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110-740: In 1853 the French bishops held the Council of La Rochelle , where they proposed a plan for a French Seminary in Rome to train priests strongly attached to the Holy See and able to counteract Gallican ideas. They successfully petitioned Pius IX to approve this idea. The seminary opened in 1853 with 12 students under the direction of Lamurien of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , an order which

220-552: A British fleet defeated the French Atlantic Fleet. La Rochelle became one of the French centres for faience at the end of the 18th century. Bernard Palissy was born in the region and had some bearing in this development. During the 18th century, its style was greatly influenced by Chinese themes and Japanese Kakiemon -type designs. Many of these ceramics can be viewed at the Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon . In 1864,

330-461: A bird sanctuary. The interior of the territory is marked by the presence of a rich plain cereal evoking the Beauce by its open relief on the horizon. At the center of this space, the city of Surgères remained a pastureland where dairy farming has retained its importance: the small city is thus a production centers butter, Beurre de Charentes-Poitou. The Angoumois forms a transitional space between

440-511: A former vice-president of Aquitaine , proposed the name "Nouvelle Aquitaine". The decision came after the popular favourite, "Aquitaine", faced resistance by regional politicians from Limousin and Poitou-Charentes . The other popular favourite, "Grande Aquitaine", was rejected for its connotation with a feeling of superiority. Alain Rousset , president of the region, concurred with the working group's conclusion, reaffirming that he considered

550-416: A harbour was a consequence of the victory of Duke Guillaume X of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130, and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon . In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to identify as a commune . Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father. For

660-804: A large open coastline along the Atlantic Ocean , extending from the National Nature Reserve of Aiguillon Bay and the estuary of the Sèvre (near Charron ) to Bidasoa (south of Hendaye ). This coastline includes the islands of the Charentais Archipelago ( Ré , Oléron , Aix , and Madame ) and the inlet of Arcachon. The region is notable for its oyster farming (Marennes-Oléron and the Bassin d’Arcachon), mussel farming (Baie de l’Aiguillon), and tourism. Prominent resorts in

770-537: A link between Saintonge , Blayais  [ oc ] , Médoc and western Guyenne , is in itself a world apart. Wild largest estuary in Europe, being classified in the marine park with the "Pertuis charentais", it is lined with large marshes ("Petite Camargue" and hillsides which produces most of the great Bordeaux wines from the Côtes-de-Bordeaux and Côtes-de-Bourg on the right bank to the great wines of

880-467: A predominantly administrative and tertiary sector that is reinforced by the university and a rapidly developing tourism industry. In the early 21st century, the city has consistently been ranked among France's most liveable cities. Until 2015, the town was part of the administrative region called Poitou-Charentes , that was before the delimitation of regions in France. The Romans subsequently occupied

990-509: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Roman Colleges ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. 41°53′52″N 12°28′38″E  /  41.8977°N 12.4773°E  / 41.8977; 12.4773 Council of La Rochelle La Rochelle ( UK : / ˌ l æ r ɒ ˈ ʃ ɛ l / , US : / ˌ l ɑː r oʊ ˈ ʃ ɛ l / , French: [la ʁɔʃɛl] ; Poitevin-Saintongeais : La Rochéle )

1100-495: A relative climatic barrier and regions further south belong to the Aquitaine oceanic climate area. Coastal areas are wetter overall, with moderate rainfall spread throughout the year, except for the summer months, where droughts are not uncommon. Summer, which is relatively warm, is tempered by sea breezes, and winters are cool-mild. Frosts and snow are unusual. Sunshine is quite high, with around 2,000 to 2,200 hours per year, which

1210-792: A road parallel to the Pyrenees, which facilitates access to Toulouse and the Mediterranean regions: the A64 , called "La Pyrénéenne". It starts from Briscous (in the outskirts of Bayonne), continues to Pau before reaching Tarbes in the neighbouring region of Occitania ) and the Toulouse ring road. The eastern region is well served by the A20 north–south axis between Paris and Toulouse and opens up Limousin. It thus goes through La Souterraine , Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde . Another important way,

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1320-831: A small portion of the Paris Basin (the border between the two being located at the " Seuil du Poitou ") and the Limousin plate (part of the Massif Central) and the western part of the Pyrenees . It is part of five watersheds facing the Atlantic Ocean: Loire , Charente , Garonne and Dordogne (and their extension, the Gironde estuary ) and Adour , giving rivers bordering land dedicated mostly to viticulture and to agriculture. Nouvelle-Aquitaine features

1430-626: A spa of international reputation, Dax, also the capital of Chalosse , important breeding ground. The coastline subject to severe erosion, remained very wild. Some resorts have been built in the dunes from Soulac-sur-Mer in the north of the Gironde, via Lacanau , Hourtin , Biscarrosse , Mimizan and Capbreton , without forgetting those bordering the Bay of Arcachon: Arcachon , Andernos-les-Bains , Lège-Cap-Ferret , Pyla-sur-Mer  [ es ] . This vast lagoon, wide open ocean, houses since 2014

