Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials , and nearly all annuals and biennials .
68-398: Phaseolus vulgaris , the common bean , is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods . Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder . Its botanical classification , along with other Phaseolus species, is as a member of the legume family, Fabaceae . Like most members of this family, common beans acquire
136-567: A legume , they fix nitrogen in the soil. The broad bean has high plant hardiness ; it can withstand harsh and cold climates . Unlike most legumes, the broad bean can be grown in soils with high salinity , as well as in clay soil . However, it prefers rich loams . In much of the English-speaking world , the name "broad bean" is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while "horse bean" and "field bean" refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds that are more like
204-449: A pot herb (like spinach). Preparing broad beans involves first removing the beans from their pods, then steaming or boiling the beans, either whole or after parboiling them to loosen their exterior coating, which is then removed. The beans can be fried, causing the skin to split open, and then salted and/or spiced to produce a savory, crunchy snack. In south Algerian cuisine, broad beans are used to make besarah and doubara . Doubara
272-634: A slow cooker at 80 °C/ 176 °F, is insufficient to deactivate all toxins. To safely cook the beans, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends boiling for 30 minutes to ensure they reach a sufficient temperature for long enough to destroy the toxin completely. For dry beans, the FDA also recommends an initial soak of at least 5 hours in water which should then be discarded. Outbreaks of poisoning have been associated with cooking kidney beans in slow cookers . The primary symptoms of phytohaemagglutinin poisoning are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Onset
340-469: A 5–10 mm diameter in the wild plant, but are usually flattened and up to 20–25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5–10 mm thick in food cultivars . V. faba has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12 (six homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and one pair is metacentric . The diploid genome of Vicia faba contains 13 GB of DNA, mostly obtained through amplification of retrotransposons and satellite repeats. The genome
408-576: A bag of beans as a present to his niece, Catherine , on her wedding to Prince Henri of France , along with the county of the Lauragais , whose county town is Castelnaudary , now synonymous with the white bean dish of cassoulet . Herbaceous The fourth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines "herb" as: The same dictionary defines "herbaceous" as: Botanical sources differ from each other on
476-549: A companion to tsikoudia , the local alcoholic drink. Favism is quite common in Greece because of malaria endemicity in previous centuries, and people afflicted by it do not eat broad beans. In India, fava beans are eaten in the Northeastern state of Manipur . They are locally known as hawai-amubi and are ingredients in the dish eromba . Broad beans, or "Baghalee" ( Persian : باقالی ) are primarily cultivated in
544-495: A cool, dry place, but as time passes, their nutritive value and flavor degrade, and cooking times lengthen. Dried beans are almost always cooked by boiling , often after being soaked in water for several hours. While the soaking is not strictly necessary, it shortens cooking time and results in more evenly textured beans. In addition, soaking beans removes 5 to 10% of the gas-producing sugars that can cause flatulence for some people. The methods include simple overnight soaking and
612-409: A flat pod; stringless or French beans, which lack a tough, fibrous string running along the length of the pod; and runner beans, which belong to a separate species, Phaseolus coccineus . Green beans may have a purple rather than green pod, which changes to green when cooked. Wax beans are P. vulgaris beans that have a yellow or white pod. Wax bean cultivars are commonly grown; the plants are often of
680-485: A strong sweet scent which is attractive to bees and other pollinators . The fruit is a broad, leathery pod that is green, but matures to a dark blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface; the wild species has pods that are 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern cultivars developed for food use have pods 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long and 2–3 cm thick. Each bean pod contains 3–8 seeds . They are round to oval and have
748-619: A wide range. In 2022, world production of dry common beans was 28 million tonnes, led by India with 23% of the total. Brazil and Myanmar were secondary producers. The toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin , is present in many common bean varieties but is especially concentrated in red kidney beans. White kidney beans contain about a third as many toxins as the red variety; broad beans ( Vicia faba ) contain 5 to 10% as much as red kidney beans. Phytohaemagglutinin can be inactivated by cooking beans for ten minutes at boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F). Insufficient cooking, such as in
