51-820: Ficus rubiginosa , the rusty fig or Port Jackson fig ( damun in the Dharug language ), is a species of flowering plant native to eastern Australia in the genus Ficus . Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants ( hemiepiphyte ) or rocks ( lithophyte ), F. rubiginosa matures into a tree 30 m (100 ft) high and nearly as wide with a yellow-brown buttressed trunk. The leaves are oval and glossy green and measure from 4 to 19.3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long and 1.25 to 13.2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) wide. The fruits are small, round, and yellow, and can ripen and turn red at any time of year, peaking in spring and summer. Like all figs,
102-513: A Macquarie University master's thesis by Jeremy Steele, "The Aboriginal Language of Sydney", provided an analysis of the grammar in a partial reconstruction of the language. The notebooks of William Dawes were the main source, together with word lists compiled by First Fleeters David Collins , John Hunter , Philip Gidley King (in Hunter), Daniel Southwell , Watkin Tench , David Blackburn ,
153-449: A gall results and the leaves become distorted and curl over. The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth, and live for around six weeks. At other times, thrips reside on old leaves without feeding. The species pupates sheltered in the bark. The thrips remain in the galls at night, wander about in the daytime and return in the evening, possibly to different galls about the tree. Psyllids have almost defoliated trees in
204-452: A hemiepiphyte , or 1–5 m (3–16 ft) high lithophyte. Alternately arranged on the stems, the ovate (egg-shaped), obovate (reverse egg-shaped) or oval-shaped leaves are anywhere from 4–19.3 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 – 7 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) long and 1.25–13.2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) wide, on 7–8.2 cm ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 3 + 1 ⁄ 4 in)-long petioles (stalks that join
255-528: A subgenus (plural: subgenera ) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus . In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name , in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet : e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea ( Cypraea ) tigris Linnaeus , which belongs to
306-555: A subgenus in the reunited Ficus , which resulted in the taxon becoming Ficus leichhardtii . Miquel also described Ficus leichhardtii variety angustata from Whitsunday Island , later classified as F. shirleyana by Czech botanist Karel Domin . Queensland state botanist Frederick Manson Bailey described Ficus macrophylla variety pubescens in 1911 from Queensland, Domin later renaming it Ficus baileyana . All these taxa were found to be indistinguishable from (and hence reclassified as) F. rubiginosa by Dixon in 2001. In
357-528: A coastal dialect from hinterland dialects, but there is no evidence that Aboriginal peoples ever used this term, which simply means "people". Some effort has been put into reviving a reconstructed form of the language. The speakers did not use a specific name for their language prior to settlement by the First Fleet .The coastal dialect has been referred to as Iyora (also spelt as Iora or Eora), which simply means "people" (or Aboriginal people ), while
408-401: A continuous canopy . The trees are of great value in providing fruit for birds and mammals, though drop large quantities of fruit and leaves, leaving a mess underfoot. In a brief description, William Guilfoyle recorded a variegated fig from New South Wales "12–15 ft high" in 1911 as F. rubiginosa variety variegata . A variegated form is in cultivation on Australia's east coast, and in
459-465: A distinction of vowel length , but this is difficult to determine from the extant data. The Dharug language highlights the strong link between people and place through its clan naming convention. This can be seen through the suffix identifier -gal and -galyan which refer to -man of and -woman of . Clan names such as Burramuttagal (identifying the people) therefore translate to man of Burramutta - also known as Parramatta (identifying
510-466: A hollow cavity. F. rubiginosa is monoecious —both male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and in fact in the same fruit, although they mature at different times. Often growing in pairs, the figs are yellow initially and measure 4–10 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 8 in) across. Ripening to red in colour, they are tipped with a small nipple and on a 2–5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 ⁄ 4 in) stalk. Fruits ripen throughout