1540-472: Is Bordeaux , in the heart of an urban agglomeration of over one million inhabitants. Taking into consideration the urban area, the new region is home to six of the fifty largest metropolitan areas of French territory (population 2011): In addition, the region has a network of medium-sized towns scattered throughout its territory, including: The region covers a large part of the Aquitaine Basin and

1650-588: Is a city on the west coast of France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay , a part of the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department . With 78,535 inhabitants in 2021, La Rochelle is the most populated commune in the department and ranks fourth in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after Bordeaux , the regional capital, Limoges and Poitiers . Situated on the edge of

1760-488: Is a popular holiday resort. The interior is more rural and retains a strong agricultural tradition, and is a solid wine region, symbolised by the vineyard Irouléguy but also by traditional liquors such as izarra and patxaran , eau-de-vie characteristic of Navarre . Anchored in the heart of the Pyrenees, the Béarn opposes its Gascon traditions. It has a succession of gently accented hills and valleys (that of Pau river, where

1870-419: Is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle. La Rochelle and its region are served by the international La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport , which has progressively developed over the last 5 years. The train station Gare de La Rochelle offers connections to Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Paris and several regional destinations. OFP La Rochelle is a freight railway serving the port. La Rochelle launched one of

1980-437: Is based on agriculture and viticulture ( vineyards of Bordeaux and Cognac ), tourism , a powerful aerospace industry , digital economy and design, parachemical and pharmaceutical industries, financial sector ( Niort ) and industrial ceramics ( Limoges ). The new region includes major parts of Southern France (" Midi de la France "), marked by Basque , Occitan , Poitevin and Saintongeais cultures. Historically, it

2090-465: Is comparable to some Mediterranean regions ( Perpignan ). Summer precipitation often take the form of thunderstorms, possibly violent, while winter is sometimes marked by storms, some of which have marked the area with their exceptional: Martin in 1999 (record of 198 km / h in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron ), Klaus in 2009 (172 km / h to Biscarrosse ) and Xynthia in 2010 (160 km / h on

2200-612: Is divided into wet marshes (we speak more readily of "Green Venice") and marshes dried up, converted into mixed farming. Niort , on the Sèvre Niortaise , the main town of the Haut-Poitou outside Poitiers , is like a door of this "Green Venice" much of which belongs to the parc naturel régional du Marais poitevin , established in 1979, classified "Grand site de France". Further south lie the Charentes, which correspond to

2310-484: Is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood . It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour in the centre of the city during the 1980s. La Rochelle has a very big aquarium , and a small botanical garden (the Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle ). The Calypso , the ship used by Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which

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2420-548: Is important above 1200 meters. Pau valley has a microclimate, however, marked by strong sunlight (about 1900 hours a year) but high rainfall (1100 mm per year) and a near absence of frost in winter. Rainfall is usually brief there, but regular, and spread throughout the year. Nouvelle-Aquitaine is a region of transit between the Paris Basin (including Île-de-France) and the Iberian Peninsula, but also between

2530-411: Is part of this context, and should significantly shorten travel between the two cities (from just over an hour and a half to 45 minutes), facilitate interregional connections and access to Île-de-France. This project is one of the links of "Transline project" (Transversal Auvergne Atlantic Alpes), still under study. The region benefits from the presence of several airport infrastructure. The main airport

2640-465: Is the "indirect successor" to medieval Aquitaine ; it extends over a large part of the former Duchy of Eleanor of Aquitaine . The region's interim name Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes was a hyphenated placename, known as ALPC, created by hyphenating the merged regions' names – Aquitaine , Limousin and Poitou-Charentes – in alphabetical order. In June 2016, a working group headed by historian Anne-Marie Cocula  [ fr ] ,

2750-516: Is the biggest in Europe, and has a long boat-building past, which today includes companies such as Amel Yachts . The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of limestone dating back to the Sequanian stage (upper Oxfordian stage ) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. Many of these layers are visible in

2860-434: Is the largest administrative region in France by area, spanning the west and southwest of Metropolitan France . The region was created in 2014 by the merging of Aquitaine , Limousin , and Poitou-Charentes in a territorial reform. Nouvelle-Aquitaine has an area of 84,035.7 km (32,446.4 sq mi) – more than 1 ⁄ 7 of Metropolitan France – and has a population of 6,033,952 as of 2020 . The new region

2970-579: Is the one between Paris and Madrid via Poitiers, Bordeaux and Hendaye ; then comes the line Lille - Brive-la-Gaillarde , which serves Limoges , both served by TGV trains. Other lines are served mostly by the TER network of TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine . The largest station in the region is Bordeaux-Saint-Jean , which accommodates 10 million passengers per year; then comes Limoges-Bénédictins station and its 2.5 million passengers. Poitiers has two stations: Poitiers station and Futuroscope station which serves

