him a Van Gogh drawing. Matisse's style changed completely: abandoning his earth-coloured palette for bright colours. He later said Russell
1550-527: The Museum of Modern Art by Henry Kravis and the new president of the museum, Marie-Josée Drouin . Estimated price was $ 25 million. Previously, it had not been seen by the public since 1970. In 2002, a Matisse sculpture, Reclining Nude I (Dawn), sold for $ 9.2 million, a record for a sculpture by the artist. Matisse's daughter Marguerite often aided Matisse scholars with insights about his working methods and his works. She died in 1982 while compiling
1612-587: The Salon d'Automne in 1905. The paintings expressed emotion with wild, often dissonant colours, without regard for the subject's natural colours. Matisse showed Open Window and Woman with the Hat at the Salon. Critic Louis Vauxcelles commented on a lone sculpture surrounded by an "orgy of pure tones" as " Donatello chez les fauves" (Donatello among the wild beasts), referring to a Renaissance -type sculpture that shared
1674-467: The University of Paris . In the 12th century, the philosopher Pierre Abélard helped create the neighborhood when, due to his controversial teaching, he was pressured into relocating from the prestigious Île de la Cité to a less conspicuous residence. As he and his followers populated the Left Bank, it became famous for the prevalence of scholarly Latin spoken there. The area's origin story formed
1736-500: The engineer Christophe Marie , who proposed its construction beginning in 1605 in order to augment and assist in the urbanisation of the île Saint-Louis . However the bridge was not actually approved for building by the king until 1614, at which point Louis XIII laid the first stone as part of a formal bridge building ceremony. Following approval, the Pont Marie's construction was spread out over 20 years, from 1614 to 1635. Thus,
1798-425: The Pont Marie is a "lovers' bridge" beneath which it is an "old tradition" to kiss the person next to oneself and make a wish (several variants on this theme exist). However, there is no historical basis for such a "tradition," even though it is now repeated without verification in an increasing number of tourist guides. Rive Gauche The Rive Gauche ( French pronunciation: [ʁiv ɡoʃ] ; Left Bank)
1860-574: The Saturday evenings were Fernande Olivier (Picasso's mistress), Georges Braque , André Derain , the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire , Marie Laurencin (Apollinaire's mistress and an artist in her own right), and Henri Rousseau . His friends organized and financed the Académie Matisse in Paris, a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists. It operated from 1907 until 1911. The initiative for
1922-730: The academy came from the Steins and the Dômiers , with the involvement of Hans Purrmann , Patrick Henry Bruce , and Sarah Stein . Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913, producing about 24 paintings and numerous drawings. His frequent orientalist topics of later paintings, such as odalisques , can be traced to this period. Goldfish in aquariums also became a frequently recurring theme in Matisse's art following his trip to Morocco. In 1917, Matisse relocated to Cimiez on
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1984-488: The advice of Camille Pissarro , he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica . Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain , Jean Puy , and Jules Flandrin . Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included
2046-420: The basis of the saying, "Paris 'learned to think' on the Left Bank". This Paris geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Henri Matisse Henri Émile Benoît Matisse ( French: [ɑ̃ʁi emil bənwa matis] ; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist , known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He
2108-418: The book, rather than as independent pictorial works. At this point, Matisse still thought of the cut-outs as separate from his principal art form. His new understanding of this medium unfolds with the 1946 introduction for Jazz . After summarizing his career, Matisse refers to the possibilities the cut-out technique offers, insisting "An artist must never be a prisoner of himself, prisoner of a style, prisoner of
2170-422: The bridge is one of the oldest bridges in Paris. In 1635 the bridge was opened to circulation. Following its construction, there were proposals to build houses along the bridge's span. These proposals were countered by Christophe Marie, however approximately fifty were built regardless by carpenter Claude Dublet . On 1 March 1658 a flood occurred, which caused the destruction of twenty houses that were built atop
2232-452: The bridge was forbidden. In 1788, houses were barred from construction atop bridges throughout the city. Since the 18th century, the structure has seen little change aside from the flattening of its rise which did not alter the appearance. Each of the five arches of the Pont Marie is unique and that the niches in the abutments have never been filled with statues. Some years ago, excursion boat companies operating in Paris began to claim that
2294-485: The classical tradition in French painting . After 1930, he adopted a bolder simplification of form . When ill health in his final years prevented him from painting, he created an important body of work in the medium of cut paper collage . His mastery of the expressive language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art . Matisse