561-727: A new series Rubiginosae in the subsection Platypodeae . Relationships are unclear and it is uncertain into which direction the group radiated (into rainforest or into arid Australia). Joseph Maiden described variety lucida in 1902, and Bailey described variety glabrescens in 1913. Both had diagnosed their varieties on the basis of their hairlessness. Maiden described a taxon totally devoid of hair, while Bailey described his as nearly glabrous (hairless). As Bailey's description more closely matched Dixon's findings (that these variants were only partly and not completely hairless), Dixon retained Bailey's name and reclassified it as Ficus rubiginosa forma glabrescens in 2001 as it differed only in
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#1732801059324612-422: A notebook called "Anon" (or "Notebook c"), Henry Fulton , and later contributors such as Daniel Paine, James Bowman , and others. In particular, largely thanks to Dawes, the thesis shows how verbs operated. Past and future tenses were indicated by suffixes or endings, often with further pronoun suffixes attached, revealing who (I, you, they, etc.) was responsible for the actions concerned. A recreated version of
663-598: A study published in 2008, Nina Rønsted and colleagues analysed the DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers , and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase region, in the first molecular analysis of the section Malvanthera . They found F. rubiginosa to be most closely related to the rainforest species F. watkinsiana and two rock-growing ( lithophytic ) species of arid northern Australia ( F. atricha and F. brachypoda ). They classified these species in
714-408: Is Banksia subg. Isostylis , a subgenus of the large Australian genus Banksia . The ICNafp requires an explicit "connecting term" to indicate the rank of the division within the genus. Connecting terms are usually abbreviated, e.g. "subg." for "subgenus", and are not italicized. In zoological nomenclature, when a genus is split into subgenera, the originally described population is retained as
765-481: Is also confused with the small-leaved fig ( F. obliqua ), the syconia of which are smaller, measuring 4–12 mm long and 4–11 mm in diameter, compared with 7–17 mm long and 8–17 mm diameter for F. rubiginosa . Ficus rubiginosa ' s range spans the entire eastern coastline of Australia, from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland to the vicinity of Bega on
816-647: Is also seen in cultivation. F. rubiginosa is also suited for use as a houseplant in low, medium or brightly lit spaces, although a variegated form requires brighter light. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . It is easily propagated by cuttings or aerial layering . The light-coloured wood is soft and brittle. Lightweight, it has some value in the making of such items as toys and small boxes. Dharug language The Dharug language , also spelt Darug , Dharuk , and other variants, and also known as
867-604: Is found in rainforest, rainforest margins, gullies, riverbank habitat, vine thickets, and rocky hillsides. It is found on limestone outcrops in Kanangra-Boyd National Park . Fig seedlings often grow from cracks in stone where seeds have been lodged, in locations such as cliffs and rock faces in natural environments, or in brickwork on buildings and elsewhere in the urban environment. The soils it grows on are often well-drained and low in nutrients. They are derived from sandstone , quartzite , and basalt . In
918-598: Is generally associated with F. rubiginosa though it has been recorded on several other fig species. Ficus rubiginosa was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1789, where it is grown in glasshouses. It is commonly used as a large ornamental tree in eastern Australia, in the North Island of New Zealand, and also in Hawaii and California, where it is also listed as an invasive species in some areas. It
969-508: Is useful as a shade tree in public parks and on golf courses. Not as prodigious as other figs, F. rubiginosa is suited to slightly more confined areas, such as lining car parks or suburban streets. However, surface roots can be large and intrusive and the thin bark readily damaged when struck. Tolerant of acid or alkaline soils, it is hardy to US Hardiness Zones 10B and 11, reaching 10 m (30 ft) high in 30 years. Planting trees 8–12 m (30–40 ft) apart will eventually result in
1020-734: The First Fleet and flagship, the Sirius , as the first to record the original traditional tongue of the elder people of Sydney Dharugule-wayaun. Dawes was returned to England in December 1791, after disagreements with Governor Phillip on, among other things, the punitive expedition launched following the wounding of the Government gamekeeper, allegedly by Pemulwuy , a Yora man. The Indigenous population of Sydney gradually started using English more in everyday usage, as well as New South Wales Pidgin. This, combined with social upheaval, meant that