3080-641: Is traversed by numerous mountain streams, known as gaves . Notable gaves in the area include the Gave de Pau , the Gave de Bious  [ fr ] , the Gave d'Ossau , and the Gaves réunis on the border of Landes and Pyrénées-Atlantiques. The Ossau Valley , one of the three valleys of Béarn , extends from the suburbs of Pau to Col du Pourtalet at the Spanish border . The region's glacial lakes, along with their diverse fauna and flora, contribute to its inclusion in

3190-807: The Sea Beggars were able to raid Spanish shipping. In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blockade by the French Navy under the command of Filippo di Piero Strozzi and Antoine Escalin des Aimars , a former protagonist of the Franco-Ottoman alliance . The city was finally besieged during the siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) during the French Wars of Religion , following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572, and occurred at

3300-690: The A83 motorway, the Vendée and Nantes (Pays de la Loire). The N10 is the main road of the Charente and an important road for connecting between Bordeaux and Poitiers including Angoulême . Connecting the east of Bordeaux ( Libourne ) to Greater Lyon , the A89 motorway (called "La transversale") irrigates the eastern part of the region, facilitating travel between the cities of Bordeaux and Périgueux , Brive-la-Gaillarde , Tulle and Ussel . A little further south,

3410-547: The Basque Y (high-speed line linking the Spanish cities of Bilbao , Vitoria , San Sebastian and Irun ). It is part of the great South West Rail project and should facilitate regional connections between Bordeaux, Mont-de-Marsan, Dax, Bayonne, long-distance connections between the south of the region and Île-de-France, as well as international links to Spain (including Madrid). The LGV Bar project between Poitiers and Limoges

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3520-643: The Chabrières forest  [ fr ] encompasses 2,000 hectares. The extreme southern region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine is characterized by the presence of the Pyrenees . The western part, known as the mountains of Labourd, consists mostly of high green hills. Further east, the highest point in the French Basque Country is Pic d'Orhy , which reaches 2,017 meters. The Pau region is notable for its more rugged, mineral landscapes, featuring high peaks often exceeding 2,000 meters. The highest point in

3630-632: The Gallo-Roman period , attested by the remains of important salt marshes and villas.  The Dukes of Aquitaine granted it a charter as a free port in 1130. With the opening of the English market following the second marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the presence of the Knights Templar and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem quickly made this small town the largest port on

3740-717: The Huguenots , and the city declared itself an independent Reformed Republic on the model of Geneva . During the subsequent period, La Rochelle became an entity that has been described as a " state within a state ". This led to numerous conflicts with the Catholic central government. The city supported the Protestant movement of William of Orange in the Netherlands, and from La Rochelle the Dutch under Louis of Nassau and

3850-633: The Pyrénées National Park . Belonging to the Massif Central , Limousin features a varied landscape with high plateaus and some eroded peaks that dominate green valleys and forests of oak and chestnut trees. The Limousin plateau, intersected by the valleys of the Vienne (which flows through its capital, Limoges ), Isle , Vézère , and the picturesque Corrèze with its deep reliefs, seldom exceeds 500 meters in elevation. It forms

3960-655: The Seven Years' War , the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . During that period France lost many of the territorial possessions which it had had in the New World, and also saw a significant decrease in its sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle. After abolitionist movements led by such people as Samuel de Missy ,

4070-514: The Île d'Aix and Fort Boyard (home to the TV show of the same name). Nearby Île de Ré is a short drive to the North. The countryside of the surrounding Charente-Maritime is very rural and full of history ( Saintes ). To the North is Venise Verte , a marshy area of country, crisscrossed with tiny canals and a resort for inland boating. Inland is the country of Cognac and Pineau . The nearby Île de Ré

4180-458: The Île de Ré ). The climate in Angoumois and Limousin is wetter and cooler, remains temperate with warm spring and has relatively warm summers, with variations due to altitude. The annual sunshine averages at 1850 hours. The climate of the Basque country and southern Landes is marked by its warm summers, mild winters but especially by its high rainfall, with Atlantic depressions that hit

4290-457: The "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well preserved. Three medieval towers are a prominent tourist attraction at the entrance to the harbor: The Chain Tower , The Lantern Tower and Saint Nicolas Tower . From the harbour, boating trips can be taken to

4400-617: The 1224 siege of La Rochelle . During the Plantagenet control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun. The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, wealthy bourgeois Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa seeking wealth. He went bankrupt awaiting

4510-547: The 1293 sacking of La Rochelle by the Bayonnais during an outbreak of reciprocal piracy between English and French (particularly Norman ) sailors was one of the main charges of King Philip   IV against King Edward   I when he declared the Duchy of Aquitaine forfeit to the French crown, prompting the 1294–1303 Gascon War whose peace terms produced the marriage that led to Edward   III 's later claims to

