Pall-mall , paille-maille , palle-maille , pell-mell , or palle-malle ( / ˈ p æ l ˈ m æ l / , / ˈ p ɛ l ˈ m ɛ l / , also US : / ˈ p ɔː l ˈ m ɔː l / ) is a lawn game (though primarily played on earth surfaces rather than grass) that was mostly played in the 16th and 17th centuries. It is considered a precursor to croquet .
43-623: The Porte Maillot (also known as the porte Mahiaulx, Mahiau or Mahiot after a Paille-maille court, or the Porte de Neuilly ) is one of the access points into Paris mentioned in 1860 and one of the ancient city gates in the Thiers wall . It was on the boundary between the 16th and the 17th arrondissements, at the junction of the Avenue de la Grande Armée , the Boulevard de l'Amiral-Bruix and
86-633: A "pleasant royal house". Two of Henry VIII's children died at Saint James's, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset , and Mary I . Elizabeth I often resided at the palace, and is said to have spent the night there while waiting for the Spanish Armada to sail up the Channel. Prince Henry, Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King James and Anne of Denmark , lived at St James's Palace until his death in 1612. The gardens were improved for him by Alphonsus Fowle. A riding school, one of
129-408: A central clock dominating the uppermost floor and gable; the clock is a later addition and dates from 1731, refurbished 1834. The palace is decorated with the initials H.A. for Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn . Henry had the palace constructed in red brick, with detail picked out in darker brick. The palace was remodelled in 1544, with ceilings painted by Hans Holbein and was described as
172-450: A closer relationship to golf than other derivatives of ground billiards . Pall-mall was popular in Italy , France and Scotland , and spread to England and other parts of Western Europe in the 16th century. The name refers not only to the game, but also to the mallet used and the alley in which it was played. Many cities still have long straight roads or promenades which evolved from
215-572: A fashionable amusement in the reign of Charles the Second, and the walk in Saint James's Park , now called the Mall, received its name from having been appropriated to the purpose of playing at mall, where Charles himself and his courtiers frequently exercised themselves in the practice of this pastime. The denomination mall given to the game, is evidently derived from the mallet or wooden hammer used by
258-541: A fire destroyed part of St James's Palace, including the monarch's private apartments at the south-east corner. These apartments were not replaced, leaving the Queen's Chapel isolated from the rest of the palace by an open area, where Marlborough Road now runs between the two buildings. The royal family began spending the majority of their time at Buckingham House, with St James's used for only formal occasions; thrice-weekly levées and public audiences were still held there. In
301-412: A green for this game" in the late 1930s. It was played in a long alley with an iron hoop suspended over the ground at the end. The object was to strike a boxwood ball of unknown circumference (a modern croquet ball is normally 3 + 5 ⁄ 8 inches (9.2 cm) in diameter, which equates to approx 11 + 2 ⁄ 5 inches (29 cm), in circumference) with a heavy wooden mallet, down
344-577: A number of offices, official societies and collections, and all ambassadors and high commissioners to the United Kingdom are still accredited to the Court of St James's. The palace's Chapel Royal is still used for functions of the British royal family . Official receptions are also regularly hosted at the palace. The palace was mainly built between 1531 and 1536 in red brick , and its architecture
387-555: A work published in 1634, mentioned that he played "gauffe (a play not unlike to Palemaille)". Prince Henry had a court or pitch, a "pell mell", laid out at St James' Fields, north of St James's Palace . It was surfaced with cockle shells crushed into clay or loam. It is known that sometime around 1630 a Frenchman named John Bonnealle laid out a court for playing pall-mall on the south side of St. James's Square , London, in an area known as St. James's Field (later Pall Mall Field). "A year or two" later, in about 1631, Bonnealle had died and
430-552: Is an early modern development from jeu de mail , a French form of ground billiards . The name comes from the Italian pallamaglio , which literally means ' ball mallet ', ultimately derived from Latin palla , meaning 'ball', and malleus meaning ' maul , hammer , or mallet'. An alternative etymology has been suggested, from Middle French pale-mail or 'straw-mallet', in reference to target hoops being made of bound straw. It appears that pall mall
473-468: Is primarily Tudor in style. The Queen's Chapel was added in the 1620s, and Clarence House was built on palace grounds directly next to the Palace in the 1820s. A fire in 1809 destroyed parts of the palace, including the monarch's private apartments, which were never replaced. Some 17th-century interiors survive, but most were remodelled in the 19th century. The palace was commissioned by Henry VIII on
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#1732776116733516-866: Is the most senior royal palace in London , the capital of the United Kingdom . The palace gives its name to the Court of St James's , which is the monarch's royal court , and is located in the City of Westminster in London. Although no longer the principal residence of the monarch, it is the ceremonial meeting place of the Accession Council , the office of the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps , and
559-476: Is used by HM Government for official receptions, and the attached Clarence House , the former home of the Queen Mother , is the residence of King Charles III and Queen Camilla . The palace also served as the official residence of Princess Eugenie until April 2018. The nearby Queen's Chapel , built by Inigo Jones , although since the 19th century across Marlborough Road, is still considered part of