1071-695: The Hawkesbury River in the north; west of the Georges River , Parramatta, the Lane Cove River and Berowra Creek ". R. H. Mathews (1903) said that the territory extended "...along the coast to the Hawkesbury River, and inland to what are now the towns of Windsor , Penrith , Campbelltown ". The word "Eora" has been used as an ethnonym by non-Aboriginal people since the late 19th century, and by Aboriginal people since
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#17328010593241122-792: The Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney in spring. P. imperialis crossed the waters between Australia and New Zealand some time between 1960 and 1972, and seedlings of the previously infertile trees of F. rubiginosa began appearing in brick and stone walls, and on other trees, particularly in parks and gardens around Auckland . They have been recorded as far south as Napier . P. imperialis has been transported to Hawaii, California, and Israel , where it has been observed to pollinate its host. They can live to 100 years or more and have been known to resprout after bushfire , bearing fruit within three years. As with many other Ficus species,
1173-565: The Sydney language , Gadigal language ( Sydney city area), is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yuin–Kuric group that was traditionally spoken in the region of Sydney , New South Wales , until it became extinct due to effects of colonisation. It is the traditional language of the Dharug people . The Dharug population has greatly diminished since the onset of colonisation . The term Eora language has sometimes been used to distinguish
1224-730: The botanical name Ficus australis in Species Plantarum , but this is a nomen illegitimum as the species already had a validly published name. That link https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=38740 is now this: https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/511809 . Italian botanist Guglielmo Gasparrini broke up the genus Ficus in 1844, placing the species in the genus Urostigma as U. rubiginosum . In 1862, Dutch botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel described Urostigma leichhardtii from material collected from Cape Cleveland, Queensland , noting it had affinities to F. rubiginosa . In 1867, he placed Urostigma as
1275-516: The Florence specimen to be the type in 2001. The specific epithet rubiginosa related to the rusty coloration of the undersides of the leaves. Indeed, rusty fig is an alternate common name; others include Illawarra fig and Port Jackson fig . It was known as damun (pron. "tam-mun") to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin. In 1806, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow gave it
1326-702: The Sydney region, F. rubiginosa grows from sea level to 1000 m (3500 ft) altitude, in areas with an average yearly rainfall of 600–1,400 mm (24–55 in). F. rubiginosa is largely sympatric with F. obliqua , though its range extends further west into dryer regions than the latter species. Outside its native range, F. rubiginosa has naturalised to some degree in urban Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, as well as New Zealand , Hawaii and California , and Mediterranean Europe . F. rubiginosa has been planted widely in Malta since
1377-485: The United States. It is a chimera lacking in chlorophyll in the second layer of the leaf meristem. The leaves have an irregular central green patch along the midvein with irregular yellow and green elsewhere. Leaves that grow in winter generally have larger green patches than those that do in summer. The chimera is unstable, and branches of all-green growth appear sporadically. Despite the relatively large size of
1428-536: The clans of the Eora Nation. Another example of the strong link between people and place, but without the suffix, can be seen with the nation name 'Eora' itself, which translates to people and from here or this place . The name Eora refers collectively to the people of the Sydney region and also translates to the name of the (Greater Sydney) region inhabited by those people. Examples of English words borrowed from Dharug are: Subgenus In biology ,
1479-532: The coastal variety ("Iyora/Eyora", or Kuringgai ) was estimated by Val Attenbrow (2002) to include "...the Sydney Peninsula (north of Botany Bay , south of Port Jackson , west to Parramatta ), as well as the country to the north of Port Jackson, possibly as far as Broken Bay ". Attenbrow places the "hinterland dialect" (Dharug) "...on the Cumberland Plain from Appin in the south to
1530-489: The community of wasps inside the figs of F. rubiginosa is made up mostly of pollinator wasps. These develop deep inside the syconium, presumably protected there from parasites. Also present are much smaller numbers of other wasp species, which do not pollinate the fig. At least fourteen species have been recorded, of which four—two each belonging to the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis —are common while others are rare. Investigation of F. rubiginosa syconia found that
