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67-527: The town is well known for its colonial architecture and its contributions to Colombian cultural and political life. It is also known as the "white city" due to the color of most of the colonial buildings in the city center, where several churches are located, such as San Francisco, San José, Belén, Santo Domingo, San Agustín, and the Catedral Basílica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción , known locally as "La Catedral". The city's cathedral

134-416: A City of Gastronomy by UNESCO , in tribute to its significant tradition of regional cooking. Typical dishes of the city are a legacy of both Spanish and indigenous cultural interaction, integrating components of local origin with fruits brought from Spain . The National Gastronomy Congress of Popayán has been held each September since 2003, and in 2005 was recognized by UNESCO as a cultural heritage event of

201-533: A battle was fought for the independence of Colombia on January 15, 1814. According to the architect, critic and historian Germain Téllez, the facade of this church is the best example of baroque style in Colombia. In its tower is a bell donated by Don Pedro Agustín de Valencia. This temple is remarkable because of its altar decorations and the proportions of its naves and apse . In San Francisco's square stands

268-479: A collection of hundred of selected books, diplomas, medals and awards that Master Valencia received for his distinguished political life and for its fine literary and poetic compositions. In the park located across the street it stands the statue of the poet, made by the Spanish sculptor Victorio Macho. It has too a family cemetery where the remains of several generations of Valencia are resting. The museum depends on

335-524: A cross of quarry stone of 1789, which are attributed to many legends. The original church was completely replaced by a new structure after the earthquake of 1983. This house displays a very interesting collection of colonial art and precious memories of the Mosquera family. This house is administrated by Universidad del Cauca. It works in the house that belonged to the Mosquera Arboleda family,

402-475: A few projects currently seek to recover the old city's original look. El morro del tulcán is the main archaeological site of Popayán. It consists of a truncated pyramid built between 500 and 1600 A.C., a period known as late chiefdom societies. To commemorate the 400th anniversary of the city's founding, a monument was erected in 1937 in honor of city founder Sebastián de Belalcázar , with an equestrian statue by Spanish artist Victorio Macho . Better known as

469-510: A linear dynamic analysis using that ground motion directly, since phase information is lost in the process of generating the response spectrum. In cases where structures are either too irregular, too tall or of significance to a community in disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no longer appropriate, and more complex analysis is often required, such as non-linear static analysis or dynamic analysis. Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant. This

536-529: A monument to local hero Camilo Torres , whose replica is located in the square of the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé in Bogotá . Late Neogranadino Baroque work, designed by the Spanish architect Antonio Garcia. It has excellent examples of architectures, metal works, and furniture from Quito and Spain schools. His pulpit was designed in the first half of the nineteenth century by an illustrious son of

603-593: A provision to vary the load based on the number of floor levels was adopted (based on research carried out at Caltech in collaboration with Stanford University and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey , which started in 1937). The concept of "response spectra" was developed in the 1930s, but it wasn't until 1952 that a joint committee of the San Francisco Section of the ASCE and

670-404: A recognized family in the history of Colombia, whose members occupied the highest positions of political power, ecclesiastical, military and diplomatic, simultaneously during much of the nineteenth century. The most important were: Joaquín Mosquera , Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera , Manuel José Mosquera and Manuel Maria Mosquera. The father of them all, Jose Maria Mosquera y Figueroa, was considered by

737-399: A seismic design response spectrum . It assumes that the building responds in its fundamental mode . For this to be true, the building must be low-rise and must not twist significantly when the ground moves. The response is read from a design response spectrum , given the natural frequency of the building (either calculated or defined by the building code ). The applicability of this method

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804-462: A severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode ', and is the lowest frequency of building response. Most buildings, however, have higher modes of response, which are uniquely activated during earthquakes. The figure just shows the second mode, but there are higher 'shimmy' (abnormal vibration) modes. Nevertheless, the first and second modes tend to cause the most damage in most cases. The earliest provisions for seismic resistance were

871-737: Is a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of the Assumption of Popayán. The building is located on the west side of Caldas Park in the historic center of the city of Popayán (Cauca) in the South American country of Colombia . It is Metropolitan Cathedral and Basilica minor. It is the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Popayan, seat of the Archbishop and Metropolitan Chapter. In 1546, it

938-433: Is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding ) structure to earthquakes . It is part of the process of structural design , earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering ) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent. As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even

