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67-641: The current Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary is Dominic Ingram. He took part in the Royal Procession at the 2023 Coronation . Citations Bibliography Coronation of Charles III and Camilla The coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla , as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms , took place on Saturday, 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey . Charles acceded to

134-930: A blessing read by the following: Stephen Cottrell , Archbishop of York ; Nikitas Loulias , the Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain ; the Moderator of the Free Churches ; the Secretary General of Churches Together in England ; His Eminence Vincent Cardinal Nichols , Archbishop of Westminster ; and the Archbishop of Canterbury, representing the Anglican, Greek Orthodox, Nonconformist, ecumenical, and Roman Catholic traditions respectively. Charles moved to

201-607: A service of Holy Communion . Charles and Camilla first proceeded into the abbey, then Charles was presented to the people and recognised as monarch. After this Charles took an oath stating that he will uphold the law and maintain the Church of England. He then was anointed with holy oil, invested with the coronation regalia , and crowned with St Edward's Crown. After this he was enthroned and received homage from Justin Welby , Archbishop of Canterbury , and William, Prince of Wales , and

268-584: A year, attended by representatives of the UK government , the Church of England , and Charles's staff. The organisation of the coronation was the responsibility of the earl marshal , the Duke of Norfolk . A committee of privy counsellors arranged the event. In October 2022, the date of the coronation was announced as 6 May 2023, a choice made to ensure sufficient time to mourn the death of Elizabeth II before holding

335-734: Is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State , with the Lord High Constable above him and only the Lord High Admiral beneath him. Nowadays, the Earl Marshal's role has mainly to do with the organisation of major state ceremonies such as coronations and state funerals. Annually, the Earl Marshal helps organise the State Opening of Parliament . The Earl Marshal also remains to have charge over

402-444: Is customary for the supertunica and robe royal to be reused, Charles also wore vestments used by George IV , George V , George VI , and Elizabeth II. Camilla similarly reused vestments, including Elizabeth II's robe of state , but also wore a new robe of estate featuring her cypher , bees, a beetle, and various plants and flowers. She also wore a new coronation gown, created by Bruce Oldfield and embroidered with wildflowers,

469-489: Is the eighth of the great officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable of England and above the Lord High Admiral . The dukes of Norfolk have held the office since 1672. The marshal was originally responsible, along with the constable, for the monarch's horses and stables including connected military operations. As a result of the decline of chivalry and sociocultural change,

536-580: Is the office of Lord Great Chamberlain , which is notionally higher than Earl Marshal and also hereditary. The holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolk 's traditional position as the "first peer" of the land, above all other dukes. The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords , but the Act provided that the persons holding

603-551: The Church of England and the British royal family declared their allegiance to him, and people throughout the Commonwealth realms were invited to do so. Camilla was crowned in a shorter and simpler ceremony. After the service, members of the royal family travelled to Buckingham Palace in a state procession and appeared on the palace's rear and front balconies. The service was altered from past British coronations to represent

670-673: The Department for Culture, Media and Sport released figures showing that it had spent just over £50million in its role coordinating the event, while the Home Office paid £22million in policing costs, totalling £72million government spend on the Coronation. The cost of the coronation was criticised by the campaign group Republic and the Scottish National Party MP Ronnie Cowan in light of

737-647: The Household Cavalry and the Fanfare Trumpeters of the Royal Air Force played the fanfares. All eight of the massed bands in the coronation procession played the same music, keeping time with each other with the help of a radio broadcast click track – the first time such technology has been used on such a large-scale ceremonial event; previously bands would march to different pieces of music starting at different times. The tempo set

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804-581: The King's Champion , Francis Dymoke, carrying the Royal Standard . The Lord High Constable of England and the Earl Marshal also took part. Charles and Camilla were each attended by four pages of honour , including Prince George of Wales and Camilla's grandsons. Camilla was also accompanied by two ladies in attendance: Annabel Elliot , her sister, and the Marchioness of Lansdowne . Unexpectedly

871-499: The Philharmonia Orchestra , Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , BBC National Orchestra of Wales , Regina Symphony Orchestra , English Chamber Orchestra , Scottish Chamber Orchestra , Royal Opera House Orchestra and Welsh National Opera Orchestra, which are all patronised by Charles. The orchestra, situated in the organ loft , was conducted by Antonio Pappano and led by Vasko Vasilev . The State Trumpeters of

