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43-517: Poochera is a small grain belt town 60 km north-west of Streaky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula , South Australia . The township of Poochera was not surveyed until 1920, and its name is thought to be taken from the name of King Poojeri, a local aboriginal who died in 1917. A nearby hill is also named Poochera, possibly stemming from the same origin. The town had a school which opened in 1920, but closed its doors in 1976. Poochera

86-421: A branching root system with a primary taproot that reaches deeply into moist soil. It grows 75 to 125 centimetres (30 to 50 inches) tall. Buckwheat has tetrahedral seeds and produces a flower that is usually white, although can also be pink or yellow. Buckwheat branches freely, as opposed to tillering or producing suckers, enabling more complete adaption to its environment than other cereal crops. Buckwheat

129-409: A cereal. The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its tetrahedral seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree , and the fact that it is used like wheat. The word may be a translation of Middle Dutch boecweite : boec "beech" (Modern Dutch beuk ; see PIE * bhago -) and weite "wheat" (Mod. Dut. tarwe , antiquated weit ), or maybe

172-470: A great increase of A. spp. on M. t. (which also commonly predates on F. e. ). Cullen et al. 2013 found that vineyards around Waipara had not continued planting buckwheat, suggesting a need for further technique development so that buckwheat will integrate well with real-world vineyard practice. English-Loeb et al. 2003 found that it does sustain greater numbers of Anagrus parasitoids on Erythroneura leafhoppers, and Balzan and Wäckers 2013 found

215-530: A native formation on the same model as the Dutch word. Buckwheat is a herbaceous annual flowering plant growing to about 60 centimetres (24 in), with red stems and pink and white flowers resembling those of knotweeds. The leaves are arrow-shaped and the fruits are achenes about 5–7 mm with 3 prominent sharp angles. Fagopyrum esculentum is native to south-central China and Tibet, and has been introduced into suitable climates across Eurasia, Africa and

258-406: A substitute for other grains in gluten-free beer . Although it is not an actual cereal (being a pseudocereal), buckwheat can be used in the same way as barley to produce a malt that can form the basis of a mash that will brew a beer without gliadin or hordein (together gluten ) and therefore can be suitable for coeliacs or others sensitive to certain glycoproteins . Buckwheat whisky

301-849: A traditional art developed around their manufacture by hand. A jelly called memilmuk in Korea is made from buckwheat starch . Noodles also appear in Italy, with pasta di grano saraceno in Apulia region of Southern Italy and pizzoccheri in the Valtellina region of Northern Italy. Buckwheat pancakes are eaten in several countries. They are known as buckwheat blini in Russia, galettes bretonnes in France, ployes in Acadia , poffertjes in

344-1187: Is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of protein , dietary fiber , four B vitamins and several dietary minerals , with content especially high (47 to 65% DV) in niacin , magnesium , manganese and phosphorus (table). Buckwheat is 72% carbohydrates , 10% dietary fiber, 3% fat , 13% protein, and 10% water. As buckwheat contains no gluten , it may be eaten by people with gluten-related disorders , such as celiac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity or dermatitis herpetiformis . Nevertheless, buckwheat products may have gluten contamination. Cases of severe allergic reactions to buckwheat and buckwheat-containing products have been reported. Buckwheat contains fluorescent phototoxic fagopyrins . Seeds, flour, and teas are generally safe when consumed in normal amounts, but fagopyrism can appear in people with diets based on high consumption of buckwheat sprouts, and particularly flowers or fagopyrin-rich buckwheat extracts. Symptoms of fagopyrism in humans may include skin inflammation in sunlight-exposed areas, cold sensitivity, and tingling or numbness in

387-427: Is a short-season crop that grows well in low-fertility or acidic soils; too much fertilizer – especially nitrogen – reduces yields, and the soil must be well drained. In hot climates buckwheat can be grown only by sowing late in the season, so that it blooms in cooler weather. The presence of pollinators greatly increases yield. Nectar from flowering buckwheat produces a dark-colored honey. The buckwheat plant has