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4620-685: The Atlantic Ocean the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9-kilometre-long ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 -mile) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Since the Middle Ages the harbour has opened onto a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche and is regarded as a "Door océane" or gateway to the ocean because of the presence of its three ports (fishing, trade and yachting). The city has a strong commercial tradition, having an active port from very early on in its history. The city traces its origins to

4730-598: The Atlantic. To this day, the city still possesses a rich historical fabric, including the Saint-Nicholas tower , and an urban heritage. The capital of Aunis , it has become the most important coastal city between the Loire and Gironde estuaries. La Rochelle's urban activities are many in number and strongly differentiated, being a city with port and industrial functions that are still important, but also including

4840-591: The Béarn area. In 2008, the region Aquitaine made a survey on the languages in the region, and gave the following results. The climate of Nouvelle-Aquitaine is classified as an oceanic climate under the Köppen climate classification scheme. The climates within the region can be sub-classified as follows: In the north of the region, the Paris oceanic climate is marked by moderate rainfall, warm summers and cool winters, but moderately so. The Seuil du Poitou acts as

4950-734: The Calvinists attempted to colonise the New World to find a new home for their religion, with the likes of Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry . After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique , they failed to establish a colony in Brazil, and finally resolved to make a stand in La Rochelle itself. Pierre Richier became "Ministre de l'église de la Rochelle" ("Minister of the Church of La Rochelle") when he returned from Brazil in 1558, and

5060-433: The College was able to continue after the French seminary's Rector Tommaso Maria Zigliara offered refuge at the Pontifical French Seminary. Santa Chiara was rebuilt on the plan of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in Paris, in 1883 the monastery was entirely remodeled to suit its present purpose. Leo XIII declared it a pontifical seminary in 1902. As of the early 1900s there were between 100 and 120 seminarians. Henri Le Floch

5170-426: The Côtes du marmandais the buzet or Côte de Brulhois, that relate to the broad vineyard of the Southwest. But the real glory of this land is Armagnac , a famous brandy, exported around the world. Its vineyards cover some of the departments of Lot-et-Garonne, Landes but also the Gers (in the neighbouring region of Occitania ). It also produces the floc de Gascogne , with delicate floral accents. The extreme south of

5280-426: The D936, which roughly follows the course of the Dordogne, is grafted on the Bordeaux ring road via an interchange at the municipalities of Cenon and Floirac . It gives access to the towns of Branne , Castillon-la-Bataille and Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde) and Bergerac (Dordogne). Southwest of Bordeaux, the A63 is a major focus of the regional motorway network. Forming a large artery almost straight through

5390-469: The European route E603 connects Limoges to Angoulême and Saintes . It represents one of the key elements of the road Central Europe Atlantic important channel of communication between the Rhône Valley and the Atlantic coast, which is divided into multiple plots at Angoulême and Saintes (Bordeaux, Royan and La Rochelle). The regional rail network is organised around the main towns: Bordeaux , Limoges , Poitiers , La Rochelle and Bayonne . The main line

5500-403: The French crown. Following the Treaty of Brétigny during the Hundred Years' War , La Rochelle again came under the rule of the English monarch in 1360. La Rochelle however expelled the English in June 1372, following the naval Battle of La Rochelle , between Castilian-French and English fleets. The French and Spanish decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for

5610-420: The Haut-Poitou history, is organised around a tray agricultural and viticultural (vineyard of Haut-Poitou) irrigated by the Vienne , Clain or the Gartempe , which form so little valleys, often lined with oak forests. Further south, the Niortais this open landscapes (openfields) in grain-dominant, but also rich wetland areas such as the Marais Poitevin , a legacy of an old marine gulf filled with alluvium, which

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5720-465: The Huguenots culminated with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Many Huguenots emigrated, founding such cities as New Rochelle in the vicinity of today's New York in 1689. La Rochelle, and the siege of 1627 form much of the backdrop to the later chapters of Alexandre Dumas, père 's classic novel, The Three Musketeers . Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in

5830-418: The Mediterranean. A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307. Royal property since 1271,

5940-422: The Pyrenean foothills. This Microclimate explains the presence of lush vegetation and the green aspect of the region. Fogs are not rare, but usually dissipate very quickly. As for the Pyrenean climate, suboceanic trend Béarn , it is subject to frequent "cap effect" when the north-west of disturbances abut against the Pyrenean mountains. Valley bottoms, true "funnels clouds" are particularly watered. The winter snow

6050-589: The Rhône Valley and the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions (noon Toulouse). This situation implies several years developing roads and major highways, especially in the context of the road Estuaries, but also the high-speed Paris-Bordeaux-Toulouse-Spain, which should help significantly shorten rail journeys. Many roads and highways in the region radiate from Bordeaux and just attach to its peripheral belt (Bordeaux ring road or A630 ). The main lines used for reinforcing roads and highways are in addition some terminal bonds designed to streamline access to two major resorts in

