One-design racing is a racing method which may be adopted in sports using complex equipment, whereby all vehicles have identical or very similar designs or models, avoiding the need for a handicap system.
64-581: The Porsche Supercup (officially known as Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup , known as Porsche Michelin Supercup prior to 2007) is an international one-make production stock car racing series supporting the FIA Formula One World Championship organized by Porsche Motorsport GmbH . Porsche Supercup drivers compete in identical Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars. On average, 24 race cars take part in each race. Most circuits visited by
128-678: A development class , the classic example being America's Cup 12-metre class , or to the box rule used, for example, in the TP 52 class. A further category, the formula based class setup, is sometimes confused with one design. The Mini Transat 6.50 , the Volvo Open 70 monohull, the large ORMA trimaran, and the Formula 18 racing beach catamaran are the exponents of the formula approach. Class-legal boats race each other without any handicap calculations in both setups. However, under one design
192-438: A racing class that consists of just one model or design of a sailboat . In one-design racing, the first boat to finish wins the race. This is contrasted with handicap racing, where time is added or subtracted from the finishing times based on design factors and mathematical formulas to determine the winner. In between One-design and handicap racing, a number of other approaches exist. One-design classes can be contrasted with
256-497: A semi-automatic transmission with a 6-speed gearbox (including reverse gear) operated by paddle shifters and supplied by in-house Porsche since the 2013 season. From 1993 to 2012, all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars used sequential manual transmission with a 6-speed gearbox operated by a conventional sequential shifter. The clutch of all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars is a sintered metal-plate clutch operated by foot-pedal and provided by ZF Sachs . The mechanical limited-slip differential
320-537: A biomechanical crash engineer, including in General Motors ' auto safety program. His first prototype was developed in 1985, and in crash tests in 1989 – the first to use crash sleds and crash dummies using race car seat belt harnesses – the energy exerted on the head and neck was lowered by approximately 80%. Prior tests had established the thresholds for acute basilar skull fracture to be 740 lbs of vertical neck tension and 700 lbs of forward neck shear;
384-455: A crash that would exceed the normal articulation range of the musculoskeletal system and cause severe injury. In any kind of crash, the person's body, when not protected, is decelerated by the seat belt, with the head maintaining velocity until it is decelerated by the neck. The HANS device maintains the relative position of the head to the body, in addition to transferring energy to the much stronger chest, torso, shoulder, seat belts, and seat as
448-450: A crash. There are many such devices on the market today, but the HANS is the original and the most common. Primarily made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer , the HANS device is shaped like a "U", with the back of the "U" set behind the nape of the neck and the two arms lying flat along the top of the chest over the pectoral muscles . The device, in general, is supported by the shoulders. It
512-544: A front MacPherson strut suspension , and a rear Multi-link suspension . Brake discs must be made of steel and may not exceed 380 mm (15 in ) diameter. The only aerodynamic components on the vehicles are the front splitter , rear wing , solid polycarbonate glass window in the windows only, and side skirts. The use of rear diffusers , vortex generators , canards , wheel well vents, hood vents, and undertrays are prohibited. Porsche Supercup cars are required to have at least 1 working windshield wiper installed on
576-465: A general rule, the tolerances are strictest in smaller boats like dinghy classes and small keelboats. In some cases the tolerances are specified in a confidential Building Specification and often everything is designed and produced at the same factory or a very few factories. Examples are the Laser , Melges 24 , and several small keelboats designed by Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, such as the 12½ . In others
640-523: A lifting boiler plate capable of being lifted. The boat was called The Water Wag . The idea was quickly adopted by sailors in Ireland, England, India and South America. The Water Wag Club still thrives in Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin. The Solent One Design Class was one of the earliest one-design classes formed after discussions took place in 1893 and subsequent years. It quickly became popular, and