1581-529: The destruction of their natural food sources. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period. However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought. Dharug people recognise William Dawes of
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1632-679: The early 1990s but has not been observed to fruit. The fruit is consumed by many bird species including the rose-crowned fruit dove ( Ptilinopus regina ), wompoo fruit dove ( P. magnificus ), wonga pigeon ( Leucosarcia melanoleuca ), topknot pigeon ( Lopholaimus antarcticus ), Pacific koel ( Eudynamys orientalis ), Australasian swamphen ( Porphyrio melanotus ), Australian king parrot ( Alisterus scapularis ), Australasian figbird ( Sphecotheres vieilloti ), green catbird ( Ailuroedus crassirostris ), regent bowerbird ( Sericulus chrysocephalus ), satin bowerbird ( Ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) and pied currawong ( Strepera graculina ), as well as
1683-469: The fig seeds and parasitic wasps develop closer to the wall of the syconium. The wasps of the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis are parasitic and are around the same size as the pollinator species. Their larvae are thought to feed on the larvae of the pollinator wasp. Male Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis wasps fight other males of the same species when they encounter each other in a F. rubiginosa fig. Several genera of uncommon larger wasp species enter
1734-522: The fruit is in the form of a syconium , an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity. F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated by the fig wasp species Pleistodontes imperialis , which may comprise four cryptospecies . The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of wasp , some of which induce galls while others parasitise the pollinator wasps and at least two species of nematode . Many species of bird, including pigeons , parrots , and various passerines , eat
1785-523: The fruit. Ranging along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Bega in southern New South Wales (including the Port Jackson area, leading to its alternative name), F. rubiginosa grows in rainforest margins and rocky outcrops . It is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces, and when potted is well-suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai . Ficus rubiginosa
1836-434: The immature figs before other wasps and induce galls, which may impact on numbers of pollinator wasps in the fig later. An example of this is Pseudidarnes minerva , a metallic green wasp species. Nematodes of the genus Schistonchus are found in the syconia (and the pollinator wasps) of many species of fig, with F. rubiginosa hosting two species. They appear to be less species-specific than wasps. S. altermacrophylla
1887-504: The inland dialect has been referred to as Dharug, a term of unknown origin or meaning. Linguist and anthropologist Jakelin Troy (2019) describes two dialects of the Sydney language, with neither Dharug (S64) nor Eora being in the historical record as language names. Language scholar Jeremy Steele and historian Keith Vincent Smith have postulated the name "Biyal Biyal" for the language, based on evidence that this term or something like it
1938-406: The lack of hairs on new growth from the nominate form. A spreading, densely-shading tree when mature, F. rubiginosa may reach 30 m (100 ft) or more in height, although it rarely exceeds 10 m (30 ft) in the Sydney region. The trunk is buttressed and can reach 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. The bark is yellow-brown. It can also grow as on other plants as
1989-650: The language is spoken at welcome ceremonies conducted by the Dharug people. As of 2005, some children at Chifley College 's Dunheved campus in Sydney had started learning the reconstructed Dharug language, and parts of the language have been taught at the Sydney Festival . In December 2020, Olivia Fox sang a version of Australia's national anthem in Dharug at the Tri Nations Test match between Australia and Argentina. The language may have had
2040-521: The late 20th century, to describe Aboriginal peoples of the Sydney region, despite there being "no evidence that Aboriginal people had used it in 1788 as the name of a language or group of people inhabiting the Sydney peninsula". With a traditional heritage spanning thousands of years, approximately 70 per cent of the Eora people died out during the nineteenth century as a result of the genocidal policies of colonial Australia, smallpox and other viruses, and