430-505: Is a tea made from roasted buckwheat. Buckwheat hulls are used as filling for a variety of upholstered goods, including pillows . The hulls are durable and do not insulate or reflect heat as much as synthetic filling. They are sometimes marketed as an alternative natural filling to feathers for those with allergies. However, medical studies to measure the health effects of pillows manufactured with unprocessed and uncleaned hulls concluded that such buckwheat pillows do contain higher levels of

473-653: Is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the Brittany region of France and in the United States . Buckwheat shōchū ( 焼酎 ) is a Japanese distilled beverage produced since the 16th Century. The taste is milder than barley shōchū. Buckwheat tea , known as kuqiao-cha (苦荞茶) in China, memil-cha ( 메밀차 ) in Korea and soba-cha ( 蕎麦茶 ) in Japan,

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516-457: Is easily stored and transported with limited spoilage, unlike other agricultural products. Healthy grain supply and trade is important to many societies, providing a caloric base for most food systems as well as important role in animal feed for animal agriculture . The grain trade is as old as agricultural settlement, identified in many of the early cultures that adopted sedentary farming. Major societal changes have been directly connected to

559-471: Is probably best noted for its nearby colonies of dinosaur ant ( Nothomyrmecia macrops ), a rare, primitive species of ant that has attracted entomologists and evolutionary biologists from around the world. Apart from the Poochera Hotel and Caravan Park, the town is served by a roadhouse where most general supplies can be purchased. Poochera is located within the federal division of Grey ,

602-577: Is prohibited during such fasting days. While strict Hindus do not even drink water during their fast, others give up cereals and salt and instead eat non-cereal foods such as buckwheat ( kuttu ). In the Russian Orthodox tradition, it is eaten on the St. Philip fast. Buckwheat honey is dark, strong and aromatic. Because it does not complement other honeys, it is normally produced as a monofloral honey . In recent years, buckwheat has been used as

645-445: Is raised for grain only where a brief time is available for growth, either because the buckwheat is an early or a second crop in the season, or because the total growing season is limited. It establishes quickly, which suppresses summer weeds, and can be a reliable cover crop in summer to fit a small slot of warm season. Buckwheat has a growing period of only 10–12 weeks and it can be grown in high latitude or northern areas. Buckwheat

688-565: Is sometimes grown as a perennial . Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in the autumn, becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer; spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer. The term cereal is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of grain crops and fertility, Ceres . Cereals were domesticated in the Neolithic , some 8,000 years ago. Wheat and barley were domesticated in

731-427: Is sometimes used as a green manure , as a plant for erosion control or as wildlife cover and feed. In 2022, world production of buckwheat was 2.2 million tonnes, led by Russia with 55% of the world total, followed by China with 23% and Ukraine with 7%. F. esculentum is often studied and used as a pollen and nectar source to increase natural predator numbers to control crop pests. Berndt et al. 2002 found that

774-532: Is the centrepoint of a large agricultural area, the town itself being a strategic grain exchange point for the region's farmers , who specialise in cereal crops and sheep . The town is 53 km away from the Gawler Ranges , and is commonly used as a stop off by tourists , who have access to a hotel and caravan park . Poochera is located on the narrow gauge Eyre Peninsula Railway line. Regular passenger trains ended in 1968. Poochera, however,

817-478: Is used for several other species, such as Fagopyrum tataricum , a domesticated food plant raised in Asia. Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to wheat . Buckwheat is not a cereal , nor is it even a member of the grass family . It is related to sorrel , knotweed , and rhubarb . Buckwheat is considered a pseudocereal , because its seeds' high starch content allows them to be used in cooking like

860-747: The Fertile Crescent ; rice was domesticated in East Asia, and sorghum and millet were domesticated in West Africa. Maize was domesticated by Indigenous peoples of the Americas in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. In the 20th century, cereal productivity was greatly increased by the Green Revolution . This increase in production has accompanied a growing international trade , with some countries producing large portions of