1005-401: Is extended in many building codes by applying factors to account for higher buildings with some higher modes, and for low levels of twisting. To account for effects due to "yielding" of the structure, many codes apply modification factors that reduce the design forces (e.g. force reduction factors). This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building to be taken into account (in

1072-474: Is generally true for short, regular buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with torsional irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required. In the linear dynamic procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system with a linear elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix. The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but in both cases,

1139-473: Is located here, so Popayán is also known as the "University City". Nearby is Puracé National Natural Park . The nearest large city is Cali , in the Valle del Cauca Department , north of Cauca. Much of the city's original splendor was destroyed on 31 March 1983, when an earthquake toppled many buildings. Though many were rebuilt and repaired, the heart of the city still has ruins and empty lots. In 2005, Popayán

1206-763: Is represented in the city by the Bolivar Cultural Center, which shows independent films. There is also a theater, the Royal Films multiplex in the Campanario Mall, which has four modern 3D digital cinema screens, and a new theater, Cine Colombia multiplex in the Terra plaza Mall (the newest in the city) In addition there are several film clubs, many of them located within the University of Cauca . The Cineclub La Tuátara runs every Wednesday in

1273-484: Is the street because its road is made of stones, like old roads in Popayán. Originally it was a straw hut, but in 1609 it was opened a second cathedral of mud and masonry. The current construction was consecrated in 1906 by Archbishop Manuel Antonio Arboleda, who brings it a magnificent European pipe organ . Its style is the neoclassical , and much of the building was restored because of the earthquake of 1983, including

1340-584: The Gospels , relating the Passion, crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ . Each representation is called a " Paso ". Since the time of the conquest the pasos have been carried through the streets on the shoulders of the traditional 'cargueros' in a route shaped like a cross, which takes in the main churches and temples of the city. Since 2009 the Popayán Holy Week processions have been inscribed in

1407-487: The Structural Engineers Association of Northern California (SEAONC) proposed using the building period (the inverse of the frequency) to determine lateral forces. The University of California, Berkeley was an early base for computer-based seismic analysis of structures, led by Professor Ray Clough (who coined the term finite element . Students included Ed Wilson , who went on to write

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1474-593: The UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists . During Holy Week, Popayán is also home to the Festival de Música Religiosa (Religious Music Festival), begun in the 1960s by Edmundo Mosquera Troya . This festival presents choirs, soloists and artists from around the world, specialists in sacred music. It is also the tradition at this time of the year to hold art and craft fairs selling handicrafts and commercial products. One of

1541-424: The University of Cauca . It offers an exhibition of animals, like insects, butterflies and birds native to the region, and a collection of pre-Columbian pottery. Popayán is widely known for the solemnity of its Holy Week processions , during which it commemorates the passion and death of Jesus Christ . Since roughly the mid-sixteenth century - documents in the historical archives of Popayán mention processions in

1608-494: The chirimía , that is made up of flutes (transverse cane), guacharacas, drums, castrueras and triángulos, making its appearance in the traditional celebrations of Popayán, especially at Christmas time and at the end of the year. On the plateau of Popayán, groups of farmers play stringed instruments, composed of three guitars and maracas which have incorporated into their repertoire paseos, merengues , pasillos and boleros in vocal and instrumental form. Popayán has been declared

1675-415: The frequency domain ). This is required in many building codes for all except very simple or very complex structures. The response of a structure can be defined as a combination of many special shapes ( modes ) that in a vibrating string correspond to the " harmonics ". Computer analysis can be used to determine these modes for a structure. For each mode, a response is read from the design spectrum, based on

1742-655: The Comfacauca Institute of Technology auditorium (opened 2001), which has established itself as a cultural space for the city. A very important innovation is the program of the Radio Universidad del Cauca station 104.1 fm, 'Cinema Radio', on air Saturdays at noon, in which are created thematic cycles. They present news about cinema, 'the seventh art', and also discuss the history of film and audiovisual language. Talking about cinematographic production, there are some people who are working to strengthen

1809-572: The Liberator Simón Bolívar as the only person he would choose as a second parent. The old residence of the Arboleda family, was built in the eighteenth century based on plans of the priest Andres Perez Marcelino Arroyo, and it was acquired by the city in 1974 and renovated for its current use in 1979. Their collections are extraordinary examples of religious art, silverware, pictures of the so-called Quito School and paintings of