938-691: The United Kingdom's floral emblems , her cypher, a pair of dogs, and her grandchildren's names. St Edward's Crown , which was used to crown the King, was removed from the Tower of London in December 2022 for resizing. In February 2023 Queen Mary's Crown , which was used to crown the Queen, was also removed from display to be reset with Cullinan III, IV and V and for four of its eight detachable arches to be removed. The Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

1005-477: The bishop of London , Sarah Mullally , respectively. This was followed by a sermon by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Charles removed his robe of state and was seated on the Coronation Chair . He then was anointed with holy oil by the Archbishop of Canterbury, using the ampulla and a medieval spoon, the latter the oldest part of the coronation regalia. The anointing emphasised the spiritual role of

1072-479: The death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II , at 15:10 BST on 8 September 2022. He was proclaimed king by the Accession Council on 10 September, which was followed by proclamations in other Commonwealth realms . Charles's wife Camilla became queen consort . During Elizabeth II's reign, planning meetings for Charles's coronation, code-named Operation Golden Orb , were held at least once

1139-529: The Archbishop of Canterbury and the congregation recited the Lord's Prayer , before a final blessing. At the end of the service the King changed into the Imperial State Crown , during which the congregation sang Praise, my soul, the King of heaven . Charles and Camilla then proceeded to the west door of the abbey as the national anthem, " God Save the King ", was sung. At the end of the procession

1206-411: The Church of England. After this the flags of the Commonwealth realms were carried by representatives, accompanied by their governors general and prime ministers. The choir followed. Charles and Camilla arrived shortly before 11:00 and formed their own procession. It was led by four peers carrying heraldic standards displaying the arms of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, followed by

1273-544: The College of Arms and no coat of arms may be granted without his warrant. As a symbol of his office, he carries a baton of gold with black finish at either end. In the general order of precedence , the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family . Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary. The exception

1340-908: The Great West Door of Westminster Abbey, a distance of 1.42 miles (2.29 km). Charles and Camilla used the Diamond Jubilee State Coach , drawn by six Windsor Greys , and were accompanied by the Sovereign's Escort of the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment . The procession into the abbey was led by leaders and representatives from non-Christian religions, including the Baháʼí , Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, Jewish, Shia and Sunni Muslim, Sikh, and Zoroastrian communities. They were followed by leaders from different Christian denominations , including

1407-546: The King received a greeting by governors-general of the realms and representatives from the Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, and Buddhist faiths. The abbey bells rang a full peal of "Cambridge Surprise Royal". The second procession followed the same route as the first, but in reverse and on a larger scale. The King and Queen were carried in the Gold State Coach , drawn by eight Windsor Grey horses, with other members of

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1474-578: The King was welcomed by one of the Children of the Chapel , to which he replied that he came " not to be served but to serve ". Paul Mealor's "Coronation Kyrie " was sung in Welsh by Sir Bryn Terfel. After this the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lady Elish Angiolini , Christopher Finney , and Baroness Amos stood facing east, south, west, and north and in turn asked the congregation to recognise Charles as king;

1541-572: The King's 64-year tenure as Prince of Wales the Kyrie was set in Welsh by Paul Mealor and was sung by Sir Bryn Terfel . Psalm 71 was chanted to in Greek by a Byzantine choir , which was included in the service in tribute to the King's father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , who was born a prince of Greece. The director of music for the coronation was Andrew Nethsingha , the organist and master of

1608-564: The King. This was the first coronation of a consort since that of Charles's grandmother Queen Elizabeth in 1937 . The offertory followed, during which gifts of bread and wine were brought before the King and prayed over; the prayer was a translation from the Liber Regalis , which dates from c.  1382 and is one of the oldest sources for the English coronation service. Charles and Camilla then received Holy Communion from

1675-577: The Prince and Princess of Wales and their children, and the Princess Royal , attended coronation rehearsals at Westminster Abbey on 3 May. Westminster Abbey was closed to tourists and worshippers from 25 April for preparations, and did not re-open until 8 May. As at previous coronations, many attendees had an obscured view, as the abbey's nave was filled to capacity. However, on this occasion some television screens were installed in

1742-513: The Prince and Princess of Wales and their two younger children arrived at the Abbey after the King, "whose horses went a lot faster than they had in the practice", and joined the procession after the King and Queen. The choir sang Hubert Parry 's " I was glad ", during which the King's Scholars of Westminster School sang " Vivat Regina Camilla " and " Vivat Rex Carolus " ('Long live Queen Camilla' and 'Long live King Charles'). After this

1809-466: The Sovereign Grant for the Coronation came to £800,000 although that didn't include security and military costs which were paid by the government. The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport stated that it was "unable to give costs, or a breakdown of funding" until after the coronation, but unofficial estimates of £ 50 million to £250 million have been reported. In November 2024