704-509: A “true” spec series. The same applies to the Super Formula series. All teams compete in nearly identical Dallara SF23 models, but use engines supplied from Honda and Toyota , preventing it from being a true spec series. There are two primary methods of competition in sailboat racing : One-design and handicap racing (e.g. Portsmouth Yardstick , Performance Handicap Racing Fleet and Leading Yard Stick ). One design refers to
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#1732776343925768-572: Is also allowed and constant velocity joint tripod driveshafts are also used. All Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars drivetrain is currently rear-engine with rear-wheel-drive layout . For the safety equipment, all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars seating utilizes racing bucket driver's seat with 6-point seat belts. The steering wheel of all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars are made exclusively in-house by Porsche Motorsport GmbH . All Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars are also equipped with Cosworth Omega Intelligent Colour Display units since 2013 until 2020 season until it
832-463: Is attached only to the helmet, not to the belts, the driver's body, or the seat; the helmet is attached to the device with the help of an anchor on each side, much like the Hutchens device , but placed slightly back. In a properly installed 5- or 6-point racing harness , the belts that cross the driver's upper body pass directly over the HANS device on the driver's shoulders and buckle at the center of
896-472: Is still debated whether Earnhardt's death was the result of a broken seat belt or an inadequate head and neck restraint, he died of a basilar skull fracture, which likely would have been prevented by the proper use of belts and a head and neck restraint. Media members immediately turned focus to the HANS device after Earnhardt's death. HANS device co-founder Hubbard was quoted: "... (I was) shocked by that. I recorded about 80 entries in my telephone log
960-483: Is the most successful driver in the championship, having won four straight titles between 1997 and 2000. Huisman's record is followed by René Rast and Michael Ammermüller with three titles and Jeroen Bleekemolen , Richard Westbrook , and Larry ten Voorde with two titles each. The reigning champion is Danish driver Bastian Buus . At the Grand Prix circuits during 2006 an average of 125,000 spectators witnessed
1024-572: Is usually shown by his final standing in a contest. What could be more indicative of this when pilots are flying identical sailplanes with identical performance. One-design competition is the sure test of soaring skill." Other one-design gliders have included those made in Russia by Aviastroitel , in Poland by Warsztaty Szybowcowe Orlik , and Germany, where for example the DFS Olympia Meise
1088-482: The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course when his Renault Le Car Turbo struck a sandbank, leaving him dead on arrival with head injuries, IMSA officials decided that some sort of protection was required to help prevent injuries from sudden stops, especially during accidents. A major cause of death among drivers during races was through violent head movements, where the body remains in place because of
1152-476: The seat belts , but the momentum keeps the head moving forward, causing a basilar skull fracture, resulting in serious injury or immediate death. Notable race car drivers who died from basilar skull fractures include: While death from such injuries is usually immediate, some drivers have survived basilar skull fractures, such as NASCAR's Larry Pollard , Ernie Irvan , Stanley Smith , Rick Carelli and F1's Philippe Streiff . Hubbard had extensive experience as
1216-555: The 1970s with the introduction of laminate construction using fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) and mold building technology. This process allowed the mass production of identical hulls of virtually any size at a lower price. The one-design design idea was created by Thomas Middleton of the Shankill Corinthian Club located 10 miles (16 km) south of Dublin, Ireland in 1887. He proposed a class of double ended open dinghies of simple clincher construction in pine with
1280-521: The 20+ approved builders on four continents being of identical speed, for example at the 2017 World Championship. In medium- to large-sized boat classes, One design would refer to conformance to a standard specification , with the possibility of alterations being allowed as long as they remained within certain tolerances. Examples of this are the Dragon , J/24 , Etchells , H-boat and the Farr 40 . After
1344-489: The HANS device greatly reduced both these values to 210 lbs. Neck compression was also reduced by about 28 millimetres. After major racing safety companies declined to produce the product, Hubbard and Downing formed Hubbard Downing Inc., to develop, manufacture, sell and promote the HANS in 1990. However, the product languished until 1994, when Formula One showed interest in the wake of the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna . In 1999, CART driver Gonzalo Rodríguez