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#1732787442455816-445: A wider yellow lesion around them, and in advanced disease the plant will look burned. Can be prevented or treated by use of uninfected seed, resistant cultivars , seed treatments , and copper bactericides . Pseudomonas syringae overwinters on residue. Uninfected seed, rotation , and removal of residue are preventative. Faba bean necrotic yellows virus which it shares with other Vicia . Timchenko et al. 2006 find Clink
884-405: A woody stem, allowing plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients over longer distances within the plant body. Since most woody plants are perennials with a longer life cycle because it takes more time and more resources (nutrients and water) to produce persistently living lignified woody stems, they are not as able to colonize open and dry ground as rapidly as herbs. The surface of herbs
952-526: Is epazote , which is also said to aid digestion. In East Asia, a type of seaweed, kombu , is added to beans as they cook for the same purpose. Salt, sugar, and acidic foods such as tomatoes may harden uncooked beans, resulting in seasoned beans at the expense of slightly longer cooking times. Dry beans may also be bought cooked and canned as refried beans , or whole with water , salt , and sometimes sugar . The three commonly known types of green beans are string or snap beans, which may be round or have
1020-475: Is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants that have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees , shrubs , vines and woody bamboos . Banana plants are also regarded as herbaceous plants because the stem does not contain true woody tissue. Some herbaceous plants can grow rather large, such as
1088-476: Is hilibet , a thin, white paste of broad bean flour mixed with pieces of onion, green pepper, garlic, and other spices. The second is siljo , a fermented, sour, spicy thin yellow paste of broad bean flour. Both are served with other stews and injera (a pancake-like bread) during lunch and dinner. Baqella nifro (boiled broad beans) are eaten as a snack during some holidays and during a time of mourning. This tradition goes well into religious holidays, too. On
1156-550: Is a variety recognized as an accepted name. This legume is very common in Southern European, Northern European, East Asian, Latin American and North African cuisines. Some people suffer from favism , a hemolytic response to the consumption of broad beans, a condition linked to a metabolism disorder known as G6PDD . Otherwise the beans, with the outer seed coat removed, can be eaten raw or cooked. In young plants,
1224-400: Is a catalyst for dew, which in arid climates and seasons is the main type of precipitation and is necessary for the survival of vegetation, i.e. in arid areas, herbaceous plants are a generator of precipitation and the basis of an ecosystem. Most of the water vapor that turns into dew comes from the air, not the soil or clouds. The taller the herb ( surface area is the main factor though),
1292-425: Is a major pest. May infest transplants. Reflective plastic mulch may be preventative. May be mechanically removed by high pressure water once plant is established. V. fabae is tolerant to low and medium degrees of infestation, so insecticide application is only required under high infestation. Beans generally contain phytohaemagglutinin , a lectin that occurs naturally in plants, animals, and humans. Most of
1360-399: Is an important part of breeding V. faba . If transplanted instead of direct seeded there is a lower risk of some diseases including Botrytis fabae . In mainland Europe and North Africa, the plant parasite Orobanche crenata (carnation-scented broomrape) can cause severe impacts on fields of broad beans, devastating their yields. Vicia faba is attacked by Botrytis fabae ,
1428-733: Is derived and has the meaning of "bean, pea, legume". When Phaseolus vulgaris arrived in Europe in the 16th century , this species was yet another seed in a pod, thus there were already words in the European languages describing it. In the Americas , P. vulgaris is also known as ayacotl in nahuatl ( Aztec language), búul in Mayan ( Maya language) and purutu in Quechua ( Inca language). In Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay,
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#17327874424551496-445: Is effective. If fava beans flower during the heights of summer temperatures there is an increased risk of this disease. If transplanted instead of direct seeded there is a lower risk of Botrytis fabae outbreaks. Erysiphe cichoracearum overwinters on residue and has alternate hosts . Resistant cultivars and overhead irrigation are preventative. Sulfur fungicides are recommended in severe outbreak. This soil borne pathogen
1564-406: Is from one to three hours after consumption of improperly prepared beans, and symptoms typically resolve within a few hours. Consumption of as few as four or five raw, soaked kidney beans can cause symptoms. Canned red kidney beans are safe to use immediately, as they have already been cooked. Beans are high in purines , which are metabolized to uric acid . Uric acid is not a toxin but may promote
1632-406: Is mitigated by lower temperature, aeration, drainage, and sufficient nutrition. Symptoms include stunting, yellowing, necrotic basal leaves, and brown or red or black streak-shaped root lesions that grow together and may show above the soil as the disease progresses. Faba bean rust is a fungal pathogen commonly affecting broad bean plants at maturity, causing small orange dots with yellow halos on