6160-447: The Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Dunes et Marais d'Hourtin), all situated above vast pine forests planted in the 19th century. The Landes forest , the most extensive in the region, covers nearly one million hectares (approximately 950,000 hectares of maritime pines), making it the largest artificial forest in Western Europe. This forest forms a vast triangle extending from the Pointe de Grave , north of Soulac-sur-Mer , to Hossegor in

6270-479: The Society of Saint Pius X were from the French Seminary. In 2009, management of the seminary was transferred from the Spiritans to the Bishops' Conference of France. Most of the studies are conducted at the Gregorian University . The students are made up both of seminarians and existing priests pursuing further study. The seminary is located in the Via di Santa Chiara. Non-French students are also admitted. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

6380-411: The acronym "ALPC" no choice at all. For those deploring the loss of "Limousin" and "Poitou-Charentes", he noted that the predecessor region of Aquitaine subsumed the identities of the Périgord or the Pays Basque , which did not disappear during its 40 years of operation. On 27 June 2016, just a few days ahead of 1 July deadline, the Regional Council almost unanimously adopted Nouvelle-Aquitaine as

6490-446: The area include Arcachon (Côte d’Argent), Biarritz (Côte Basque), and Royan (Côte de Beauté). From the Arvert Peninsula  [ fr ] to the coast of Labourd , the coastline is predominantly straight and characterized by high dunes, including Dune du Pilat , large lakes (such as Lac d'Hourtin-Carcans , Étang de Lacanau , Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet , and Lac de Biscarrosse et de Parentis ), and wetlands (including

6600-480: The area, Arcachon (via Highway A660) and Royan (by via the N150, partly making 2X2 routes). The A10 autoroute (the "Aquitaine") is the major artery between Bordeaux and Paris , commissioned in 1981. It is part of the network of "autoroutes du Sud de la France" and provides access to several cities: Saintes , Niort or Poitiers . From Saintes, highway A837 allows drivers to reach the town of Rochefort . Further north, in Niort, an interchange provides access to

6710-426: The area, where they developed salt production along the coast. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes . Salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period have also been found. The name was first recorded in 961 as Rupella , from a Latin diminutive meaning 'little rock'. It was later known as Rocella and Roscella before the name took on its current form. The establishment of La Rochelle as

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6820-407: The authority of the adult Louis, beginning with a 1622 revolt . A fleet from La Rochelle fought a royal fleet of 35 ships under Charles, Duke of Guise , in front of Saint-Martin-de-Ré , but was defeated on 27 October 1622, leading to the signing of the Peace of Montpellier . In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke Henri de Rohan and his brother Soubise led to the Capture of Ré island by

6930-565: The capital is located, Pau , and others named Orthez and Navarrenx , being the most populated), it comprises the Aspe , the Barétous  [ fr ] and Ossau valleys along with the Col du Soulor . Agriculture will always be prominent, as viticulture (jurançon, Madiran) even if the aeronautical and petrochemical sectors are also represented. The main ski resorts in the area, such as Artouste , Gourette , Issarbe  [ fr ] , La Pierre Saint-Martin  [ fr ] and Le Somport  [ fr ] are concentrated in

7040-419: The city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges. The remaining Protestants of La Rochelle suffered new persecutions, when 300 families were again expelled in November 1661, the year Louis XIV came to power. The reason for the expulsions was that Catholics deeply resented a degree of revival of Protestant ownership of property within the city. The growing persecution of

7150-429: The city. La Rochelle was also the port city from which the Carignan-Salieres Regiment departed for Nouvelle France. In 1664, based upon attacks by the Iroquois against the Quebec inhabitants and following the request of the New France Sovereign Council, the French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert ordered the 24 companies composing the Carignan-Salières Regiment to duty in New France. Beginning with departures from

7260-452: The coast of Morocco to conquer the Canary Islands . Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese. During the Renaissance , La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas. Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II . An early result of this

7370-444: The coastal plains of Aunis, large "champagne" of Saintonge and Limousin plateau. Dotted with small hills, he seems to live to the rhythm of the Charente, real artery watering its major cities, Angoulême , Cognac and Jarnac . Great wine region, internationally renowned alcohol is produced there, cognac , and a water spirits called Pineau des Charentes . The western quarter of Charentes consists of Saintonge, organised territory around

7480-413: The estimated 768 women known as the Filles du Roi (Daughters of the King), set sail for Quebec during the period of 1663 to 1673. Robert de La Salle departed from La Rochelle, France, on 24 July 1684, with the aim of setting up a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi , eventually establishing Fort Saint Louis in Texas. The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning

7590-401: The festival, from around 1998, took place in Saint-Tropez , before moving to La Rochelle in around 2013 or 2014. One of the biggest music festivals in France, Les Francofolies de La Rochelle , takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event. La Rochelle's main feature is

7700-450: The first priority of the kingdom. The English came to the support of La Rochelle, starting the Anglo-French War , by sending a major expedition under the Duke of Buckingham . The expedition however ended in a fiasco for England with the siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré . Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded

7810-435: The first successful bicycle sharing systems in 1974. The original university in La Rochelle was University Institutes of Technology , established in 1968. Then, University of La Rochelle was incorporated to the technology institute in 1993. And, the second university in the city is the Excelia Group (La Rochelle Business School), which was established in 1988. The city has more than 10,000 students each year. they are

7920-407: The first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail . Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 nobles who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of England as Henry II in 1154, thus putting La Rochelle under Plantagenet rule, until Louis VIII captured it in

8030-557: The first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the use of handguns on warships, which were deployed by the French and Spanish against the English. Having recovered freedom, La Rochelle refused entry to Du Guesclin , until Charles V recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372. In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle and sailed along

8140-461: The forces of Louis XIII. Soubise conquered large parts of the Atlantic coast, but the supporting fleet of La Rochelle was finally defeated by Montmorency , as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré. Following these events, Louis XIII and his Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu declared the suppression of the Huguenot revolt

8250-429: The former provinces of Aunis , Angoumois and Saintonge . Aunis is not unlike the landscape of Niortais, with large marshes that extend from either side of La Rochelle and Rochefort (Baie d'Yves, marais de Rochefort, Broue and Brouage ) but also the islands of Ré and Aix , with varied landscapes where pine forests mingle, sandy beaches or the curious lagoon of Fier d'Ars, the sands in constant motion, which houses

8360-542: The harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, Plongeur , commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré , a native of La Rochelle. During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle). A German stronghold, La Rochelle

8470-465: The largest institutions of higher education of La Rochelle (7,000 and 3,500 students respectively). Located in La Rochelle is Les Minimes, a marina considered the city's new port for around 5,000 boat vessels. The newly built area also houses university campuses for 10,000 students, which has shops, restaurants, a cinema, and other amenities. There are many residences in a student village, which are accommodation for locals, students or tourists. The port

8580-609: The left bank Médoc (Pauillac, Margaux, Saint-Estèphe, Saint-Julien. The vineyards of Bordeaux, with international reputation, has done for centuries the reputation of the region. His productions are exported worldwide. Farther south lies the vast plain Landes (south of Gironde and Landes), which begins near Bordeaux and go to the Pyrénées. Largely occupied by the Landes forest , it is also a major agricultural area (maize farming) and hosts

8690-582: The main building material throughout the region. The area of La Pointe du Chay about five kilometres (three miles) from La Rochelle is a cliff area visited for leisurely geological surveys. Under Köppen's climate classification , La Rochelle features an oceanic climate . Although at the same latitude as Montreal in Canada or the Kuril Islands in Russia, the area experiences mild weather throughout

8800-614: The marine natural park of Arcachon basin. Eastern Guyenne corresponds in part to the department of Lot-et-Garonne . Rich agricultural and farming area watered by both the Lot and the Garonne , it is famous for its " pruneaux ", who took the name of its capital, Agen (nearly 8000 hectares of land are dedicated to Ente plum orchards) while Marmande is famous for its tomatoes. The mild climate explains that also cultivated tobacco , as well as strawberries ("gariguettes") and vines, used to produce

8910-566: The most important after Bordeaux are Bayonne (288,000 inhabitants), Limoges (283,000), Poitiers (255,000), Pau (241,000) and La Rochelle (206,000), as well as eleven major clusters. New Aquitaine has five universities ( Bordeaux , La Rochelle , Limoges , Poitiers and Pau ) and several Grandes Écoles . It has three of the four historic resorts on the French Atlantic coast: Arcachon , Biarritz and Royan , as well as several ski resorts (most notably Gourette ). Its economy

9020-588: The mountains of Marche, which are divided into mountains of Monts de Guéret, mont d'Ambazac and Monts de Blond, are more like high wooded hills dotted with pastures, as real peaks. They culminate in Signal de Sauvagnac (701 m), in Haute-Vienne. Southwest of Limousin and Périgord northwest since 1998 are integrated into the Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin . The northern part of the region, which corresponds to

9130-798: The north-west, Centre-Val de Loire to the northeast, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the east, and Occitania to the south-east), three autonomous communities in Spain to the south (from east to west, Aragon , Navarre , and Basque Country ), and the North Atlantic Ocean (the eastern part of Bay of Biscay , Golfe de Gascogne in French) to the west. Nouvelle-Aquitaine comprises twelve departments : Charente , Charente-Maritime , Corrèze , Creuse , Dordogne , Gironde , Landes , Lot-et-Garonne , Pyrénées-Atlantiques , Deux-Sèvres , Vienne and Haute-Vienne . Its largest city and only metropolis