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#17327763439251408-520: The HANS device or similar products was resisted. The following weekend, Mark Martin said at Rockingham , "I would not wear one for anything. I'll just keep my fingers crossed and take my chances". Following an extensive investigation into Earnhardt’s death that ended in August 2001, NASCAR did not make any immediate changes regarding use of HANS. Then on October 4, 2001, in an Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) race being held in conjunction with
1472-764: The National Register of Historic Vessels of the United Kingdom. She is kept in Lymington where she is still racing and winning on the Solent. Conversely the Howth 17 , designed just four years later by Sir Walter H. Boyd of Howth , Co. Dublin is still actively raced and is the oldest one-design racing keelboat still sailing as designed. While fifteen of the current fleet were built from 1898 to 1914, new boats can still be added, most recently in 2017. As
1536-577: The Porsche Supercup seasons 2002–2004. For 2002 the GT3 Cup received several changes based on the 996.2 Carrera and Turbo models, including Turbo-style headlights. The new body significantly improves aerodynamics and cooling. Engine output is increased to 280 kW (381 PS; 375 bhp) and 380 N⋅m (280 lbf⋅ft), further changes include improved transmission cooling, a lightened exhaust system and other light-weighing measures across
1600-539: The Porsche Supercup seasons 2005–2009. The 997-based Cup car features significantly improved aerodynamics and lightweight CFRP parts, including doors, rear body panels, engine deck lid and rear wing. Parts of the suspension are adopted from the GT3 RSR. Raced in the Porsche Supercup seasons 2010–2012. Based on 997.2 GT3 RS, the car features a new 3.8 litre engine, an enlarged rear wing adopted from 911 GT3 Cup S measuring 1.70 m (67 in), additional Unibal joints on
1664-439: The Porsche Supercup starting for the first time in the 2021 season and is expected to race for the next few seasons. Based on the latest 911 GT3 road car, the 911 GT3 Cup Type 992 engines will remain the same as the 911 GT3 Cup (Type 991 II) but the power output will increase slightly from 485 to 510 bhp (362 to 380 kW; 492 to 517 PS). For the transmission gearboxes, all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars currently utilize
1728-528: The action from the grandstands at each round. According to Porsche AG races attracted 22 million TV viewers worldwide, most of them in Europe where Eurosport provided regular coverage. Porsche also runs many regional and national one-make production racing series around the globe. One-design racing One-make racing series (also known as spec racing series) are racing series in which all competitors race with identical or very similar vehicles from
1792-639: The advantages of one-design to the sport of competitive glider racing . The most successful of these has been the Schweizer 1–26 class with 700 aircraft completed and flown between 1954 and 1981. Schweizer Aircraft principal Paul A Schweizer was a proponent of the One-design concept. He intended the company's 1–26 to be the aircraft to establish a one-design class in the United States. He wrote: "The true measure of pilot ability and experience
1856-483: The boats are virtually identical except in details. At the same time, the formula setup allows the boats to differ much more in design while keeping a few important specifications the same. As a result, the identifier "One design" has been used more and more exclusively to denote a class that races only identical boats. Having a rigid one-design specification keeps design experimentation to a minimum and reduces cost of ownership . The popularity of one-design increased in
1920-533: The car for all tracks as a part of the road racing rules package. For the inaugural 1993 Porsche Supercup season the 964 Cup (used in Carrera Cup from 1992) based on the 964 Carrera RS (itself based on the earlier 1990 964 Carrera Cup) was the vehicle of choice. Compared to the road car the Cup race car features a similarly stripped-out interior and retains the catalytic converter, 18 inch magnesium wheels and ABS but
1984-478: The car. For the 2004 season the car received further upgrades. Engine output is once again increased slightly, to 287 kW (390 PS; 385 bhp) at 7,200 rpm and 390 N⋅m (288 lbf⋅ft) at 6,500 rpm. Gear ratios of fourth, fifth and sixth gears have been shortened. An 89-litre fuel tank improves endurance racing capabilities. In the interior changes are made to enable the use of the HANS device . Raced in