1700-498: Is not obviously necessary but highly conserved nonetheless, suggesting it is maintained by necessity for infection of other Vicia . Broad bean plants are highly susceptible to early summer infestations of the black bean aphid , which can cover large sections of growing plants with infestations, typically starting at the tip of the plant. Severe infestations can significantly reduce yields, and can also cause discolouration of pods and reduction in their saleable values. Aphis fabae
1768-473: Is one of the largest diploid field crops and contains a predicted 34,221 protein-coding genes. Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in Old World agriculture, being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. While their wild ancestor has not been identified and their origin is unknown, charred legumes of a possible wild-type progenitor have been identified at
1836-536: Is popular in the city of Biskra . In the Sichuan cuisine of China, broad beans are combined with soybeans and chili peppers to produce a spicy fermented bean paste called doubanjiang . Fava beans (Colombia: Haba(s)) are a common food in most regions of Colombia, mostly in Bogota and Boyacá. Steamed fava beans (known as habitas ) with cheese are common in the cold-weather regions of Ecuador, especially around
1904-605: The Columbian Exchange were of Asian origin and are unrelated to New World Phaseolus species. The Eurasian species were transferred to other genera including Vigna , Vicia and Lablab , so members of the Phaseolus genus are now all from the Americas. Ancient Greeks used the word φάσηλος ( phasēlos ) to refer to the beans of Asian origins that were cultivated in Europe at the time. The Romans used both
1972-607: The Daily Value , DV) of vitamin K (41% DV) and a moderate source (10-19% DV) of vitamin C , vitamin B6 , and manganese . Dry white common beans, after boiling, are 63% water, 25% carbohydrates, 10% protein, and contain little fat. In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), boiled white common beans supply 139 calories and are a rich source of folate and manganese, with moderate amounts of thiamine and several dietary minerals . Dry beans will keep indefinitely if stored in
2040-606: The Daily Value , DV). Folate (26% DV), and dietary minerals , such as manganese , phosphorus , magnesium , and iron (range of 52 to 77% DV), have considerable content. B vitamins have moderate to rich content (19 to 48% DV). Fava beans present the highest protein-to-carbohydrate ratio among other popular pulse crops, such as chickpea, pea and lentil. Moreover, their consumption is recommended along with cereals as both foods are complementary in supplying all essential amino acids . Broad beans are generally eaten while still young and tender, enabling harvesting to begin as early as
2108-576: The Natufian site of the el-Wad Terrace . Carbonised domestic faba bean remains were discovered at three adjacent Neolithic sites in Israel 's Lower Galilee ( Yiftah'el , Ahi'hud and Nahal Zippori). Based on the radiocarbon dating of these remains, scientists now believe that the domestication of the crop may have begun as early as 8,250 BCE. Broad beans are still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion because they can overwinter and, as
Phaseolus vulgaris - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-401: The broad bean , fava bean , or faba bean , is a species of vetch , a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae . It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop . Varieties with smaller, harder seeds that are fed to horses or other animals are called field bean , tic bean or tick bean . Horse bean , Vicia faba var. equina Pers. ,
2244-431: The nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia , which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria . The common bean has a long history of cultivation. All wild members of the species have a climbing habit, but many cultivars are classified either as bush beans or climbing beans , depending on their style of growth. The other major types of commercially grown beans are the runner bean ( Phaseolus coccineus ) and
2312-599: The Andes mountains and surroundings of Ambato. Fava beans (Egyptian Masri: fūl pronounced [fuːl] ) are a common staple food in the Egyptian diet , eaten by rich and poor alike. Egyptians eat fava beans in various ways: they may be shelled and then dried, or bought dried and then cooked in water on very low heat for several hours. They are the primary ingredient in Egyptian-style falafel (unlike
2380-581: The Latinized phaseolus and their own faba to refer to different pre-Columbian species of beans, presumably using the word faseolus for smaller seeds like those belonging to the genus Vigna such as the black-eyed peas and the word faba for larger seeds, such as the fava beans . This latter word, faba , was related to the Proto-Germanic bauno , from which the Old English word bean
2448-517: The Levantine style, where the primary ingredient is chickpeas ). The most popular way of preparing them in Egypt is by taking the cooked and partially mashed beans and adding oil, salt, and cumin to them. The dish, known as ful medames , is traditionally eaten with bread (generally at breakfast ) and is considered one of Egypt's national dishes . Broad beans ( Amharic : baqella ) are one of