1876-405: The United Kingdom and protect the Church of England. Subsequently, he made the statutory accession declaration . Charles then signed a written form of the oath, before kneeling before the altar and saying a prayer. The service of Holy Communion then continued. The Archbishop of Canterbury delivered the collect , and the epistle and gospel were read by the prime minister , Rishi Sunak , and

1943-482: The ceremony and its funding by taxpayers. The events in London and Windsor drew large crowds, but were also protested against by republican groups ; 64 individuals were arrested on the day, which was criticised by the international advocacy group Human Rights Watch . The celebrations included street parties, volunteering, special commemorative church services , and a concert at Windsor Castle on 7 May. The response in

2010-553: The ceremony. A Coronation Claims Office was established within the Cabinet Office to handle claims to perform a historic or ceremonial role at the coronation, replacing the Court of Claims . The posts of Lord High Steward and Lord High Constable of England , which are now only named for coronations, were given to General Sir Gordon Messenger and Admiral Sir Tony Radakin , respectively. The holy anointing oil used in

2077-679: The choristers at the abbey. During the service, the organ was played by Peter Holder , and before the service by Matthew Jorysz . Before the service John Eliot Gardiner conducted the Monteverdi Choir and English Baroque Soloists . The main choir was a combination of the choirs of Westminster Abbey, the Chapel Royal , the octet from the Monteverdi Choir, Methodist College Belfast Girls' Choir and Truro Cathedral Girls' Choir. The orchestra players were drawn from

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2144-582: The constable's post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms , the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry . In conjunction with the Lord High Constable, he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry , for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms , which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including

2211-403: The coronation regalia was carried in procession to the altar. At Charles's request, the sixth-century St Augustine Gospels was also carried in the procession. The service, conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, began with the King and Queen having a silent moment of prayer before seating themselves on their chairs of estate, made for the 1953 coronation. In a new element of the service,

2278-562: The crowd replied "God save King Charles!" each time. Charles was then presented with a new Bible by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . The Archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged the existence of multiple faiths and beliefs in the United Kingdom. Charles then took the coronation oath , in which he swore to govern each of his countries according to their respective laws and customs, to administer law and justice with mercy, and to uphold Protestantism in

2345-691: The emblem in both English and Welsh . The procession into the abbey was led by the Cross of Wales , a new processional cross commissioned by Charles to mark the centenary of the Church in Wales . It includes relics of the True Cross gifted to the King by Pope Francis . The screen which concealed the King during his anointing was designed by iconographer Aidan Hart and embroidered by the Royal School of Needlework . It includes 56 leaves embroidered with

2412-515: The first time this has occurred, and then presented with the Queen Consort's Ring . The Queen then was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury using Queen Mary's Crown. Camilla then was presented with the Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross and the Queen Consort's Rod with Dove (which, unlike other queens consort, she chose not to carry), before sitting on her own throne (originally made for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 1937) beside

2479-491: The good government of the Officers of Arms; to nominate Officers to fill vacancies in the College of Arms; [and] to punish and correct Officers of Arms for misbehaviour in the execution of their places". Additionally it was declared that no patents of arms or any ensigns of nobility should be granted, and no augmentation, alteration, or addition should be made to arms, without the consent of the Earl Marshal. The Earl Marshal

2546-551: The increased cost for security measures. The events of the coronation day included a procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey, the coronation service itself, a procession back to Buckingham Palace, and an appearance by the King and Queen, with other members of the royal family, on the palace balcony for a flypast by the Royal Air Force. The coronation was conducted by the Church of England and contained several distinct elements, which were structured around

2613-402: The leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations. In the evening, the King hosted a reception for foreign royalty and other overseas dignitaries at Buckingham Palace, and family members and guests also attended a reception at Oswald's . In a break with tradition, Charles's coronation vestments (ceremonial clothes) were largely reused from previous coronations instead of being newly made. While it

2680-741: The misuse of armorial bearings . In 1672, the office of Marshal of England and the title of Earl Marshal of England were made hereditary in the Howard family. In a declaration made on 16 June 1673 by Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey , the Lord Privy Seal , in reference to a dispute over the exercise of authority over the Officers of Arms the powers of the Earl Marshal were stated as being "to have power to order, judge, and determine all matters touching arms , ensigns of nobility , honour, and chivalry; to make laws, ordinances and statutes for