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2048-730: The death of 2003 Top Fuel Rookie of the Year Darrell Russell , who was killed by flying debris during the Sears Craftsman Nationals in Madison, Illinois . Other racing series were also slow to follow suit. Many drivers, including seven-time NASCAR Cup Series Champion Dale Earnhardt , resisted the HANS devices or anything that was similar to them, claiming that they were uncomfortable and more restrictive. There were also fears that it would cause more injuries and problems than it prevented. Some even stated that
2112-399: The device compulsory for drivers in the 2005 season. Acceptance by drivers was helped by the addition of quick-release shackles developed and implemented by Ashley Tilling. They were sourced from the marine industry, being used on racing sailboat rigging. The shackles allowed the drivers a simple and quick pull to release the HANS device and exit their vehicle. The first driver to utilize them
2176-464: The device compulsory for oval tracks in 2001, and subsequently requiring the HANS devices for all circuits the following season. Starting in October 2001, NASCAR mandated the use of either the HANS or Hutchens device , changing to the HANS device exclusively starting in 2005. ARCA also followed suit in the wake of Alexander's death. The World Rally Championship and Australian V8 Supercar Series made
2240-409: The driver's abdomen. Therefore, the HANS device is secured by the body of the driver, not the seat. The purpose of the HANS device is to keep the head from whipping in a crash, preventing excessive rotational movement as a secondary protection, without otherwise restricting movement of the neck. In other words, it allows the wearer's head to move normally, but prevents or restricts head movements during
2304-403: The end of the season Porsche rewards the three best placed teams with prize money. In 2006 and 2007, Porsche AG pays around 820,000 euros to drivers and teams. Per race the winner receives 9,000 euros , the runner-up 7,500 euros and the third placed driver 6,500 euros. For a 15th place 1,400 euros are paid. Additionally, the 2006 or 2007 champion receives a Porsche road car. The driver with
2368-486: The fall NASCAR racing weekend at the Charlotte Motor Speedway , Blaise Alexander was killed in a two-car incident while battling for the lead in the final laps of the race. Coincidentally, the other driver racing with Alexander for the lead was Dale Earnhardt's oldest son Kerry Earnhardt . The younger Earnhardt's car flipped on its roof after Alexander went into the wall, but he was in the lead when
2432-417: The fastest laps will be given a premium watch from Porsche Design. In 2015, Porsche says it pays "more than 730,000 Euros in prize money to drivers and teams. In addition, the overall winner receives a special prize. The winner of the rookie classification receives an additional prize of 30,000 Euros providing he/she reregisters for the following year’s Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup." Dutch driver Patrick Huisman
2496-557: The first day [after the fatal accident]. And I didn't even write them all down. I was on national television ten times that Monday. I had been down in Florida and came home on Friday and went cross-country skiing in Michigan. So, I didn't know he died until I got home and there was a voicemail on my answering machine at 10 o'clock at night. I actually had two interviews that night before I went to bed." Even after Earnhardt's death, use of
2560-443: The formula '). Some spec parts are mandated, such as tyres and sensors. NASCAR is much in the same boat, with three distinct bodies (Chevrolet, Ford and Toyota) and four distinct engines ( Hendrick , ECR , Roush Yates , TRD ) available in competition. Additionally, while IndyCar cars are all virtually identical Dallara DW12 models, the two distinct engine designs available from Chevrolet and Honda prevent IndyCar from being
2624-400: The head is decelerated. The device was designed in the early 1980s by American scientist and researcher Dr. Robert Hubbard (1943–2019), a professor of biomechanical engineering at Michigan State University . After talking to his brother-in-law, accomplished American road-racer Jim Downing , following the death of Patrick Jacquemart , a mutual friend who was killed in a testing accident at
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2688-403: The hull length overall (LOA) exceeds 27 feet (8.2 m), people generally refer to the boat as an offshore one-design boat or yacht. In other classes, the one-design class may have organized around an existing fleet of similar boats that traditionally existed together often for commercial purposes such as sailing canoes, dhows , and skipjacks , or boats that developed a common hull form over
2752-523: The keel. Cutter rig with 6 ft bowsprit. Designed by H. W. White, ten were built in 1895/6 by Messrs. White Brothers of Itchen Ferry, Southampton and another twelve were built in the following year. The class enjoyed ten years of keen racing but the Metre Rule, which was introduced in 1907 effectively killed the class. The only boat still afloat is Rosenn, formally Eilun, sail number 6. Now, fully restored, she has been identified as meriting inclusion in