1876-542: The Oral and Intangible Patrimony of Humanity. The word Popayán comes from an indigenous language. There are different theories about the origin of this word, one claims it means: Po : "Two"; pa : "reed"; yan : "village", or; "Two villages with reed roofs". Another theory says that the word Popayán comes from the name of the indigenous cacique , called Payán , who used to live around Eme Hill, nowadays known as Las Tres Cruces Hill. Yet another theory says that according to

1943-655: The Paraninfo, this imposing mid-18th-century building was part of the Dominican order monastery until 1826. It was first built with a mud and straw roof, then reinforced over the years with rammed earth and tile. In 1827 Simón Bolivar declared it a property with historic heritage value, when it was already a two steps hose in front of the Santo Domingo plaza. The last great governor of Cauca , Don Miguel de Arroyo Hurtado, made more renovations and reforms that gave it

2010-532: The Plazoleta de las Nieves in Bogotá . Leafy trees were planted at this time. In May 2007 a proposal by architect Lorenzo Castro aimed to expand the pedestrian zone around the park, and in April 2009 the first phase of the work began. The university gathers students from around the country. It was founded in 1827 by decree of General Francisco de Paula Santander . Its motto is Posteris Lumen Moriturus Edat . Since

2077-677: The United Nations creative network. The Congress is organized by the Gastronomic Corporation of Popayán, which has presented seven events which have also featured the participation of various countries as special guests: Peru , Brazil , Spain , Chile , Mexico , Italy and France . Christmas Eve plate or dish is very special. Its content is the most complete of Colombia and consists of hojaldra  [ es ] , rosquillas, manjar blanco , dulce cortado, natillas and fig syrups, among others. Traditional cinema

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2144-405: The action of two lead weights which were changed by Antonio Nariño in the Colombia independence dispute in 1814, when metal was required to manufacture ammunition. After the earthquake of 1983, the clock was restored and put back in operation by the same English company that had manufactured it, but it has since stopped working. This bridge connects the central and northern zones of the city. It

2211-510: The actual physics , much like common video games often have "physics engines". Very large and complex buildings can be modeled in this way (such as the Osaka International Convention Center). Structural analysis methods can be divided into the following five categories. This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of earthquake ground motion , typically defined by

2278-553: The beginning of the twentieth century, the main headquarters have been in the Dominican Order cloister, one of the best examples of religious architecture in the city. Called "the nose of Popayán" by Guillermo Valencia , the clock tower is a well-known symbol of the city. It was built next to the cathedral between 1673 and 1682 with 96,000 bricks. The clock, made in England , was placed in 1737. Its mechanism operated by

2345-573: The beginning of the year, from January 5 to 13. These fiestas celebrate the spirit of racial diversity in the country, in the same way as the Carnival of Blacks and Whites , which takes place in the same week, in Pasto , which originally initiated in Popayán during the slavery period as a way of escaping the racial discrimination prevailing at the time. It is said that among the original performers there were good music interpreters, excelling in playing

2412-474: The best brought to South America. In 1953, the cathedral was restored, and on April 25 of that year, Pope Pius XII granted the cathedral the liturgical title of Basilica Menor. In addition, the historic area of Popayan (including the cathedral), was declared Colombia National monument by Law 163 of December 30, 1959. 2°26′29″N 76°36′23″W  /  2.4414°N 76.6065°W  / 2.4414; -76.6065 Seismic analysis Seismic analysis

2479-473: The city, Francisco José de Caldas . Next to this church is the faculty of Law and Political and Social Sciences of the University of Cauca , also in colonial style. Fray Jeronimo Escobar founded the convent of the Augustinians in the late seventeenth century, whose temple was destroyed in the earthquake in 1736. Then, it was reconstructed thanks to contributions from notable people of the city, but it

2546-522: The colonial period. Monstrances of the collection have such value that they are only exposed to the public for a few days during Easter . It is located in a mansion on the Próceres street, and it is dedicated to the poet Guillermo Valencia , one of the most prominent members of Modernism in Spanish literature . Its numerous rooms are decorated with valuable works of art and artistic pieces, as well as

2613-456: The combination of ground motion records with a detailed structural model, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion record produces estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in the model and the modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square-root-sum-of-squares. In non-linear dynamic analysis,

2680-440: The corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static procedures is that higher modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the applicability decreases with increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is approximated by global force reduction factors. In linear dynamic analysis,