2516-776: The Spanish name 'poroto' is used, being derived from its corresponding Quechua word. Additional names include the Castilian Spanish frijol , the Portuguese feijão , and the Catalan fesol . Wild P. vulgaris is native to the Americas. It was originally believed that it had been domesticated separately in Mesoamerica and in the southern Andes region some 8,000 years ago, giving the domesticated bean two gene pools . However, recent genetic analyses show that it
2584-666: The Thursday before Good Friday (in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition, tselote hamus (the Prayer of Thursday)), people eat a different kind of nifro called gulban . Gulban is made of peeled half-beans collected and well-cooked with other grains such as wheat, peas, and chickpeas . In England , broad beans are usually boiled. There is a project aimed at increasing broad bean consumption, particularly by use of broad bean flour in bread. In Finnish ,
2652-404: The analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem . Herbaceous plants do not produce perennializing above-ground structures using lignin , which is a complex phenolic polymer deposited in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and hydrophobicity to secondary cell walls creating
2720-688: The bean explodes, exposing the inner part in the manner of popcorn and other puffed grains . Bean leaves have been used to trap bedbugs in houses. Microscopic hairs ( trichomes ) on the bean leaves entrap the insects. Beans have been used as devices in various methods of divination since ancient times. Fortune-telling using beans is called favomancy . P. vulgaris has been found to bio-accumulate zinc , manganese , and iron and have some tolerance to their respective toxicities, suggesting suitability for natural bio-remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In 1528, Pope Clemente VII received some white beans, which thrived. Five years later, he gave
2788-982: The broad bean ( Vicia faba ). Beans are grown on every continent except Antarctica. In 2022, 28 million tonnes of dry common beans were produced worldwide, led by India with 23% of the total. Raw dry beans contain the toxic compound phytohaemagglutinin , which can be inactivated by cooking beans for ten minutes at boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration also recommends an initial soak of at least 5 hours in water which should then be discarded. Bush varieties form erect bushes 20–60 centimetres (8–20 inches) tall, while pole or running varieties form vines 2–3 metres (7–10 feet) long. All varieties bear alternate, green or purple leaves , which are divided into three oval, smooth-edged leaflets, each 6–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 3–11 cm (1–4 in) wide. The white, pink, or purple flowers are about 1 cm long and have 10 stamens . The flowers are self-pollinating , which facilitates
Phaseolus vulgaris - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-610: The bush or dwarf form. As the name implies, snap beans break easily when the pod is bent, giving off a distinct audible snap sound. The pods of snap beans (green, yellow, and purple) are harvested when they are rapidly growing, fleshy, tender (not tough and stringy), and bright in color, and the seeds are small and underdeveloped (8 to 10 days after flowering). Green beans and wax beans are often steamed , boiled, stir-fried , or baked in casseroles . Shell, shelled, or shelling beans are beans removed from their pods before being cooked or dried. Common beans can be used as shell beans, but
2924-544: The central and north parts of Iran. The city of Kashan has the highest production of broad beans with high quality in terms of the taste, cooking periods and color. However, broad beans have a very short season (roughly two weeks). The season is usually in the middle of spring. When people have access to fresh beans in season, they cook them in brine and then add vinegar and Heracleum persicum depending on taste. They also make an extra amount to dry to be used year-round. The dried beans can be cooked with rice, which forms one of
2992-415: The chocolate spot fungus, which can have a severe impact on yield. It is one of the worst diseases in fava beans, as it results in foliar damage, reduced photosynthesis , and reduced bean productivity. The fungus switches from non-aggressive growth to aggressive pathogenicity under the combination of increased temperature and humidity, which is worsened by low soil potassium and phosphorus content and by
3060-544: The definition of "herb". For instance, the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation includes the condition "when persisting over more than one growing season, the parts of the shoot dying back seasonally". Some orchids, such as species of Phalaenopsis , are described in some sources (including the authoritative Plants of the World Online ) as "herbs" but with "leaves persistent or sometimes deciduous". In
3128-428: The development or exacerbation of gout . However, more recent research has questioned this association, finding that moderate intake of purine-rich foods is not associated with an increased risk of gout. Raw green beans are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contain negligible fat . In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw green beans supply 36 calories , and are a rich source (20% or more of
3196-608: The domesticated bean in the highlands of Peru, dating to 2300 BC, and spreading to the coastal regions by around 500 BC. Small-seeded varieties were found in sites in Mexico, dating to 300 BC, which then spread north and east of the Mississippi River by 1000 AD. Many well-known bean cultivars and varieties belong to this species, and the list below is in no way exhaustive. Both bush and running (pole) cultivars/varieties exist. The colors and shapes of pods and seeds vary over
