Italy
47-605: Portofino ( Italian pronunciation: [ˌpɔrtoˈfiːno] ; Ligurian : Portofin [ˌpɔɾtuˈfiŋ] ) is a comune located in the Metropolitan City of Genoa on the Italian Riviera . The town is clustered around its small harbour, and is known for the colourfully painted buildings that line the shore. Since the late 19th century, Portofino has attracted tourism of the European aristocracy and it
94-526: A Gallo-Italic language, Ligurian is most closely related to the Lombard , Piedmontese and Emilian-Romagnol languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring provinces. Unlike the aforementioned languages, however, it exhibits distinct Italian features. No link has, thus far, been demonstrated by linguistic evidence between Romance Ligurian and the Ligurian language of the ancient Ligurian populations , in
141-521: A gh'à tutti i driti e e libertæ proclamæ inte questa Diciaraçion, sensa nisciunn-a distinçion de razza, cô, sesso, lengoa, religion, òpinion politica ò d'atro tipo, òrigine naçionale ò sociale, poxiçion econòmica, nascimento, ò quæ se segge atra condiçion. Pe de ciù, no se faiâ nisciunn-a diferensa fondâ in sciâ condiçion politica, giuridica ò internaçionale do Paize ò do teritöio a-o quæ e personn-e apartegnan, segge pe-i Paixi indipendenti che pe-i teritöi sott'aministraçion fiduciaia, sens'outonomia, ò sotomissi
188-640: A manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy . Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the pope's temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all except the Leonine City of Rome, which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily despite its annexation of Lazio. In 1929,
235-635: A predominantly hilly territory (68.9%). The mountainous and flat areas are equivalent to 26.9% and 4.2% of the territorial distribution respectively. For centuries before the unification of Italy , which occurred in 1861, central Italy was divided into two states: the Papal States and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Papal States , officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in
282-509: A ògni atra limitaçion de sovranitæ. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on
329-579: Is a Gallo-Italic language spoken primarily in the territories of the former Republic of Genoa , now comprising the area of Liguria in Northern Italy , parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France , Monaco (where it is called Monégasque ), the village of Bonifacio in Corsica , and in the villages of Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off
376-423: Is based on Tuscan, specifically on its Florentine dialect , and it became the language of culture throughout Italy because of the prestige of the works by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , and Francesco Guicciardini . It would later become the official language of all Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy when it was formed. Corsican on the island of Corsica and
423-707: Is based on the Latin alphabet , and consists of 25 letters: ⟨a⟩ , ⟨æ⟩ , ⟨b⟩ , ⟨c⟩ , ⟨ç⟩ , ⟨d⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨f⟩ , ⟨g⟩ , ⟨h⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨l⟩ , ⟨m⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , ⟨ñ⟩ or ⟨nn-⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨p⟩ , ⟨q⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , ⟨s⟩ , ⟨t⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨v⟩ , ⟨x⟩ , ⟨z⟩ . The ligature ⟨æ⟩ indicates
470-839: Is crossed by the northern and central Apennines and is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the east, by the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The main rivers of this portion of the territory are the Arno and the Tiber with their tributaries (e.g. Aniene ), and the Liri - Garigliano . The most important lakes are Lake Trasimeno , Lake Montedoglio , Lake Bolsena , Lake Bracciano , Lake Vico , Lake Albano and Lake Nemi . From an altimetric point of view, central Italy has
517-691: Is known for its picturesque landscapes and attracts tourists from all over the world, including Italy itself. Pristine landscapes serve as one of the primary motivators for tourists to visit central Italy, although there are others, such as a rich history of art. Roman cuisine comes from the Italian city of Rome . It features fresh, seasonal and simply prepared ingredients from the Roman Campagna . Then include peas , globe artichokes and fava beans , shellfish, milk-fed lamb and goat , and cheeses such as pecorino romano and ricotta . Olive oil