2747-429: The design results in nearly uniform distribution of nonlinear response throughout the structure. As the performance objective of the structure implies greater inelastic demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures increases to a point that requires a high level of conservatism in demand assumptions and acceptability criteria to avoid unintended performance. Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis can reduce

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2814-552: The first Spanish arrived. Analyses of dental samples have revealed that individuals buried there probably belonged to the upper class of their society. On 13 January 1537 the Spanish conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar arrived in Popayán. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Popayán was administered by an appointed governor under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito , part of the Viceroyalty of Peru . Popayán

2881-559: The great dome of 40 meters high, whose restoration was made according to guidelines of the original structure designed by the local artist Adolfo Dueñas. It was built in 1702 according to the architectural guidelines of the Jesuits in the American Baroque . It has put up with some changes, for example, the most recent occurred in 1983, when much of the facade which had been covered with paint and lime for at least two centuries,

2948-530: The historian Arcecio Aragón, the origin of the word Popayán is "Pampayán" from the Quechua language: pampa (valley) and yan (river), thus, the "valley of the river", where "river" refers to the Cauca River . No records exist of the pre-Hispanic history of the indigenous village of Popayán. The city is the home of an ancient pre-Hispanic pyramid known as El Morro del Tulcán , already abandoned when

3015-470: The modal frequency and the modal mass, and they are then combined to provide an estimate of the total response of the structure. In this we have to calculate the magnitude of forces in all directions i.e. X, Y & Z and then see the effects on the building. Combination methods include the following: The result of a response spectrum analysis using the response spectrum from a ground motion is typically different from that which would be calculated directly from

3082-399: The most current look. When the building was given to the University of Cauca in the early twentieth century, several changes and additional extensions were made, which recovered all the original spaces. This park was born at the same time as Popayán in 1537, when the track in grid generated around religious, governmental, and founders buildings. Initially it was a marketplace. In 1538 a trap

3149-417: The most important handicrafts samples is Manos de Oro, which displays the works of artists of Colombia . Amo Jesus Nazareno of Puelenje is a Catholic devotional image located in the church of Puelenje, part of the metropolitan area of Popayán, Colombia. Amo Jesus is the patron of the parish of Puelenje. The image is a polychrome baroque wooden sculpture of Jesus Christ carved in the eighteenth century in

3216-613: The new Republic of Colombia after 1826. Popayán has been destroyed by several earthquakes . The most recent and destructive lasted eighteen seconds and occurred on 31 March 1983. The reconstruction of the city took more than ten years and today it is still possible to see some lots that have not been rebuilt. The first earthquake seismic design code was established in Colombia as a consequence of this earthquake. Popayán's historic downtown includes examples of baroque architecture which has been preserved for more than four centuries. The cobblestone streets were almost all paved in 1937; however,

3283-409: The new bridge was named Humilladero . For a long time this bridge was one of the main entrances to the city. The liberating armies crossed it to enter Popayán during the early stages of the struggle for Colombia independence. Its well-planned design and strong construction has allowed the bridge to remain intact through many earthquakes. This country house was built in the 17th century. On its grounds

3350-460: The non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part of a time domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes for buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the calculated response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion records to achieve

3417-403: The problem to a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic ground motion with response spectra. Story drifts and component actions are related subsequently to the global demand parameter by the pushover or capacity curves that are the basis of the non-linear static procedures. Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes

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3484-466: The program SAP in 1970, an early " finite element analysis " program. Earthquake engineering has developed a lot since the early days, and some of the more complex designs now use special earthquake protective elements either just in the foundation ( base isolation ) or distributed throughout the structure . Analyzing these types of structures requires specialized explicit finite element computer code, which divides time into very small slices and models

3551-577: The requirement to design for a lateral force equal to a proportion of the building weight (applied at each floor level). This approach was adopted in the appendix of the 1927 Uniform Building Code (UBC), which was used on the west coast of the United States. It later became clear that the dynamic properties of the structure affected the loads generated during an earthquake. In the Los Angeles County Building Code of 1943

3618-426: The response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the time domain , and all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed. The analytical method can use modal decomposition as a means of reducing the degrees of freedom in the analysis. In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly elastic for the level of ground motion or when