2747-462: The multiple faiths, cultures, and communities of the United Kingdom. It was shorter than Elizabeth II's coronation, and had a peak UK television audience of 20.4 million, making it the most watched television broadcast of 2023. The coronation elicited both celebrations and protest in the United Kingdom, with surveys carried out before the event suggesting that the British public was ambivalent towards

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2814-559: The names of the members of the Commonwealth of Nations . The Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom , Simon Armitage , released a new poem, An Unexpected Guest , to mark the coronation. The poem follows a woman invited to attend the coronation in Westminster Abbey, and quotes Samuel Pepys ' experience at the coronation of Charles II in 1661. In a tradition dating back to the coronation of King Edward II in 1308,

2881-467: The nave to mitigate this. The coronation was a state event funded by the British government, which also decided the guest list. Approximately 2,200 guests from 203 countries were invited. They included members of the British royal family, representatives from the Church of England and other British faith communities, prominent politicians from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, and foreign heads of state. The number of British political attendees

2948-444: The number of guests, as in contrast to earlier coronations no temporary stands were erected in the building. In addition to the coronation, several dignitaries invited to the event also attended related gatherings hosted by Charles on 5 May in London. Several receptions were hosted by Charles on that day, including one for dignitaries from the Commonwealth realms at Buckingham Palace, and another reception at Marlborough House for all

3015-608: The office of Earl Marshal and, if a peer, the Lord Great Chamberlain continue for the time being to have seats so as to carry out their ceremonial functions in the House of Lords. The position of Earl Marshal had a Deputy called the Knight Marshal from the reign of Henry VIII until the office was abolished in 1846. Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of

3082-500: The official account of the event, the Coronation Roll, was presented to the King and Queen on 3 May 2024. The roll of hand-stitched paper is 21 metres long and contains 11,500 words, crafted by calligrapher Stephanie von Werthern-Gill and illustrated by Timothy Noad. The roll will be kept with its predecessors at The National Archives , but has been digitised and is accessible online. Twelve new pieces were commissioned for

3149-488: The ongoing cost-of-living crisis in the United Kingdom . In comparison, Elizabeth II's coronation cost £912,000 in 1953, equating to £20.5m in May 2023, while George VI's cost £454,000 in 1937, equating to £24.8m in May 2023. George VI's coronation prior to the coronation of Charles III and Camilla was the most expensive in the last 300 years. The elevated expenses for Charles and Camilla's coronation has been partly attributed to

3216-487: The other Commonwealth realms was similarly mixed; while there were many celebrations, some government officials and indigenous groups took the opportunity to voice republican sentiments and call for reparatory justice . It was the first British coronation in the 21st century and the 40th to be held at Westminster Abbey since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066. Charles III became king immediately upon

3283-488: The people were invited to swear allegiance . Camilla then was anointed, crowned, and enthroned. The King and Queen ended the service by taking Holy Communion, and processed out of the abbey. Several public viewing spots of the procession were prepared. Tens of thousands of people from the UK and the rest of the world were estimated to have lined the procession route. Despite the forecast for rain, spectators started camping along

3350-618: The position in June 2002. There were formerly an Earl Marshal of Ireland and an Earl Marischal of Scotland . The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses and protecting the monarch. In England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal (served c.1130–1165) after The Anarchy , and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal , later Earl of Pembroke . He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals and

3417-493: The position of earl marshal has evolved and among his responsibilities today is the organisation of major ceremonial state occasions such as the monarch's coronation in Westminster Abbey and state funerals . He is also the leading officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms . He is the sole judge of the High Court of Chivalry . The current earl marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk , who inherited

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3484-444: The procession route days before the event. On the morning of the event, authorities announced the procession route had reached capacity at 8:29. On the day of the coronation Charles and Camilla travelled to Westminster Abbey in procession. They departed Buckingham Palace at 10:20 BST and went along The Mall , down Whitehall and along Parliament Street, and around the east and south sides of Parliament Square before reaching

3551-440: The procession. Andrew Jamieson was commissioned to create the coronation invitation, which featured the couple's coats of arms, the floral emblems of the United Kingdom , and a Green Man amid other British wildflowers and wildlife. The coronation emblem was designed by Jony Ive with his creative collective LoveFrom, and depicts the floral emblems of the United Kingdom in the shape of St Edward's Crown. There are versions of

3618-513: The regency during Henry III 's childhood. After passing through his daughter's husband to the Earls of Norfolk , the post evolved into "Earl Marshal" and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom . In the Middle Ages , the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance,