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#1732773115523564-636: Is now a resort for the world's jet set . Pliny the Elder (AD 23 – AD 79) referred to Portus Delphini (Port of the Dolphin) as on the Ligurian coast between Genoa and the Gulf of Tigullio . The village is mentioned in a diploma from 986 by Adelaide of Italy , which assigned it to the nearby Abbey of San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte . In 1171, together with the neighbouring Santa Margherita Ligure , it
611-497: Is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region , and a European Parliament constituency . Central Italy encompasses four of the country's 20 regions : The easternmost and southernmost parts of Lazio ( Cittaducale , Amatrice , Sora , Cassino , Isola del Liri , Sperlonga , Fondi , Gaeta and Formia districts, as well as
658-481: Is realized as a semivowel [ w ] after a consonant, or before a vowel (i.e poeivan [pwejvaŋ] ), as well as after /k/ , when the sequence is spelled ⟨qu⟩ . Diphthong sounds include ⟨ei⟩ [ej] and ⟨òu⟩ [ɔw] . No universally accepted orthography exists for Ligurian. Genoese, the prestige dialect, has two main orthographic standards. One, known as grafia unitäia (unitary orthography), has been adopted by
705-693: Is ubiquitous and increasing. It is also spoken in the department of the Alpes-Maritimes of France (mostly the Côte d'Azur from the Italian border to and including Monaco ), in the town of Bonifacio at the southern tip of the French island of Corsica , and by a large community in Gibraltar ( UK ). It has been adopted formally in Monaco under the name Monégasque – locally, Munegascu – but without
752-565: The Colosseum . Florence , regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance , is Tuscany 's most visited city, and nearby cities like Siena , Pisa , Arezzo and Lucca also have rich cultural heritage. Umbria 's population is small, but it has many important cities such as Perugia and Assisi . For similar reasons, Lazio and Tuscany are some of Italy's most visited regions and the main targets for Ecotourism . The area
799-1120: The Etruscans , the North Picenes , the South Picene , the Umbri , the Latins , the Romans , the Byzantines and the Lombards . Some of its woodlands and mountains are preserved in several National Parks ; a major example is the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park , located in Abruzzo , with smaller parts in Lazio and Molise . It is the oldest in the Apennine Mountains and the second-oldest in Italy, with an important role in
846-704: The House of Bourbon-Parma ( Kingdom of Etruria , 1801–1807) and later annexed it directly to the First French Empire . After the collapse of the Napoleon in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italy , a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia , annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860 as part of the Unification of Italy after a landslide referendum in which 95% of voters approved. In 2023,
893-628: The Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy , between 1859 and 1870. The state had its origins in the rise of Christianity throughout Italy and, with it, the rising influence of the Christian Church . By the mid-8th century, with the decline of the Byzantine Empire in Italy,
940-748: The Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini , the head of the Italian government, ended the " Prisoner in the Vatican " problem involving a unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty , signed by the two parties. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory that became
987-641: The Republic of Genoa , its traditional importance in trade and commerce, and its vast literature. Like other regional languages in Italy, the use of Ligurian and its dialects is in rapid decline. ISTAT (the Italian Central Service of Statistics) claims that in 2012, only 9% of the population used a language other than standard Italian with friends and family, which decreases to 1.8% with strangers. Furthermore, according to ISTAT, regional languages are more commonly spoken by uneducated people and
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#17327731155231034-486: The Vatican City . The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860 and replaced the Republic of Florence . The grand duchy's capital was Florence . In the 19th century, the population of the grand duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after he had conquered the Republic of Siena , Cosimo I de' Medici
1081-512: The province of Alessandria , around the area of Novi Ligure , and the Province of Cuneo , in the municipalities of Ormea , Garessio , Alto and Caprauna ), western extremes of Emilia-Romagna (some areas in the province of Piacenza ), and in Carloforte on San Pietro Island and Calasetta on Sant'Antioco Island off of southwestern Sardinia (known as Tabarchino ), where its use