3264-741: The end of the growing season, but parts of the plant survive under or close to the ground from season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they grow and flower again, then die). New growth can also develop from living tissues remaining on or under the ground, including roots , a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems , such as bulbs , corms , stolons , rhizomes and tubers . Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot , parsnip and common ragwort ; herbaceous perennials include potato , peony , hosta , mint , most ferns and most grasses . Fava beans Faba sativa Moench. Vicia faba , commonly known as
3332-595: The genome of P. vulgaris has 11 chromosomal pairs (2n = 22). Its genome is one of the smallest in the legume family at 625 Mbp per haploid genome. Raw or undercooked beans contain a toxic protein called phytohaemagglutinin . The common bean, like all species of Phaseolus is a member of the legume family Fabaceae . In Species Plantarum in 1753, Carl Linnaeus classified the beans known by him into genus Phaseolus and genus Dolichos , naming 11 species of Phaseolus , including 6 cultivated species and 5 "wild" species. The beans cultivated in Europe prior to
3400-609: The genus Musa , to which the banana belongs. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants (especially annuals) are pioneers , or early-successional species. Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests , or in naturally open habitats such as meadow , salt marsh or desert . Some habitats, like grasslands and prairies and savannas , are dominated by herbaceous plants along with aquatic environments like ponds , streams and lakes . The age of some herbaceous perennial plants can be determined by herbchronology ,
3468-750: The glossary of Flora of the Sydney Region , Roger Charles Carolin defines "herb" as a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" as meaning "herb-like, referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture". Herbaceous plants include graminoids , forbs , and ferns . Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad-leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including true grasses , sedges, and rushes. Herbaceous plants most often are low-growing plants, different from woody plants like trees and shrubs , tending to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth
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#17327874424553536-411: The higher humidity caused by higher seeding rates. The non-aggressive phase is marked by small red-brown leaf lesions, and sometimes the same on stems and pods. Treatment is less effective than prevention. Early planting avoids the problematic combination of high temperature and humidity in late spring into early summer. Decreasing seeding rate or thinning after emergence is also effective. Foliar fungicide
3604-450: The leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The flowers are 1 to 2.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 in) long with five petals; the standard petals are white, the wing petals are white with a black spot (true black, not deep purple or blue as is the case in many "black" colorings) and the keel petals are white. Crimson-flowered broad beans also exist, which were recently saved from extinction. The flowers have
3672-596: The leaves, which may merge to form an orange lawn on both leaf surfaces. Both Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. trifoliorum are pathogens of interest. Lithourgidis et al. have done extensive work over the years, including in 2007 for S. t. , 2005 for S. s. , and 1989 regarding procedures for field testing with S. s. Xanthomonas campestris and X. axonopodis can be inoculated by seed contamination and by overwintering in crop residue . Increased incidence with higher temperatures, rainfall, and humidity. Produces deliquescent, necrotic lesions, sometimes with
3740-407: The middle of spring for plants started under glass or overwintered in a protected location, but even the main crop sown in early spring will be ready from mid to late summer. Horse beans, left to mature fully, are usually harvested in the late autumn, and are then eaten as a pulse . The immature pods are also cooked and eaten, and the young leaves of the plant can also be eaten, either raw or cooked as
3808-517: The more dew it produces, so a short cut of the herbs necessitates watering. For example, if you frequently and shortly cut the grass without watering in an arid zone, then desertification occurs. Most herbaceous plants have a perennial (85%) life cycle but some are annual (15%) or biennial (<1%). Annual plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at
3876-481: The most famous dishes in north of Iran ( Gilan ) called baghalee polo ( Persian : باقالی پلو ) which means "rice with broad beans". In Iran, broad beans are cooked, served with Golpar-origan and salt and sold on streets in the winter. This food is also available preserved in metal cans. Broad beans which are called Bagilla (باگله/باقله) in the Iraqi dialect of Arabic are a common ingredient in many Iraqi foods. One of