903-591: The Middle East and Europe, which it reached by the 15th century. Domestication most likely took place in the western Yunnan region of China. The oldest remains found in China so far date to circa 2600 BCE, while buckwheat pollen found in Japan dates from as early as 4000 BCE. It is the world's highest-elevation domesticate, being cultivated in Yunnan on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau or on

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946-486: The grain market is a major global commodity market that includes crops such as maize , rice , soybeans , wheat and other grains. Grains and cereal are synonymous with caryopses , the fruits of the grass family . In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as " grain amaranth ", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of

989-509: The natural enemy it was planted to feed. Foti et al. 2016 found significant short-chain carboxylic acid variation to be the most likely explanation for biocontrol performance variation between cultivars . Buckwheat contains diverse phytochemicals , including rutin , tannins , catechin-7-O-glucoside in groats, and fagopyrins , which are located mainly in the cotyledons of the buckwheat plant. It has almost no levels of inorganic arsenic. Salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde)

1032-694: The 20th century, eaten primarily in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia, Ukraine , Belarus , and Poland , called grechka (Greek [grain]) in Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages. Buckwheat noodles have been eaten in Tibet and northern China for centuries, where the growing season is too short to raise wheat. A wooden press is used to press the dough into hot boiling water when making buckwheat noodles. Old presses found in Tibet and Shanxi share

1075-548: The Americas. The wild ancestor of common buckwheat is F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale . F. homotropicum is interfertile with F. esculentum and the wild forms have a common distribution, in Yunnan, a southwestern province of China. The wild ancestor of tartary buckwheat is F. tataricum ssp. potanini . Common buckwheat was domesticated and first cultivated in inland Southeast Asia , possibly around 6000 BCE, and from there spread to Central Asia and Tibet , and then to

1118-685: The Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains was a cereal . All three grains native to the Andes ( kaniwa , kiwicha , and quinoa ) are broad-leafed plants rather than grasses such as corn, rice, and wheat. A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain. Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore staple foods . They include rice , wheat , rye , oats , barley , millet , and maize . Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat and quinoa , are pseudocereals . Most cereals are annuals , producing one crop from each planting, though rice

1161-977: The Netherlands, boûketes in the Wallonia region of Belgium, kuttu ki puri in India and kachhyamba in Nepal. Similar pancakes were a common food in American pioneer days. They are light and airy when baked. The buckwheat flour gives the pancakes an earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste. Yeasted patties called hrechanyky are made in Ukraine. Buckwheat is a permitted sustenance during fasting in several traditions. In India, on Hindu fasting days ( Navaratri , Ekadashi , Janmashtami , Maha Shivaratri , etc.), fasting people in northern states of India eat foods made of buckwheat flour. Eating cereals such as wheat or rice

1204-420: The cereal supply for other countries. Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families: Pulses or grain legumes , members of the pea family , have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include: Oilseed grains are grown primarily for

1247-486: The creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes. This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James Scott in his book Against the Grain . He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to

1290-452: The definitive peasant dish. It is made from roasted groats that are cooked with broth to a texture similar to rice or bulgur . The dish was taken to America by Jewish, Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish immigrants who called it kasha , as it is known today, who mixed it with pasta or used it as a filling for cabbage rolls (stuffed cabbage), knishes , and blintzes . Groats were the most widely used form of buckwheat worldwide during

1333-454: The extraction of their edible oil . Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids . They are also used as fuel and lubricants. Ancient grains is a marketing term used to describe a category of grains and pseudocereals that are purported to have been minimally changed by selective breeding over recent millennia, as opposed to more widespread cereals such as corn , rice and modern varieties of wheat , which are

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1376-462: The grain and unable to remove themselves; explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust , and falls . Buckwheat Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) or common buckwheat is a flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop . Buckwheat originated around the 6th millennium BCE in the region of what is now Yunnan Province in southwestern China . The name "buckwheat"

