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70-579: Pope Lucius III ( c.  1100 – 25 November 1185), born Ubaldo Allucingoli , reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185. Born of an aristocratic family of Lucca , prior to being elected pope, he had a long career as a papal diplomat. His papacy was marked by conflicts with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I , his exile from Rome and the initial preparations for the Third Crusade . Born in Lucca, Ubaldo Allucingoli rose to prominence within

140-480: A convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy. Lucca managed, at first as a democracy , and after 1628 as an oligarchy , to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa , and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789. Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice ) with

210-520: A curia . In addition to the Roman curiae, voting assemblies known as curiae existed in other towns of Latium , and similar institutions existed in other parts of Italy. During the republic, local curiae were established in Italian and provincial municipia and coloniae . In imperial times , local magistrates were often elected by municipal senates, which also came to be known as curiae. By extension,

280-492: A puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners , foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp . In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca . Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini ( La Bohème and Madama Butterfly ), Nicolao Dorati , Francesco Geminiani , Gioseffo Guami , Luigi Boccherini , and Alfredo Catalani . It

350-498: A few of the names of the 30 curiae have been preserved, including Acculeia, Calabra, Faucia, Foriensis, Rapta, Veliensis, Tifata , and Titia. The assertion that the plebeians were not members of the curiae, or that only the dependents ( clientes ) of the patricians were admitted, and not entitled to vote, is expressly contradicted by Dionysius . This argument is also refuted by Mommsen . Each curia had its own sacra , in which its members, known as curiales, worshipped

420-412: A large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo , during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus , arrived in 742. Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews . The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from

490-632: A member of the court of arbitration regarding the Terre Matildiche , (lands formerly held by the late Countess Matilda of Tuscany to which the Church and the Emperor both laid claim), but which reached no definite conclusion. Cardinal Allucingoli was elected pope at Velletri in September 1181, taking the name Lucius. He lived at Rome from November 1181 to March 1182, but dissensions in

560-679: A number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele. There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica -form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca , a selective graduate and doctoral school which

630-537: A republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon , who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca". From 1815 to 1847, it

700-421: A silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period. Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium . During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany , more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to

770-653: A synod in 1184 that condemned various heretical groups, though he did not establish the Inquisition. In 1185, preparations began for the Third Crusade, but Lucius III died in Verona before they were completed. A native of the city of Lucca , he was born c.  1100 (perhaps 1097) as Ubaldo, son of aristocrat Orlando Allucingoli. He had close ties to the Cistercians , but it seems that he never joined

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840-613: Is Machiavelli 's third famous book on political rule. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona , sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. In 1408, Lucca hosted

910-605: Is a city and comune in Tuscany , Central Italy , on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea . The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance -era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located

980-557: Is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte . Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca , a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ( Grandes écoles ). Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton , Placebo , Massive Attack , Roger Waters , Tracy Chapman , and Santana at

1050-603: Is part of the Italian superior graduate school system . Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus , and the former Renaissance -style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library. Association football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil , thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned

1120-596: Is uncertain. Each curia had a distinct name, said to have been derived from the names of some of the Sabine women abducted by the Romans in the time of Romulus. However, some of the curiae evidently derived their names from particular districts or eponymous heroes. The curiae were probably established geographically, representing specific neighborhoods in Rome, for which reason curia is sometimes translated as ' ward '. Only

1190-467: The comitia centuriata , which gradually assumed many of the curiate assembly's original functions. Since the Roman Kingdom , the meeting-house of the Roman senate was known as the curia. The original meeting place was said to have been a temple built on the spot where the Romans and Sabines laid down their arms during the reign of Romulus (traditionally reigned 753–717 BC). The institution of

1260-942: The British mandate of Palestine at the third election (1931) of the Asefat HaNivharim there were three curiae, for the Ashkenazi Jews , the Sephardi Jews and for the Yemeni Jews . In the United States Supreme Court an interested third party to a case may file a brief as an amicus curiae . Under the Fundamental Law adopted in 2011, Hungary 's supreme court is called the Curia . The Federal Palace of Switzerland ,

1330-589: The Curia Hostilia , but extended further south into the comitium. In 52 BC, following the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher , his clientes set fire to the senate house, which was rebuilt by Faustus Cornelius Sulla , son of the dictator. Following this reconstruction, the building came to be called the Curia Cornelia . A generation after Sulla enlarged the senate from 300 members to 600, Julius Caesar increased its membership to 900, necessitating