2356-547: The gatherings that took place on Saturday evenings at 27 rue de Fleurus. Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, remarking: More and more frequently, people began visiting to see the Matisse paintings—and the Cézannes: Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began. Among Pablo Picasso's acquaintances who also frequented
2418-639: The great artistic community at Montparnasse . The phrase implies a sense of bohemianism , counterculture and creativity . Some of its famous streets are the Boulevard Saint-Germain , Boulevard Saint-Michel , the Rue de Vaugirard , Rue Bonaparte and the Rue de Rennes . The Latin Quarter is situated on the Rive Gauche, within the 5th and 6th arrondissements in the vicinity of
2480-404: The most important of his works in the neo-Impressionist style, Luxe, Calme et Volupté . In 1905, he travelled southwards again to work with André Derain at Collioure . His paintings of this period are characterised by flat shapes and controlled lines, using pointillism in a less rigorous way than before. Matisse and a group of artists now known as " Fauves " exhibited together in a room at
2542-461: The period; while this work was popular, some contemporary critics found it shallow and decorative. In the late 1920s, Matisse once again engaged in active collaborations with other artists. He worked with not only Frenchmen, Dutch, Germans, and Spaniards, but also a few Americans and recent American immigrants. After 1930, a new vigor and bolder simplification appeared in his work. American art collector Albert C. Barnes convinced Matisse to produce
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2604-454: The room with them. His comment was printed on 17 October 1905 in Gil Blas , a daily newspaper, and passed into popular usage. The exhibition garnered harsh criticism—"A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public", said the critic Camille Mauclair —but also some favourable attention. When the painting that was singled out for special condemnation, Matisse's Woman with a Hat ,
2666-608: The room. The two Oceania pieces, his first cut-outs of this scale, evoked a trip to Tahiti he made years before. In May 1954, his cut out The Sheaf was exhibited at the Salon de Mai and met with success. The artwork was a commission for American collectors Mr and Mrs Brody and the cut out was then adapted to a ceramic for their house in Los Angeles. It is now located in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art . In 1948, Matisse began to prepare designs for
2728-469: The stage sets and costumes for Sergei Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . However, it was only after his operation that, bedridden, Matisse began to develop the cut-out technique as its own form, rather than its prior utilitarian origin. He moved to the hilltop of Vence, France in 1943, where he produced his first major cut-out project for his artist's book titled Jazz . However, these cut-outs were conceived as designs for stencil prints to be looked at in
2790-449: The structure and the deaths of about sixty people as well as the loss of two arches near to the île Saint-Louis side of the bridge. In 1660 a wooden bridge was rebuilt on the same spot, this time with a toll-booth which was designed to raise funds for the complete, stone renovation of the structure. This reconstruction was completed in 1670. In 1740, the remainder of the buildings atop the Pont Marie were removed and in 1769 all building atop
2852-829: The studio, and coordinating his business affairs. Matisse was visiting Paris when the Nazis invaded France in June 1940, but managed to make his way back to Nice. His son, Pierre, by then a gallery owner in New York, begged him to flee while he could. Matisse was about to depart for Brazil to escape the occupation of France but changed his mind and remained in Nice, in Vichy France . "It seemed to me as if I would be deserting," he wrote Pierre in September 1940. "If everyone who has any value leaves France, what remains of France?". Although he
2914-454: The technique was in 1919 during the design of decor for the Le chant du rossignol , an opera composed by Igor Stravinsky . Albert C. Barnes arranged for cardboard templates to be made of the unusual dimensions of the walls onto which Matisse, in his studio in Nice, fixed the composition of painted paper shapes. Another group of cut-outs were made between 1937 and 1938, while Matisse was working on
2976-521: The train to Ravensbrück, which was halted during an Allied air raid; she survived in the woods in the chaos of the closing days of the war until rescued by fellow resisters. Matisse's student Rudolf Levy was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944. Diagnosed with abdominal cancer in 1941, Matisse underwent surgery that left him reliant on a wheelchair and often bedbound. Painting and sculpture had become physical challenges, so he turned to
3038-589: The twentieth century, the Americans in Paris—Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein , Michael Stein, and Michael's wife Sarah —were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings. In addition, Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimore , the Cone sisters Claribel and Etta, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings and drawings. The Cone collection
3100-542: The work of Henri Matisse. Henri Matisse's grandson Paul Matisse is an artist and inventor living in Massachusetts . Matisse's great-granddaughter Sophie Matisse is active as an artist. Les Heritiers Matisse functions as his official Estate. The U.S. copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse is the Artists Rights Society . The Musée Matisse in Nice, a municipal museum, has one of