9240-542: The port of La Rochelle, France on 19 Apr 1665, five troop ships and one supply ship left the French coast. A sixth troop ship, Le Breze, began the journey from the Antilles island in the West Indies. All of the seven ships arrived at Quebec City during the three-month period between 19 Jun 1665 and 14 Sep 1665. They carried approximately 1,200 men of the regiment. Additionally, it was from this port city that many of

9350-573: The region consists of two territories in strong identity, the Basque Country (Northern Basque Country or "Iparralde") and Béarn . The first, which is organised around Bayonne , Biarritz , Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Labourd) Mauléon-Licharre (Soule) and Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Lower Navarre) has its warm and humid climate its green side, the Atlantic rains from butter against the Pyrenean barrier. The coast, with both high-end and family resorts,

9460-627: The region include the Irati Forest in the Basque Country , which spans over 17,000 hectares, and the Forest of the Double, located at the borders of Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Dordogne, which covers about 50,000 hectares and is dotted with nearly 500 lakes. Additionally, near Poitiers, the Moulière forest  [ fr ] extends over nearly 6,800 hectares, and to the east, near Guéret,

9570-408: The region's permanent name. France's Conseil d'État approved Nouvelle-Aquitaine as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective two days later. At 84,061 square kilometres, Nouvelle-Aquitaine is larger than French Guiana , which makes it the largest region of metropolitan and overseas France . Nouvelle-Aquitaine is delimited by four other French regions ( Pays de la Loire to

9680-516: The region, Pic Palas  [ simple ] , stands at 2,974 meters. Other significant Pyrenean peaks in the region include Pic du Midi d'Ossau (2,884 m), Pic d'Arriel  [ fr ] (2,824 m), Pic de Ger (2,613 m) near the winter resort Gourette , Pic d'Anie (2,504 m), Latte de Bazen  [ fr ] (2,472 m), Pic d'Ansabère  [ fr ] (2,377 m), Pic de l'Arraille  [ fr ] (2,147 m), and Pic d'Arlas  [ fr ] (2,044 m). This hilly region

9790-510: The return of his ships; they returned seven years later bearing riches. The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine , who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter. La Rochelle was the Templars' largest base on the Atlantic Ocean, and where they stationed their main fleet. From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and

9900-449: The same time as other sieges of Protestant cities such as the siege of Sancerre . The conflict ended with the 1573 Peace of La Rochelle , which restricted the Protestant worship to the three cities of Montauban , Nîmes and La Rochelle. Pierre Richier died in La Rochelle in 1580. Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII , the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity. However, La Rochelle entered into conflict with

10010-691: The setting for parts of the movie Das Boot . The U-boat scenes in Raiders of the Lost Ark were also shot in La Rochelle. The base is featured in the computer game Commandos 2: Men of Courage . It was also chosen in 2018 for the location shooting of the German television series Das Boot (a sequel to the 1981 classic ). La Rochelle possesses a commercial deep water harbour, named La Pallice . The large submarine pens built during World War II still stand there, although they are not in use. La Pallice

10120-784: The slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the onset of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the Saint-Jacques being captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea . In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794 , which effectively freed all colonial slaves. In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which

10230-454: The south and Nérac in the east, replacing the sandy and marshy moorland that characterized the region for centuries. The Landes forest is partially included in the Landes de Gascogne Regional Natural Park , which begins south of Bordeaux. Further north, adjacent to the Landes forest, the forest of la Coubre on the right bank of the Gironde estuary shares similar characteristics, covering nearly 8,000 hectares. Other significant forests in

10340-696: The technology park Futuroscope . Angoulême station sees around 1.45 million passengers per year; Agen station links the Occitania region; Pau station , Dax station . The implementation of the LGV Sud Europe Atlantique , which is part of a priority program initiated by the state. Another important project for the region, the LGV Bordeaux–Spain extends of the South Europe Atlantic TGV line to connect with

10450-554: The third most wooded department France. The great forests of oak and chestnut trees of green Périgord, organised around Nontron , meet the great grain fields of the White Périgord, nicknamed "the breadbasket of the Périgord", the oak, walnut and black Périgord truffle, around Sarlat-la-Caneda and vineyards of Bergerac or purple Périgord, which produces Bergerac, monbazillac or pécharmant. The Gironde estuary , which acts as

10560-622: The time of the suppression of the Amboise conspiracy , before the riots spread to many other cities. Further cases of Reformation iconoclasm were recorded in La Rochelle from 30 May 1562, following the Massacre of Vassy . Protestants pillaged churches, destroyed images and statues, and also assassinated 13 Catholic priests in the Tower of the Lantern . From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for