1400-480: The Curia Hostilia . The building was damaged by fire during the reign of Carinus in 283, and again restored under his successor, Diocletian . The Roman Senate is last mentioned in AD 600. In 630, Pope Honorius I transformed the senate house into the church of Sant'Adriano al Foro , preserving the structure at its full height. In 1923, the church and an adjacent convent were bought by the Italian government. The building

1470-591: The Etruscans , and it also has traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from the 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality ( municipium ) in 89 BC. The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves

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1540-548: The First Triumvirate . Frediano , an Irish monk , was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer , the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards , it was the capital of a duchy, known as Duchy of Tuscia , which included

1610-599: The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I over the disposal of the territories of the late Countess Matilda of Tuscany . The controversy over the succession to the inheritance of the Countess had been left unsettled by an agreement of 1177, and the Emperor proposed in 1182 that the Curia should renounce its claim, receiving in exchange two-tenths of the imperial income from Italy, one-tenth for the Pope and

1680-579: The Holy Roman Emperor . In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca

1750-647: The Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower , a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century and the Cathedral of San Martino. The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini , Alfredo Catalani , and Luigi Boccherini . To the Ancient Romans , Lucca was known as Luca . From more recent and concrete toponymic studies,

1820-521: The Third Crusade in answer to the appeals of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem . Before they were completed, Lucius III died in Verona. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Pope Lucius III ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Lucca Lucca ( / ˈ l uː k ə / LOO -kə ; Italian: [ˈlukka] )

1890-415: The comitia curiata was attended by thirty lictors. The comitia curiata voted to confirm the election of magistrates by passing a law called the lex curiata de imperio . It also witnessed the installation of priests, and adoptions, and the making of wills. The Pontifex Maximus may have presided over these ceremonies. The assembly probably possessed much greater authority before the establishment of

1960-664: The curia regis gradually developed into Parliament . In France, the curia regis or Conseil du Roi developed in the twelfth century, with the term gradually becoming applied to a judicial body, and falling out of use by the fourteenth century. In the Roman Catholic Church, the administrative body of the Holy See is known as the Roman Curia . It is through this Curia that the Roman Pontiff conducts

2030-634: The decurions , sat for life. Their numbers varied greatly according to the size of the city. In the Western Empire, one hundred seems to have been a common number, but in the East five hundred was customary, on the model of the Athenian Boule. However, by the fourth century, curial duties had become onerous, and it was difficult to fill all the posts; often candidates had to be nominated. The emperor Constantine exempted Christians from serving in

2100-668: The Catholic Church, eventually becoming Pope Lucius III. He was appointed cardinal by Pope Innocent II and served as legate in France, Sicily, and other regions. He was involved in negotiating the Treaty of Venice in 1177 and was elected pope in 1181. During his papacy, Lucius III faced disputes with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I over the territories of the late Countess Matilda of Tuscany. He also held

2170-408: The Piazza Napoleone. Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics , movies , games and related subjects. Other events include: Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia , an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art . Mauro Bolognini 's 1958 film Giovani mariti , with Sylva Koscina , is set and

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2240-667: The Republic continued, the curiae grew too large to meet conveniently at the Curiae Veteres , and a new meeting place, the Curiae Novae , was constructed. A few of the curiae continued to meet at the Curiae Veteres due to specific religious obligations. In the Roman Empire a town council was known as a curia, or sometimes an ordo , or boule . The existence of such a governing body was the mark of an independent city. Municipal curiae were co-optive, and their members,

2310-652: The Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum . The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino . Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa. At the Luca Conference , in 56 BC, Julius Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as

2380-526: The West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble. The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop

2450-528: The authority of the German-sponsored antipopes , both during and after the recent schism (1159–1176), especially as regards an election to the See of Trier in 1183 contested between the papal candidate Folmar of Karden and the imperial candidate Rudolf of Wied . In pursuance of his anti-imperial policy, Lucius declined in 1185 to crown Henry of Hohenstaufen as Frederick I's destined successor , and