3162-501: The works he painted between 1900 and 1905 brought him notoriety as one of the Fauves ( French for "wild beasts"). Many of his finest works were created in the decade or so after 1906, when he developed a rigorous style that emphasized flattened forms and decorative pattern. In 1917, he relocated to a suburb of Nice on the French Riviera , and the more relaxed style of his work during the 1920s gained him critical acclaim as an upholder of
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#17327810069513224-402: Was a draughtsman , printmaker , and sculptor , but is known primarily as a painter. Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso , as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. The intense colourism of
3286-679: Was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis , in the Nord department in Northern France on New Year's Eve in 1869, the oldest son of a wealthy grain merchant . He grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois , Picardie . In 1887, he went to Paris to study law, working as a court administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during
3348-460: Was bought by Gertrude and Leo Stein , the embattled artist's morale improved considerably. Matisse was recognised as a leader of the Fauves, along with André Derain; the two were friendly rivals, each with his own followers. Other members were Georges Braque , Raoul Dufy , and Maurice de Vlaminck . The Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau (1826–1898) was the movement's inspirational teacher. As
3410-606: Was completed in 1956. Matisse died of a heart attack at the age of 84 on 3 November 1954. He is buried in the cemetery of the Monastère Notre Dame de Cimiez, in the Cimiez neighbourhood of Nice. The first painting of Matisse acquired by a public collection was Still Life with Geraniums (1910), exhibited in the Pinakothek der Moderne . His The Plum Blossoms (1948) was purchased on 8 September 2005 for
3472-842: Was difficult for him to provide for his family. His painting Nu bleu (1907) was burned in effigy at the Armory Show in Chicago in 1913. The decline of the Fauvist movement after 1906 did not affect the career of Matisse; many of his finest works were created between 1906 and 1917, when he was an active part of the great gathering of artistic talent in Montparnasse , even though he did not quite fit in, with his conservative appearance and strict bourgeois work habits. He continued to absorb new influences. He travelled to Algeria in 1906 studying African art and Primitivism . After viewing
3534-528: Was having an affair with her young Russian emigre companion, Lydia Delectorskaya , ended their 41-year marriage in July 1939, dividing their possessions equally between them. Delectorskaya attempted suicide by shooting herself in the chest; remarkably, she survived with no serious after-effects, and returned to Matisse and worked with him for the rest of his life, running his household, paying the bills, typing his correspondence, keeping meticulous records, assisting in
3596-577: Was his teacher, and that Russell had explained colour theory to him. The same year, Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts , two of which were purchased by the state. With the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898, he married Amélie Noellie Parayre; the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean (born 1899) and Pierre (born 1900). Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on
3658-771: Was never a member of the resistance, it became a point of pride to the occupied French that one of their most acclaimed artists chose to stay. While the Nazis occupied France from 1940 to 1944, they were more lenient in their attacks on "degenerate art" in Paris than they were in the German-speaking nations under their military dictatorship. Matisse was allowed to exhibit, along with other former Fauves and Cubists whom Hitler had initially claimed to despise, though without any Jewish artists, all of whose works had been purged from all French museums and galleries; any French artists exhibiting in France had to sign an oath assuring their "Aryan" status, including Matisse. He also worked as
3720-402: Was not quite painting, but not quite sculpture. He called the last fourteen years of his life "une seconde vie", meaning his second life. When talking about his work, Matisse mentioned that, while his mobility was limited, he could wander through gardens in the form of his artwork. Although the paper cut-out was Matisse's major medium in the final decade of his life, his first recorded use of
3782-591: Was the result of the close friendship between Matisse and Bourgeois, now Sister Jacques-Marie, despite him being an atheist. They had met again in Vence and started the collaboration, a story related in her 1992 book Henri Matisse: La Chapelle de Vence and in the 2003 documentary "A Model for Matisse". In 1952, he established a museum dedicated to his work, the Matisse Museum in Le Cateau , and this museum
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#17327810069513844-707: Was to become legendary. Matisse's estranged wife, Amélie, was a typist for the French Underground and jailed for six months. Matisse was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured (almost to death) by the Gestapo in a Rennes prison and sentenced to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany. Marguerite managed to escape from
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