1128-506: The "Red Belt". The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 380.9 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 21.6% of Italy's economic output. The GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 31,500 euro, or 105% of the EU27 average the same year. The regions of Central Italy were exposed to different historical influences because of the peoples that settled there, such as the Celts ,
1175-571: The 13th century to the present, such as Luchetto (the Genoese Anonym), Martin Piaggio [ it ; lij ] , and Gian Giacomo Cavalli [ it ; lij ] . The Italian Government does not consider Ligurian a language, but rather a dialect of Italian . Hence, it is not protected by law. Historically, Genoese (the dialect spoken in the city of Genoa) is the written koiné , owing to its semi-official role as language of
1222-465: The Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties spoken in northern Sardinia ( Gallurese and Sassarese ) are classified by scholars as a direct offshoot from medieval Tuscan, even though they now constitute a distinct linguistic group. Marche , Tuscany , and Umbria , together with Emilia-Romagna , are considered to be the most left-leaning regions in Italy and together are also referred to as
1269-664: The Ligurian-language press – including the Genoese column of the largest Ligurian press newspaper, Il Secolo XIX – as well as a number of other publishing houses and academic projects. The other, proposed by the cultural association A Compagna and the Academia Ligustica do Brenno is the self-styled grafia ofiçiâ (official orthography). The two orthographies mainly differ in their usage of diacritics and doubled consonants. The Ligurian alphabet
1316-601: The basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Some basic vocabulary, in the spelling of the Genoese Academia Ligustica do Brenno : [REDACTED] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ligurian language wikisource Central Italy Central Italy ( Italian : Italia centrale or Centro Italia )
1363-504: The beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under Cosimo III . Francis Stephen of Lorraine , a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon , for his entire rule. His descendants ruled and resided in the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to
1410-638: The coast of southwestern Sardinia . It is part of the Gallo-Italic and Western Romance dialect continuum . Although part of Gallo-Italic, it exhibits several features of the Italo-Romance group of central and southern Italy . Zeneize (literally " Genoese "), spoken in Genoa , the capital of Liguria, is the language's prestige dialect on which the standard is based. There is a long literary tradition of Ligurian poets and writers that goes from
1457-488: The dialects spoken in those areas have been assimilated into Gallo-Italic and Southern Italo-Romance respectively. In addition, the dialect of Rome has undergone considerable Tuscanization from the fifteenth century onwards, such that it has lost many of its central Italian features. Tuscan dialect is a set of Italo-Dalmatian varieties of Romance spoken in Tuscany , Corsica , and Sardinia . Standard Italian
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1504-423: The early decline it underwent in the past. The language itself is actively preserved by various groups. Because of the importance of Genoese trade, Ligurian was once spoken well beyond the borders of the modern province. It has since given way to standard varieties, such as Standard Italian and French . In particular, the language is traditionally spoken in coastal, northern Tuscany , southern Piedmont (part of
1551-403: The elderly, mostly in rural areas. Liguria is no exception. One can reasonably suppose the age pyramid to be strongly biased toward the elderly who were born before World War II , with proficiency rapidly approaching zero for newer generations. Compared to other regional languages of Italy, Ligurian has experienced a significantly smaller decline which could have been a consequence of its status or
1598-449: The form of a substrate or otherwise. Very little is known about ancient Ligurian itself due to the lack of inscriptions and the unknown origin of the Ligurian people. Only onomastics and toponyms are known to have survived from ancient Ligurian, the name Liguria itself being the most obvious example. Most important variants of the Ligurian language are: Semivowels occur as allophones of /i/ and /u/ , as well as in diphthongs. /u/
1645-557: The islands of Ponza and Ventotene ) are sometimes connected to southern Italy (the so-called Mezzogiorno ) for cultural and historical reasons since they were once part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , and southern Italian dialects are spoken. As a geographical region, however, central Italy may also include the regions of Abruzzo and Molise , which are otherwise considered part of southern Italy for socio-cultural, linguistic and historical reasons. Central Italy