2520-480: The beginning of the seventh century AD. The most important curiae at Rome were the 30 that together made up the comitia curiata. Traditionally ascribed to the kings, each of the three tribes established by Romulus , the Ramnes, Tities , and Luceres , was divided into ten curiae. In theory, each gens (family, clan) belonged to a particular curia, although whether this was strictly observed throughout Roman history

2590-636: The breach between the Empire and the Curia became wider on questions of Italian politics. In November 1184 Lucius held a synod at Verona which condemned the Cathars and Paterines , Waldensians , Josephines , Pasagians and Arnoldists , and anathematized all those declared as heretics and their abettors. Contrary to what is often said, he did not institute the Inquisition , which was not created until

2660-564: The business of the Church as a whole. Among older religious orders , the governing council of the Superior General or Regional Superior and his or her assistants is referred to their Curia. The Court of Justice of the European Union uses "CURIA" (in roman script) in its official emblem. The term curia may refer to separate electoral colleges in a system of reserved political positions (reserved seats), e.g. during

2730-459: The city compelled him to pass the remainder of his pontificate in exile, mainly at Velletri, Anagni and Verona . At Velletri he received the ambassadors of King William of Scotland who had disputed with Alexander III's candidates to fill a vacancy of the See of St. Andrews . The King appointed his chaplain Hugh , but the canons of the chapter had elected the archdeacon John Scotus . Lucius freed

2800-485: The city to another condottiero , Castruccio Castracani , under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio , Castracani defeated Florence 's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography

2870-477: The construction of a larger meeting house. Shortly before his death in 44 BC, Caesar began the construction of a new building, which became known as the Curia Julia . This structure covered most of the comitium , and abandoned the original orientation of the previous curiae, pointing slightly northwest. The building featured a large central hall with a daïs for magistrates, and marble benches on one side. There

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2940-413: The curiae, which led to many rich pagans claiming to be priests in order to escape these duties. The concept of the curia as a governing body, or the court where such a body met, carried on into medieval times, both as a secular institution, and in the church. In medieval times, a king's court was frequently known as the curia regis , consisting of the king's chief magnates and councilors. In England,

3010-465: The death of Matilda of Tuscany , the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina ; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante 's Divine Comedy includes many references to

3080-578: The game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905 , or simply Lucchese, plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football , having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays its home games at Stadio Porta Elisa , just outside the northeast wall of the city. Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici , also known as CLAP , was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage

3150-427: The gods of the state and other deities specific to the curia, with their own rites and ceremonies. Each curia had a meeting site and place of worship, named after the curia. Originally, this may have been a simple altar, then a sacellum , and finally a meeting house. The curia was presided over by a curio ( pl. : curiones ), who was always at least 50 years old, and was elected for life. The curio undertook

3220-429: The great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca. In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio . In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over

3290-465: The king from all ecclesiastical censures incurred under his predecessor and agreed to a compromise by which Hugh was raised to the see of St. Andrews and John became Bishop of Dunkeld . In March 1183, as a sign of good will the pope sent the king the Golden Rose . In September of that year he went to Segni to canonize Saint Bruno , who had been bishop of that commune. Lucius was in dispute with

3360-473: The local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for

3430-524: The management of the TPL throughout the Region. Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is managed by Autolinee Toscane . Lucca is twinned with: Curia The term is more broadly used to designate an assembly , council , or court , in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided. Lesser curiae existed for other purposes. The word curia also came to denote

3500-421: The name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ( Latin : lucus ), "to cut" (Latin: lucare ) and "luminous space" ( leuk , a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas. The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by

3570-463: The north end of the Comitium , where the comitia curiata and other Roman assemblies met, and was oriented along the four cardinal points . After more than 500 years of service, the building was restored and enlarged by the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC. Sulla had doubled the senate's membership from 300 to 600, necessitating a larger building, which retained the original orientation of

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3640-401: The order. Pope Innocent II named him cardinal in December 1138, initially as cardinal-deacon of San Adriano, then (in May 1141) as cardinal-priest of Santa Prassede and sent him as legate to France. Under Pope Eugene III he served as legate to Sicily, and in January 1159 Pope Adrian IV promoted him to Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri . As dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals , he

3710-506: The other tenth for the cardinals. Lucius consented neither to this proposition nor to another compromise suggested by Frederick I the next year, nor did a personal discussion between the two potentates at Verona in October 1184 lead to any definite result. During the conflict between Frederick I and the papacy, the problem of heresy required a political solution. In 1184, Lucius decreed Ad abolendam that all "counts, barons, rectors, [and] consuls of cities and other places" who did not join in