2091-410: The leaves to stems). They are smooth or bear tiny rusty hairs. There are 16 to 62 pairs of lateral veins that run off the midvein at an angle of 41.5–84.0°, while distinct basal veins run off the midvein at an angle of 18.5–78.9°. As with all figs, the fruit (fig) is actually an inverted inflorescence (compound flower) known as a syconium , with tiny flowers arising from the fig's inner surface into
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2142-442: The leaves, it is popular for bonsai work as it is highly forgiving to work with and hard to kill; the leaves reduce readily by leaf-pruning in early summer. Described as the best tree for a beginner to work with, it is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia. Its bark remains smooth, and does not attain a rugged, aged appearance. Known as "Little Ruby", a narrow-leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney
2193-663: The local Dharug language started to fade from use in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century. A wordlist of the local Sydney language was published by William Ridley in 1875, and he noted that, at that time, very few fluent speakers were left. The Dharug language had largely been lost as an extinct language, mainly due to the historical effects of colonisation on the speakers. Some vocabulary had been retained by some Dharug people, but only very little grammar and phonology . For many years non-Aboriginal academics collected resources for Aboriginal languages to preserve them, and more recently, Aboriginal people have been getting involved in
2244-552: The mammalian grey-headed flying fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ), and spectacled flying fox ( Pteropus conspicillatus ). It is one of several plant species used as food by the endangered Coxen's fig parrot . Many fruits drop onto the ground around the tree, though others are dispersed by animals that eat them. The thrips species Gynaikothrips australis feeds on the underside of new leaves of F. rubiginosa , as well as F. obliqua and F. macrophylla . As plant cells die, nearby cells are induced into forming meristem tissue, and
2295-479: The place those specific people are from); Gadigal (identifying the people), man of Gadi - Sydney within Gadigal Country (identifying the place those specific people are from); and, Kamaygalyan (identifying the people), woman of Kamay - Botany Bay (identifying the place those specific people are from). This people-and-place naming convention within the Dharug language can be seen throughout all of
2346-518: The process, and designing tools to reclaim the languages. During the 1990s and the new millennium, some descendants of the Dharug clans in Western Sydney have been making considerable efforts to revive Dharug as a spoken language. In the 21st century, some modern Dharug speakers have given speeches in a reconstructed form of the Dharug language, and younger members of the community visit schools and give demonstrations of spoken Dharug. In 2005
2397-685: The south coast of New South Wales. The range extends westwards to Porcupine Gorge National Park in Queensland and the far western plains in New South Wales. F. rubiginosa f. rubiginosa and F. rubiginosa f. glabrescens are found over most of the range, though the latter does not occur south past the New South Wales-Queensland border region. Lithophytic, hemiepiphytic, and tree forms can be found together in local populations of plants. F. rubiginosa
2448-556: The subgenus Cypraea of the genus Cypraea . However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include the subgeneric name. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), the subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example
2499-465: The year, although more so in spring and summer. Some trees have ripe and unripe fruit at the same time. It closely resembles its relative, the Moreton Bay fig ( F. macrophylla ). Having similar ranges in the wild, they are often confused. The smaller leaves, shorter fruit stalks, and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of F. rubiginosa are the easiest distinguishing features. It
2550-407: Was described by French botanist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1804, from a type specimen whose locality is documented simply as " New Holland ". In searching for the type specimen, Australian botanist Dale Dixon found one from the herbarium of Desfontaines at Florence Herbarium and one from the herbarium of Étienne Pierre Ventenat at Geneva. As Ventenat had used Desfontaines' name, Dixon selected
2601-461: Was actually used. A website devoted to Dharug and Dharawal resources says "The word Daruk was assigned to the Iyura (Eora) people as a language group, or more commonly referred to as the people that sustained their diet by the constant digging of the yams as a vegetable supplement. The Dark, Darug, Tarook, Taruk Tarug is related to the word Midyini , meaning yam". The traditional territory of
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