1692-503: The more famous English people to make the area fashionable. Eventually, more expatriates built expensive holiday houses, and by 1950, tourism had replaced fishing as the town's chief industry, and the waterfront was a continuous ring of restaurants and cafés. Ligurian language Ligurian ( / l ɪ ˈ ɡ j ʊər i ə n / lig- YOOR -ee-ən ; endonym: lìgure ) or Genoese ( / ˌ dʒ ɛ n oʊ ˈ iː z / JEN -oh- EEZ ; endonym: zeneise or zeneize )
1739-533: The northern one may be referred to as the Area Perimediana , a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are divided along a line running approximately from Rome in the southwest to Ancona in the northeast. In the Early Middle Ages, Central Italian extended north into Romagna and covered all of modern-day Lazio , Abruzzo , and Molise . Since then, however,
1786-408: The northern part of the province of Ancona , Marche region, and Neapolitan , spoken in southern Lazio and in southern Marche as well as eastern fringes of Umbria . Central Italian refers to the dialects of Italo-Romance spoken in the so-called Area Mediana , which covers a swathe of central Italy. Area Mediana is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part in which case
1833-713: The papacy became effectively sovereign. Several Christian rulers, including Frankish kings Charlemagne and Pepin the Short , donated further lands to be governed by the Church. During the Renaissance , the papal territory expanded greatly, and the Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio , which includes Rome ; Marche ; Umbria ; Romagna ; and portions of Emilia . Those holdings were considered to be
1880-452: The population in central Italy amounts to 11,680,843 inhabitants. Here is the population residing in 2023 in municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants: Central Italy is dominated by Central Italian and the Tuscan dialect . Other languages spoken are Gallo-Piceno ("Gallo-Italic Marche" or "Gaul-Marche"), a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino and in
1927-499: The preservation of endemic species such as the Italian wolf , Abruzzo chamois and Marsican brown bear . Central Italy has many major tourist attractions, many of which are protected by UNESCO . Central Italy is possibly the most visited in Italy and contains many popular attractions as well as sought-after landscapes. Rome boasts the remaining wonders of the Roman Empire and some of the world's best-known landmarks, such as
Portofino - Misplaced Pages Continue
1974-430: The sound /ɛː/ , as in çit(t)æ 'city' /siˈtɛː/ . The c-cedilla ⟨ç⟩ , used for the sound /s/ , generally only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ , as in riçetta 'recipe' /riˈsɛtta/ . The letter ⟨ñ⟩ , also written as ⟨nn-⟩ (or more rarely ⟨n-n⟩ , ⟨n-⟩ , ⟨nh⟩ , or simply ⟨nn⟩ ), represents
2021-611: The status of official language (that is French). Monaco is the only place where a variety of Ligurian is taught in school. The Mentonasc dialect , spoken in the East of the County of Nice , is considered to be a transitional Occitan dialect to Ligurian; conversely, Roiasc and Pignasc spoken further North in the Eastern margin of the County are Ligurian dialects with Occitan influences. As
2068-443: The velar nasal /ŋ/ before or after vowels, such as in canpaña 'bell' /kɑŋˈpɑŋŋɑ/ , or the feminine indefinite pronoun uña /ˈyŋŋɑ/ . There are five diacritics, whose precise usage varies between orthographies. They are: The multigraphs are: Tutte e personn-e nascian libere e pæge in dignitæ e driti. Son dotæ de raxon e coscensa e gh'an da agî l'unn-a verso l'atra inte 'n spirito de fradelansa. Ògni personn-a
2115-436: Was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. The grand duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons until the reign of Ferdinando II , which saw
2162-530: Was included in Rapallo 's commune jurisdiction. After 1229 it was part of the Republic of Genoa . The town's natural harbour supported a fleet of fishing boats, but was somewhat too cramped to provide more than a temporary safe haven for the growing merchant marine of the Republic of Genoa. In 1409, when Charles VI of France was Doge of Genoa , he sold Portofino to the Republic of Florence . When Charles
2209-618: Was ousted from Genoa, the Florentines gave it back. In the 15th century it was a fief of families such as the Fieschi , Spinola , Adorno , and Doria . In 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, from 1861, of the unified Kingdom of Italy . In the late 19th century, first British, then other Northern European aristocratic tourists began to visit Portofino, which they reached by horse and cart from Santa Margherita Ligure . Aubrey Herbert and Elizabeth von Arnim were among
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