602-409: Is used to host official receptions, such as those of visiting heads of state, and charities of which members of the royal family are patrons. It forms part of a sprawling complex of buildings housing Court offices and officials' apartments. The immediate palace complex includes York House , the former home of Charles III and his sons, Princes William and Harry . Lancaster House , located next door,
645-708: The Boulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr . It gives its name to the Neuilly–Porte Maillot railway station and Porte Maillot metro station. As at January 2023, the area was being redeveloped, expanding the underground RER station and greening the surface. 48°52′40″N 02°16′56″E / 48.87778°N 2.28222°E / 48.87778; 2.28222 Paille-maille Related to Italian trucco (also known as lawn billiards or trucks in English ) and similar games, pall-mall
688-691: The Charter of the United Nations . The Proclamation Gallery is a part of St James's Palace, and it is used after the death of a reigning monarch. The Accession Council meets to declare the new monarch. Once the monarch has made a sacred oath to the council, the Garter King of Arms steps onto the Proclamation Gallery, which overlooks Friary Court , to proclaim the new monarch. Such an event last occurred on 10 September 2022 at
731-536: The English Commonwealth period. The palace was restored by Charles II following the demise of the Commonwealth, landscaping St James's Park at the same time. Mary II and Anne, Queen of Great Britain , were both born at the palace. It became the principal residence of the monarch in London in 1698, during the reign of William III , after Whitehall Palace was destroyed by fire, and became
774-537: The King's Watermen are all housed at St James's Palace. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the Royal Philatelic Collection has been housed at St James's Palace, after spending the entire 20th century at Buckingham Palace . On 1 June 2007, the palace, Clarence House and other buildings within its curtilage (other than public pavement on Marlborough Road) were designated as a protected site for
817-467: The Balkan states and Turkey following the two Balkan Wars . Edward VIII when Prince of Wales used the palace as his 'town' residence until he moved into Marlborough House , and George VI as Duke of York resided there prior to his marriage in 1923. The Second Round Table Conference (September–December 1931), pertaining to Indian independence, was held at the palace. On 12 June 1941, Representatives of
860-712: The Colour Court, the Ambassador's Court, the Engine Court, and the Friary Court . The four courts remain enclosed, except for Friary Court, which in modern times is only enclosed by apartments on three sides, with the fourth side open to Marlborough Road to accommodate public gatherings. The most recognisable feature of the palace is the north gatehouse; constructed with four storeys, the gatehouse has two crenellated flanking octagonal towers at its corners, and
903-515: The London residence of several members of the royal family . Built by order of King Henry VIII in the 1530s on the site of an isolated leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less , the palace was secondary in importance to the Palace of Whitehall for most Tudor and Stuart monarchs. Initially surrounded by a deer park and gardens, it was generally used as a hunting lodge and as a retreat from
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#1732776116733946-876: The Palace. While the Queen's Chapel is open to the public at selected times, the Chapel Royal in the palace is not accessible to the public. They both remain active places of worship. The offices of the Royal Collection Department , the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps , the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood , the Chapel Royal , the Gentlemen at Arms , the Yeomen of the Guard and
989-588: The Queen went thither to lie in of the Lady Mary." Samuel Pepys 's diary for 2 April 1661 records that he went "into St. James's Park, where I saw the Duke of York playing at Pelemele, the first time that I ever saw the sport". There do not appear to be references earlier than 1630 to the game being played in England. The game is mentioned in a 1611 French–English dictionary, but this does not demonstrate that it
1032-597: The United Kingdom, Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , and of the exiled governments of Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Greece , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , and Yugoslavia , as well as General Charles de Gaulle of France, met and signed the Declaration of St James's Palace , which was the first of six treaties signed that established the United Nations and composed
1075-589: The administrative centre of the monarchy, a role it retains, in part. Also, at the time of the loss of Whitehall, the Chapel Royal moved its base into the castle chapel at St. James's. The first two monarchs of the House of Hanover used St James's Palace as their principal London residence. George I and George II both housed their mistresses, the Duchess of Kendal and the Countess of Suffolk respectively, at
1118-533: The alley and through the hoop with the fewest hits possible. Many references tell us that the ball was about 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. However, it is known that this is not correct, as a ball of that size would be far, far too heavy to lift to a high height with a small mallet. Note the ball in the engraving. It is thought that the ball was likely in the region of 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (7 cm) or slightly larger. It differed from trucco especially in its more extreme length of playing area, suggesting