2816-418: The most first-place finishes. If there is still a tie, Porsche Supercup will determine the champion by the most second-place finishes, then the most third-place finishes, etc., until a champion is determined. Porsche Supercup will apply the same system to other ties in the rankings at the close of the season and at any other time during the season. The points of the two best drivers of each team are added up. At
2880-758: The positioning of the device made the seat belts feel less secure or rubbed on the shoulders or the collar bone. Earnhardt referred to the device as "that damn noose ", claiming the tethers would more likely hang him than save him in the event of a crash. On February 18, 2001, Dale Earnhardt was killed on the last lap of the Daytona 500 . Earnhardt was the fourth NASCAR driver killed by basilar skull fractures in an eight-month span, following Adam Petty in May 2000, Kenny Irwin Jr. in July 2000, and Tony Roper in October 2000. While it
2944-457: The race was halted with four laps to go. Due to carnage of the accident, the race was never restarted, so Earnhardt was declared the winner. NASCAR mandated use of the HANS device in its top three series on October 17, 2001. Formula One mandated HANS devices in 2003 after extensive testing by Mercedes from 1996 to 1998, sharing the results with other Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) affiliates. Using that information, CART made
3008-470: The racing flags that usually used in every Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup race weekends: (Safety Car) (Virtual Safety Car) Porsche Supercup cars adhere to a rear-engined rear-wheel-drive design. A roll cage serves as a carbon-fibre space frame chassis and is covered by a multiple-gauge sheet metal body. They have a closed cockpit, fenders, a rear wing, and an aerodynamic splitter. Each team may purchase cars and engines from other teams. The car has
3072-463: The same manufacturer and suppliers. Typically, this means the same type of chassis, powertrain , tyres, brakes, and fuel are used by all drivers. The idea behind one-make car racing is that success will be based more on driver skill and car setup , instead of engineering skill and budget. One-make series are popular at an amateur level as they are affordable, due to the use of a common engine and chassis. Examples of one-make racing series from around
3136-455: The seasons 2013–2016. The Porsche 911 GT3 Cup Type 991 features the new gearbox paddle-shifters for the first time. Raced in the Porsche Supercup from the 2017 season until the end of the 2020 season. Based on the latest 911 GT3 road car it features a larger 4.0-litre flat-six boxer engine, improved aerodynamics and an enlarged escape-hatch in the roof and is priced at €189,900 excluding taxes. The standard Porsche 911 GT3 Cup (Type 992) raced in
3200-603: The series are European, although circuits in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , the United States and Mexico have been included in the calendar as well. Since 1993 the Porsche Michelin Supercup has run as support to the FIA Formula One World Championship . The number of races has grown from the original nine to total 13 in 2006, although decreasing to 11 in 2017 and eight in 2020. Prior to 1993,
3264-547: The series was known as the Porsche Carrera Cup. Two sets of slick tyres may be used per car each weekend. The number of wet tyres is unlimited. The tyres are identical for all competitors and are not permitted to be pre-warmed or chemically treated. In-race pit stops are not mandatory and no refueling is allowed during the race, but pit stops are allowed when necessary (e.g., in case of tyre puncture, body damage, changes in weather conditions, etc.). These are
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#17327763439253328-589: The specification is published but the boats may only be produced by licensed manufacturers with usually only one builder in any country or region. Examples are the Olympic Finn and 470 but in both these classes a single manufacturer has succeeded in building faster boats than all other manufacturers. However, in the Optimist dinghy, one of the world's largest classes, a tighter specification introduced in 1995 /with ongoing scrutiny has resulted in boats from
3392-530: The track control arms and front and rear sword-shaped anti-roll bars with seven position settings each and a steering wheel mounted Info Display with 6 switches. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and deliveries began in the same year. The base MSRP of the European model was €149,850 (before tax). Based on the Porsche 911 GT3 type 991, this 911 GT3 Cup was used in the Porsche Supercup for
3456-538: The upcoming 996 GT3 road car, featuring a 3.6 litre boxer engine on basis of the GT1 block. For the 1999 season the engine output was increased to 272 kW (370 PS; 365 bhp) and 370 N⋅m (273 lbf⋅ft) at 6,250 rpm. The car managed the 0-100 km/h (62 mph) sprint in four seconds, with a top speed of 286 km/h (178 mph). For the 2001 season the GT3 Cup received modified aerodynamics including an enlarged rear wing and improved cooling. Raced in