3944-532: The most popular Iraqi dishes that uses the broad bean is Bagilla Bil-Dihin ( باگله بالدهن ) also called Tishreeb Bagilla ( تشريب باگله ). This dish is a common breakfast dish in Iraq and consists of bread soaked in boiled broad beans’ water then topped with broad beans, melted Ghee , and often also a boiled or fried egg. Fool ( فول ) is another common breakfast dish in Iraq as well as many other Arab countries and consists of mashed fava beans. Another famous Iraqi dish
4012-818: The most popular legumes in Ethiopia . They are tightly coupled with every aspect of Ethiopian life. They are mainly used as an alternative to peas to prepare a flour called shiro , which is used to make shiro wot (a stew used widely in Ethiopian dishes). During the fasting period in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition called Tsome Filliseta, Tsome arbeå, Tsome Tahsas , and Tsome Hawaria (which are in August, end of February, April, mid-November, beginning of January, and June–July), two uncooked spicy vegetable dishes are made using broad beans. The first
4080-400: The outer seed coat can be eaten, and in very young plants, the seed pod can be eaten. Vicia faba is a stiffly erect, annual plant 0.5 to 1.8 metres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 6 ft) tall, with two to four stems that are square in cross-section . The leaves are 10 to 25 centimetres (4 to 10 in) long, pinnate with 2–7 leaflets, and glaucous (grey-green). Unlike most other vetches ,
4148-405: The power soak method, in which beans are boiled for three minutes and then set aside for 2–4 hours. Before cooking, the soaking water is drained off and discarded. Dry common beans take longer to cook than most pulses : cooking times vary from one to four hours but are substantially reduced with pressure cooking . In Mexico, Central America, and South America, the traditional spice used with beans
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#17327874424554216-456: The relatively low toxin concentrations found in V. faba can be destroyed by boiling the beans for 10 minutes. Broad beans are rich in levodopa , and should thus be avoided by those taking irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors to prevent a pressor response. Sufferers of favism must avoid broad beans, as they contain the alkaloid glycoside vicine which may initiate a hemolytic crisis . A low-content vicine-convicine faba bean line
4284-578: The selection of stable cultivars. The flowers give way to pods 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long and 1–1.5 cm wide. These may be green, yellow, black, or purple, each containing 4–8 beans. Some varieties develop a string along the pod; these are generally cultivated for dry beans, as green stringy beans are not commercially desirable. The beans are smooth, plump, kidney-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, range widely in color and are often mottled in two or more colors. The beans maintain their germination capacity for up to 5 years. Like most species from Phaseolus ,
4352-463: The term also refers to other species of beans whose pods are not typically eaten, such as lima beans , soybeans , peas , and fava beans . Fresh shell beans are nutritionally similar to dry beans but are prepared more like vegetables, often steamed, fried, or made into soups. The nuña is an Andean subspecies, P. v. subsp. nunas (formerly P. vulgaris Nuñas group), with round, multicolored seeds that resemble pigeon eggs. When cooked on high heat,
4420-732: The wild species and used for animal feed , though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel . The term "fava bean" (from Italian : fava for the bean) is used in the US, and "broad bean" is the most common name in Commonwealth countries like the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Many diseases appear at a higher rate in higher humidity. Therefore, cultivars being bred for higher density should be evaluated for disease problems. This can be mitigated by west–east rows for more sun drying effect. Disease tolerance
4488-577: The word for "fava bean" is härkäpapu (literally "ox bean"). Fava beans are used to make a meat substitute called Härkis . The Greek word fáva (φάβα) does not refer to broad beans, but to the yellow split pea and also to another legume , Lathyrus clymenum . Broad beans are known instead as koukiá ( Greek : κουκιά ), and are eaten in a stew combined with artichokes, while they are still fresh in their pods. Dried broad beans are eaten boiled, sometimes combined with garlic sauce ( skordalia ). In Crete , fresh broad beans are shelled and eaten as
4556-616: Was domesticated in Mexico first, then split into the Mesoamerican and Andean P. vulgaris gene pools. Beans, squash and maize (corn) are the three Mesoamerican crops that constitute the "Three Sisters" , central to indigenous American agriculture . The common bean arrived in Europe as part of the Columbian exchange . Good commercial yield in favorable environments under irrigation is 6 to 8 ton/ha fresh and 1.5 to 2 ton/ha dry seed. Archeologists found large-seeded varieties of
4624-565: Was identified in the 1980s and the trait has been introduced into several modern cultivars . Low vicine-convicine faba beans are safe for consumption by G6PD -deficient individuals. As of 2019, a molecular marker may be used for marker-assisted breeding to reduce levels of vicine-convicine in fava beans. Raw mature fava beans are 11% water, 58% carbohydrates , 26% protein , and 2% fat . A 100-gram reference amount supplies 1,425 kJ (341 kcal; 341 Cal) of food energy and numerous essential nutrients in high content (20% or more of
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