3780-418: The others. The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi ( vide Guglielmo Marconi ), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini , Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento ( vide Risorgimento ), and Viale Giosuè Carducci . The town includes

3850-544: The places of assembly, especially of the senate . Similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of Italy. In medieval times, a king's council was often referred to as a curia. Today, the most famous curia is the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church , which assists the Roman Pontiff in the hierarchical government of the Church. The word curia is thought to derive from Old Latin coviria , meaning 'a gathering of men' ( co- , 'together' = vir , 'man'). In this sense, any assembly, public or private, could be called

3920-437: The reign of Pope Gregory IX in 1234. Despite the fulminations of the first three Lateran Councils against married clergy, Lucius wrote in 1184 to the abbot of St. Augustine Canterbury suggesting that the parson of Willesborough should retire and pass the benefice to his promising son, who could then pursue his studies, showing continued papal tolerance of married clergy at this late date. In 1185 preparations began for

3990-431: The religious affairs of the curia. He was assisted by another priest, known as the flamen curialis . When the 30 curiae gathered to make up the comitia curiata , they were presided over by a curio maximus , who until 209 BC was always a patrician. Originally, the curio maximus was probably elected by the curiones , but in later times by the people themselves. Each curia was attended by one lictor ; an assembly of

4060-446: The senate was always ascribed to Romulus; although the first senate was said to comprise 100 members, the earliest number which can be called certain is 300, probably connected with the three tribes and 30 curiae also attributed to Romulus. After the original temple was destroyed by fire, it was replaced by a new meeting house by Tullus Hostilius , the third King of Rome (traditionally reigned 673–642 BC). The Curia Hostilia stood on

4130-443: The struggle against heresy when called upon to do so would be excommunicated and their territories placed under interdict – and declared that these provisions joined the apostolic authority of the church with the sanction of imperial power. In the meantime other causes of disagreement appeared when the Pope refused to comply with Frederick I's wishes as to the Imperial regulation of German episcopal elections which had taken place under

4200-425: The walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from

4270-414: The word curia came to mean not just a gathering, but also the place where an assembly would gather, such as a meeting house. In Roman times, curia had two principal meanings. Originally it applied to the wards of the comitia curiata . However, over time the name became applied to the senate house, which in its various incarnations housed meetings of the Roman senate from the time of the kings until

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4340-401: The year 859. The Jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto- Ashkenazic Jewry ). Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus , the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena , the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north. The Lucca cloth was

4410-476: Was a Bourbon-Parma duchy . The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain , who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma , the second wife of Napoleon . In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815) , upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma , while Lucca lost independence and

4480-422: Was also a record office on one side. The building was completed by Caesar's grandnephew, Octavian , the future emperor Augustus, in 29 BC, although he reduced the senate itself to its former number of 600. The Curia Cornelia was demolished, but the precise date is not known. In AD 94, the Curia Julia was rebuilt along Caesar's original plan by the emperor Domitian , who also restored the former orientation of

4550-427: Was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861. In 1942, during World War II , a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito , in the municipality of Capannori , about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. ( prigionieri di guerra ) 60, and it

4620-400: Was filmed in Lucca. Sergio Martino 's 1993 miniseries Private Crimes , starring Edwige Fenech , is set and was filmed in Lucca. Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here. Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in

4690-511: Was further restored from 1935 to 1937, removing various medieval additions, to reveal the original Roman architecture. The Curiae Veteres was the earliest sanctuary of the thirty curiae. It is discussed by both Varro and by Tacitus , who mentions it as one point of the Palatine pomerium of Roma quadrata . It is probable that this shrine was located at the northeast corner of the Palatine Hill . Its remains have likely been identified in excavations carried out by Clementina Panella . As

4760-430: Was his nephew Anselm II , a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy. During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli . After

4830-428: Was one of the most influential cardinals under his predecessor Pope Alexander III , whom he had consecrated bishop in 1159. In 1177 Allucingoli took part in the negotiation of the Treaty of Venice where an agreement was reached between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I who had been excommunicated for his support of the successive antipopes Victor IV , Paschal III and Callixtus III . Allucingoli then served as

4900-408: Was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice . During the Italian Social Republic , as

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