10670-624: The towns of Saintes , the first capital of Aquitaine in Roman times, and Royan . In continuation of the Angoumois, the Dordogne approximately corresponds to the former province of Périgord . Taking its name from the river of the same name, which flows Bergerac but not its prefecture, Périgueux (the edge of the Isle ), the area with varied landscapes has a large afforestation rate (45%) making it

10780-536: The vast expanses of flat Landes de Gascogne , it crosses the south of Gironde and Landes (passes near Dax but avoids the prefecture, Mont-de-Marsan) before joining Bayonne and the Basque Country, to Irun , on the Spanish border, the main border crossing. The other border crossings, less frequented but less direct, are the Somport tunnel and Col du Pourtalet. The Basque Country and Béarn are also served by

10890-547: The wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World ( Nouvelle France in Canada, and the Antilles ). La Rochelle armateurs (shipowners) became very active in triangular trade with the New World, dealing in the slave trade with Africa, sugar trade with plantations of the West Indies , and fur trade with Canada. This was a period of high artistic, cultural and architectural achievements for

11000-713: The watershed between the Loire basin to the north (including the sources of the Briance , Aixette  [ fr ] , Grêne  [ fr ] , and Gorre ), the Dordogne basin to the south (including the sources of the Dronne , Isle, and Auvézère ), and the maritime watershed of the Charente to the west. The mountains of Limousin, which include a series of small mountains (Mont Fayat, Monedières Hills, Mont de Châlus) peak at Mont Bessou (976 m), in Corrèze. Further north,

11110-484: The western Atlantic and trading with the New World , which served to counterbalance the disadvantage of not being at the mouth of a river (useful for shipping goods to and from the interior). Its Protestant ship-owning and merchant class prospered in the 16th century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city. The British navy in wartime were alert that shore watchers at La Rochelle were employed. The period following

11220-400: The white cliffs that border the sea, which contain many small marine fossils . Layers of thick white rock, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly fragile layers containing sand and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times. The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as

11330-734: The year due to the influence of the Gulf Stream waters, the summers are relatively warm, and insolation is remarkably high—the highest in Western France, including sea resorts much further to the south such as Biarritz . La Rochelle seldom experiences very cold or very warm weather. These specific conditions – summer: dry and sunny, winter: mild and wet – have led to the establishment of a Mediterranean-type vegetation cohabiting with more continental and oceanic types of vegetation. Nouvelle-Aquitaine Nouvelle-Aquitaine ( French pronunciation: [nuvɛl akitɛn] )

11440-511: Was able to considerably increase the Huguenot presence in La Rochelle, from a small base of about 50 souls who had been secretly educated in the Lutheran faith by Charles de Clermont the previous year. He has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière , as "le père de l'église de La Rochelle" ("The Father of the Church of La Rochelle"). La Rochelle was the first French city, with Rouen , to experience iconoclastic riots in 1560, at

11550-527: Was established on 1 January 2016, following the regional elections in December 2015 . It is the largest region in France by area (including overseas regions such as French Guiana ), with a territory slightly larger than that of Austria . Its prefecture and largest city, Bordeaux , together with its suburbs and satellite cities, forms the seventh-largest metropolitan area of France, with 850,000 inhabitants. The region has 25 major urban areas, among which

11660-549: Was in charge of the college until 2009. Its first site was the old Irish college near Trajan's Forum . In 1856 Pius IX assigned to the seminary the Church of Santa Chiara with what had been the adjoining Poor Clare convent, founded in 1560 by St. Charles Borromeo on the ruins of the baths of Agrippa . After the new Italian government evicted the College of Saint Thomas from the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in 1873,

11770-545: Was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore (1996) is now on display (rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle. The French Socialist Party has held its annual summer convention ( Université d'été ) in La Rochelle since 1983. The Festival de la Fiction is a film festival that films screens new films in official competitions (French, European, and other Francophone countries ), out of competition, and also in special screenings. The first ten years of

11880-402: Was the burning at the stake of two "heretics" in La Rochelle in 1552. Conversions to Calvinism however continued, due to a change of religious beliefs, but also to a desire for political independence on the part of the local elite, and a popular opposition to royal expenses and requisitions in the building projects to fortify the coast against England. On the initiative of Gaspard de Coligny ,

11990-592: Was the last French city to be liberated at the end of the war. The Allied siege of La Rochelle took place between 12 September 1944 and 7 May 1945. The stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron , was held by 20,000 German troops under German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz . Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, the general German capitulation occurred on 7 May and French troops entered La Rochelle on 8 May. The submarine base became

12100-407: Was the rector in the early 20th century until the late 1920s. Le Floch's support of Action Française led to his removal at the request of the French government. One of Le Floch's students was Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre , the founder of the traditionalist Roman Catholic Society of Saint Pius X , and he attributed his conservatism to the time he spent in the seminary. The first priests belonging to

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