3685-409: The royal family in other vehicles, including the Australian State Coach , the Irish State Coach and the Scottish State Coach . Earl marshal Earl Marshal (alternatively marschal or marischal ) is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England (then, following the Act of Union 1800 , in the United Kingdom). He

3752-493: The service and used alongside older works, including several used at previous coronations. Six of the new commissions were performed by the orchestra before the service — those by Judith Weir ; Sir Karl Jenkins ; a vocal piece by Sarah Class performed by Pretty Yende ; Nigel Hess , Roderick Williams , and Shirley J. Thompson ; Iain Farrington ; and a new march by Patrick Doyle . New compositions by Roxanna Panufnik , Tarik O'Regan , and Andrew Lloyd Webber were part of

3819-435: The service was consecrated at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 6 March 2023 by Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem , under the supervision of Hosam Naoum , the Anglican archbishop of Jerusalem . It was based on the same formula as the oil used in the coronation of Elizabeth II , but without animal products such as civet . Military dress rehearsals took place on 17, 18, and 19 April. The King and Queen,

3886-430: The service, and Debbie Wiseman composed two related pieces, one of which was performed by the Ascension Choir. Existing works by William Byrd , George Frideric Handel , William Boyce , Edward Elgar , Walford Davies , William Walton , Hubert Parry , and Ralph Vaughan Williams were included, as they had been at previous coronations. Six pieces were performed in new arrangements by John Rutter . In tribute to

3953-463: The sovereign. It was a private part of the service; as in 1953 it was not televised, and Charles was concealed by a screen. During this the choir sang the anthem Zadok the Priest . In the next part of the service, Charles was presented with several items from the coronation regalia. The spurs , armills , Sword of State, and Sword of Offering were given to the King, who touched them with his hand, before they were removed again. During this, Psalm 71

4020-458: The throne on 8 September 2022 upon the death of his mother , Elizabeth II . It was the first coronation held since Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 nearly 70 years prior. The ceremony was structured around an Anglican service of Holy Communion . It included Charles taking an oath, being anointed with holy oil , and receiving the coronation regalia , emphasising his spiritual role and secular responsibilities. Representatives of

4087-416: The throne (originally made for George VI in 1937) and the Archbishop of Canterbury and William, Prince of Wales, offered him their fealty. The Archbishop of Canterbury then invited the people of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms to swear allegiance to the King, the first time this has occurred. The next part of the service concerned Camilla. She was anointed in public view, thought to be

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4154-450: Was 108 beats per minute, slowed down from the regulation 116 beats per minute because of the size of the bands. An official coronation album, which includes all music and spoken word from the pre-service and service was recorded and released by Decca Records after the ceremony. As a state event, the event was paid for by the British government as well as Buckingham Palace through the Sovereign Grant and Privy Purse . Costs incurred by

4221-426: Was chanted in Greek by an Orthodox choir in tribute to the King's father, Prince Philip , who was born a prince of Greece. The King was invested with the stole royal , robe royal , and the Sovereign's Orb , and presented with the sovereign's ring , which he touched but did not wear. He was then invested with the glove , the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross , and the Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove . The King then

4288-420: Was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the Archbishop and then the congregation chanting, "God save the King!". At the moment of crowning the church bells of the abbey rang, 21-gun salutes were fired at 13 locations around the United Kingdom and on deployed Royal Navy ships , and 62-gun salutes and a six-gun salvo were fired from the Tower of London and Horse Guards Parade . Charles then received

4355-534: Was morning dress, a lounge suit, formal military uniform or national dress. The official photographer of the coronation was Hugo Burnand , who had previously been the official photographer for Charles and Camilla's wedding in 2005. Eileen Hogan was selected to paint the coronation ceremony, and Peter Kuhfeld and Paul Benney to paint the coronation portraits of Charles and Camilla respectively. Three alumni of The Royal Drawing School , Fraser Scarfe, Phoebe Stannard and Gideon Summerfield, were picked to document

4422-493: Was not used, to avoid a potential diplomatic dispute with India; the crown contains the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is claimed by India. The dress code for peers without a role in the ceremony was originally lounge suits or parliamentary robes , rather than the coronets, coronation robes, and court dress traditionally worn. This was changed in the week before the coronation after protests, with peers allowed to wear coronation robes but not coronets. The general dress code for men

4489-446: Was reduced significantly from 1953, when virtually the entire Parliament of the United Kingdom attended. Invitations were extended to 850 community and charity representatives, including 450 British Empire Medal recipients and 400 young persons, half of whom were nominated by the government. Following a tradition dating from 1189, fourteen barons of the Cinque Ports were also invited. Safety regulations at Westminster Abbey restricted

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