3685-491: The seventh art in the municipality. Popayan has one commercial airport, Guillermo León Valencia Airport , served by Avianca and by Easyfly . The average temperature of 17.8 °C places the city in the warm-temperate zone. Popayán has a subtropical highland climate but as precipitation is high even in the driest month, Köppen defines it as Cfb (in the bordeline of the Af - equatorial climate ), without direct relation to

3752-587: The style of the Quito school . The image is processed on the Wednesday as part of the expression of popular piety celebrated in Popayán during Holy Week (see above). A festival in honour of Amo Jesus as patron of the parish is celebrated with fireworks, processions , religious ceremonies and cultural events beginning on the 15th day before the last Sunday in August each year. Popayán celebrates these festivities at

3819-424: The term used. Being in the northern hemisphere , some Mediterranean characteristics are observed as a summer much drier than winter, but still quite humid. Popayán is twinned with: Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Popay%C3%A1n The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption ( Spanish : Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción ) also called Popayán Cathedral It

3886-446: The uncertainty and conservatism. This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that includes non-linear properties (such as steel yield), and the total force is plotted against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve. This can then be combined with a demand curve (typically in the form of an acceleration-displacement response spectrum (ADRS)). This essentially reduces

3953-432: The year 1558 - sacred processions have taken place each night from Tuesday until Holy Saturday, with ancient religious images paraded through Popayán's historical downtown streets. They are borne on wooden platforms by means of four projecting wooden "bars" at the front and four at the back. These bars rest on the shoulders of the “cargueros”, responsible for carrying the platforms. These processions represent episodes from

4020-478: Was a very important city due to its location between Lima , Quito and Cartagena . Even after the discovery of the Pacific Ocean , Popayán remained a transfer point for gold and other riches going to Cartagena on their way to Spain . Popayán also served as a colonial mine, and produced various denominations of gold escudo coins and silver reales from 1760 through 1819; it continued producing coinage for

4087-681: Was built in 1873 on arches of brick and masonry. The designs were prepared by the Italian friar Fray Serafin Barbetti and a German engineer whose mummified remains are preserved in the Archdiocesan Museum of Religious Art. The bridge crosses a fault between the city center and the El Callejón (now Bolivar) neighborhood which was previously extremely difficult to cross, requiring pedestrians to almost crawl on their knees. Accordingly,

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4154-588: Was declared by the UNESCO as the first city of gastronomy because of its variety and meaning to the intangible patrimony of Colombian culture. The culinary history of the Cauca Department was chosen because it maintains traditional food preparation methods that have been passed down orally for generations. In 2009, UNESCO also declared the Semana Santa processions during Easter Week a Masterpiece of

4221-518: Was established the Diocese of Popayan by Pope Paul III in the Bull "Super speculates Militantis Ecclesiae" of September 1 of that year. He was appointed as the first Bishop Juan del Valle, a native of Segovia (Spain). The cathedral was, like all the buildings of Popayan, stripped of her immense artistic wealth by Antonio Nariño. On 12 December 1909 an organ premiered sent from Paris, and until then, one of

4288-544: Was home to the Crown of the Andes , a 16th-century Marianist devotional object featuring emeralds taken from the captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa . It was sold to finance local health care institutions. Popayán has been home to seventeen Colombian presidents, as well as noted poets, painters, and composers. The University of Cauca (est. 1827), one of Colombia's oldest and most distinguished institutions of higher education,

4355-401: Was left on view. It is located on the hill of Belén, and from the chapel you can see a panoramic view of the city. To arrive to this church, it is necessary to pass through the “quingos", a road of stone steps that allow a nice climb to one of the viewpoints of the city. Since 1717 this chapel is in charge of the image of Santo Ecce Homo , patron saint of the city. Next to the church there is

4422-483: Was necessary to restore it again after the earthquake of 1983. In particular it stands out its altar carved in wood and covered in gold, its expository baroque made in silver and an image of the Lady of Sorrows . It is the oldest church in the city and sometimes it served as "Pro Tempore" Cathedral. It dates from 1546 and contains a fine altar discovered after the earthquake of 1983. The principal attraction of this church

4489-467: Was placed in the center of the park, where Jorge Robledo and Álvaro Oyón were beheaded. The trap lasted until 1766 when it was replaced by a water faucet, which remained until 1805 when a stone pile was put in its place, but it was removed too in 1910 after the inauguration of the monument to Sabio Caldas , a piece by the French sculptor Raoul Verlet , which has stood there since. A replica of it exists in

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