3520-563: The use of head and neck restraints; the FIA has made HANS devices use compulsory for all International-level events from the beginning of 2009. Even monster truck drivers use the HANS device in many events. Grassroots Motorsports awarded the HANS device the Editors' Choice award in 2002. Autosport magazine also awarded HANS their pioneering and innovation award in 2007. In 2016, Hubbard and Downing, along with FIA's Hubert Gramling, were awarded
3584-415: The windscreen) because of current coupé-type car. Points are assigned to the first 15 finishers of each race and all races count towards the championship. To receive points, a driver must compete in multiple races per season. Since 2008, there have been two bonus points awarded for the driver who secures pole position in qualifying. In the case of a tie, Porsche Supercup will determine the champion based on
3648-688: The world included the Dodge Viper Challenge , Ferrari Challenge , Porsche Carrera Cup and Supercup , Radical European Masters , Mini Challenge and Commodore Cup . There are also various formula categories that use one-make racing, such as Formula 2 (which since 2011 exclusively uses a car design by Dallara ), Formula Renault , Formula Mazda , Formula Car Challenge , and the W Series . The Formula One race series are not one-design nor one-make racing series as they allow participation by different manufacturers, each designing their own chassis and powertrain (within limits set by '
3712-691: The years (such as A-Scows ). In contrast to 'one-design', other sailboats race under a variety of handicapping rules and formulas developed to allow different type boats to compete against one another. Formula rules include the Square Metre Rule , the Ton class , the Universal Rule , and the Metre Rule . Handicap rules include Portsmouth Yardstick , PHRF , IOR , IMS , IRC , Americap and LYS . There have been several attempts to bring
3776-863: Was NASCAR driver Scott Pruett of PPI Motorsports . Such shackles were also used on the Hutchens device and others. Beginning in July 2007, many sanctioning bodies have approved any head-and-neck restraint that passes the SFI Foundation Specification 38.1 standard. These include the HANS device, the Moto-R Sport, the R3 , the Hutch-II, the Hutchens Hybrid, or the Hybrid X. Today, most major auto racing sanctioning bodies mandate
3840-509: Was killed after suffering a basilar skull fracture in a crash. At the same time, Mercedes was completing research of the HANS on behalf of the FIA for Formula One, finally deciding that it out-performed their airbag project. The device was first adopted by the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) in 1996, following the death of Top Fuel driver Blaine Johnson , though was not mandatory in the series until 2004, after
3904-415: Was lowered by 20mm, featured a full roll cage and no passenger seat. Based on the 993 Carrera 2 and used in the Porsche Supercup for seasons 1994–1997. Updated in 1995 with aero parts from the new Carrera RS, followed by a five-horsepower increase to 315 PS (232 kW ; 311 hp ) at 6,200 rpm in 1996. 216 units were produced in total. Raced in the Porsche Supercup seasons 1998–2001. Basis for
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#17327763439253968-792: Was patronised by some of the most energetic and best known yacht owners in the Solent, Portsmouth and Southampton waters including Sir Philip Hunloke, the King's yachtmaster. Formed under the auspices of the Solent Sailing Club, the class was adopted by the Royal Yacht Squadron and the Island Sailing Club in 1895. The dimensions of the boats were length overall, 33 ft 3 in; Waterline length, 25 ft; Beam, 7 ft 9 in; Draft, 5 ft; Sail area, 750 sq ft.; Displacement, 5 tons with 2 tons 13 cwt. of lead in
4032-407: Was planned for the 1940 Olympic championships. HANS device A HANS device ( head and neck support device ) is a type of head restraint and a safety device in motorsports . Head restraints are mandatory when competing with most major motorsports sanctioning bodies. They reduce the likelihood of head or neck injuries, including the often fatal basilar skull fracture , in the event of
4096-532: Was replaced by all-new larger in-house Porsche Motorsport display units from 2021 season onwards. The fire extinguisher of all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars are included in the bottom right-hand side underneath. The interior rear-view mirror is still currently used since 1993 until present. The cockpit of all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup cars are fully protected by doors, windshields and roofs (shielded by polycarbonate glass for windscreen, side windows and rear windows including also windshield wipers for rain weather only in
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