1419-735: The grain trade, such as the fall of the Roman Empire . From the early modern period onward, grain trade has been an important part of colonial expansion and international power dynamics. The geopolitical dominance of countries like Australia, the United States, Canada and the Soviet Union during the 20th century was connected with their status as grain surplus countries. Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures . Risks include grain entrapment , where workers are submerged in

1462-477: The hands. The fruit is an achene , similar to sunflower seed , with a single seed inside a hard outer hull . The starchy endosperm is white and makes up most or all of buckwheat flour . The seed coat is green or tan, which darkens buckwheat flour. The hull is dark brown or black, and some may be included in buckwheat flour as dark specks. The dark flour is known as blé noir (black wheat) in French, along with

1505-402: The long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources. The grain trade refers to the local and international trade in cereals such as wheat , barley , maize , and rice , and other food grains . Grain is an important trade item because it

1548-418: The name sarrasin ( saracen ). Similarly, in Italy, it is known as grano saraceno (saracen grain). The grain can be prepared by simple dehulling, milling into farina , to whole-grain flour or to white flour. The grain can be fractionated into starch, germ and hull for specialized uses. Buckwheat groats are commonly used in western Asia and eastern Europe. The porridge was common, and is often considered

1591-525: The plateau itself. Buckwheat was one of the earliest crops introduced by Europeans to North America. Dispersal around the globe was complete by 2006, when a variety developed in Canada was widely planted in China. In India, buckwheat flour is known as kuttu ka atta and has long been culturally associated with many festivals like Shivratri , Navaratri and Janmashtami . On the day of these festivals, food items made only from buckwheat are consumed. Buckwheat

1634-524: The product of thousands of years of selective breeding. Ancient grains are often marketed as being more nutritious than modern grains, though their health benefits over modern varieties have been disputed by some nutritionists . Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers. The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to

1677-741: The results were not entirely promising in one vineyard in New Zealand but the same team - Berndt et al. 2006, four years later and studying a number of vineyards up and down New Zealand - did find a significant increase in 22 parasitoids , especially Dolichogenidea tasmanica , as did Irvin et al. 1999 for D. t. in Canterbury orchards. Gurr et al. 1998 showed that floral nectaries - and not shelter in or alternate hosts on F. esculentum - were responsible for this increase, and Stephens et al. 1998 for Anacharis spp. on Micromus tasmaniae . Stephens et al. 1998 also first demonstrated

1720-405: The same basic design features. The Japanese and Koreans may have learned the process of making buckwheat noodles from them. Buckwheat noodles play a major role in the cuisines of Japan ( soba ) and Korea ( naengmyeon , makguksu and memil guksu ). Soba noodles are the subject of deep cultural importance in Japan. The difficulty of making noodles from flour with no gluten has resulted in

1763-532: The same for Necremnus artynes and Ferracini et al. 2012 for Necremnus tutae on Tuta absoluta , and thereby act as pest controls in tomato , potato , and to a lesser degree other Solanaceous and non-Solanaceous horticulturals. Kalinova and Moudry 2003 found that further companion planting with other flowers at the wrong time of year may actually cause F. esculentum to be killed by frosts it would have otherwise survived, and Colley and Luna 2000 found that it may delay its flowering to not coincide with

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1806-674: The state electoral district of Flinders and the local government area of the District Council of Streaky Bay . Grain After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods , such as starchy fruits ( plantains , breadfruit , etc.) and tubers ( sweet potatoes , cassava , and more). This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture , since they can be mechanically harvested , transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos , and milled for flour or pressed for oil . Thus,

1849-545: Was identified as a characteristic component of buckwheat aroma. 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone , (E,E)-2,4-decadienal , phenylacetaldehyde , 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol , (E)-2-nonenal , decanal and hexanal also contribute to its aroma. They all have odour activity value of more than 50, but the aroma of these substances in an isolated state does not resemble buckwheat. With a 100-gram serving of dry buckwheat providing 1,440 kilojoules (343 kilocalories) of food energy , or 380 kJ (92 kcal) cooked, buckwheat

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