1161-1002: The alleys in which the game was played. Such in London are Pall Mall and the Mall , in Hamburg the Palmaille , in Paris the Rue du Mail , the Avenue du Mail in Geneva , and in Utrecht the Maliebaan . When the game fell out of fashion, some of these "pall malls" evolved into shopping areas, hence the modern name of shopping centres in North America— shopping malls —while others evolved into grassed, shady promenades, still called malls today. St James%27s Palace St James's Palace
1204-591: The ancient order of the game." Lumsden's pall-mall court also appears in the records in September 1660, when his daughter Isabella petitioned for "one of the tenements in St. James's Field, as promised to her father who spent £425 14s in keeping the sport of Pall Mall". Accounts attached to the petition appeared to indicate the money was spent on "bowls, malls and scopes, 1632 to 1635, and in repairs in Pall Mall, when
1247-411: The first in England, was built for Henry at St James's Palace between 1607 and 1609, and then a library with sculptural decoration by Maximilian Colt . Henry also installed a menagerie with pet birds including a pair of ostriches . Charles II was born at the palace on 29 May 1630; his parents were Charles I , who ruled the three kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland , and Henrietta Maria ,
1290-518: The formal court and occasionally as a royal guest house. After the Palace of Whitehall burned down , the palace took on administrative functions for the monarchy. It increased in importance during the reigns of the Hanoverian monarchs but began to be displaced by Buckingham Palace in the early 19th century. After decades of being used increasingly only for formal occasions, the move was formalised by Queen Victoria in 1837. The palace now houses
1333-400: The game as played in London twenty years later. However, there's little reason to read this as an implication that the game was played in England in 1611, especially given that he is providing an English definition of a French word. An early 19th-century writer on English games, Joseph Strutt , quotes Cotgrave's description and the association with Restoration royalty: The game of mall was
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1376-535: The game had not yet reached England. In the Method for Travell , which Wheatley dated to 1598 but may have been as late as 1605, Dallington marvels that pall-mall was one of the few French pastimes that had not been introduced to England. The French ambassador Antoine Lefèvre de la Boderie said that Prince Henry (in England) in 1606 played golf, which he compared to "pallemail". One of Prince Henry's biographers, in
1419-507: The king's shoemaker, David Mallard or Mallock, had built a house on this land, which he was ordered to demolish by Candlemas Day (around 2 February) 1632. Evidently, the pall-mall court was rebuilt at this site, as Archibald Lumsden received a grant on 30 September 1635 "for sole furnishing of all the 'Malls,' bowls, scoops, and other necessaries for the game of Pall Mall within his grounds in St. James's Fields, and that such as resort there shall pay him such sums of money as are according to
1462-407: The late 18th century, George III refurbished the state apartments but neglected the living quarters. The last monarch to take up residence at St. James's, at least part of the year, was William IV . He had earlier built Clarence House on adjacent palace grounds and connecting it to the palace. Queen Victoria formalised the move in 1837, ending the status of St James's as the primary residence of
1505-413: The monarch; it became used during her reign as a venue for courts, levees and other ceremonies. It was nevertheless where Victoria married her husband, Prince Albert , in 1840, and where, eighteen years later, their eldest child, Princess Victoria married her husband, Prince Frederick of Prussia . In 1912–1913 the palace was the venue for the international conference that arranged the treaty between
1548-423: The murder of David Rizzio in the spring of 1566. King James VI in his 1599 Basilikon Doron mentions "palle maillé" among the "faire and pleasant field-games" suitable for his son Prince Henry . The author Henry B. Wheatley speculated that the game was introduced to England from Scotland after the accession of James VI in 1603, quoting a statement from Robert Dallington 's Method for Travell , that
1591-715: The palace. In 1757, George II donated the Palace library to the British Museum ; this gift was the first part of what later became the Royal Collection . George III found St James's unsuitable. The Tudor palace was regarded as uncomfortable and its now built up area as not affording its residents enough privacy, or the space to withdraw from the court into family life. In 1762, shortly after his wedding, George purchased Buckingham House – the predecessor to Buckingham Palace – for his queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . In 1809,
1634-467: The players to strike the ball. The game was still known in the early nineteenth century, as is proved by its reference in many English dictionaries. In Samuel Johnson 's 1828 dictionary, his definition of "Pall mall" clearly describes a game with similarities to modern croquet: "A play in which the ball is struck with a mallet through an iron ring". In his unpublished memoir the writer Oswell Blakeston reports seeing it played at "the only pub that still has
1677-563: The proclamation of King Charles III . To allow the Garter King of Arms and the trumpeters access to the balcony, workers removed the centre window the prior day and installed a temporary door. St James's Palace is still a working palace, and the Royal Court is still formally based there, despite the monarch residing elsewhere. It is also the London residence of Princess Anne , Princess Beatrice , and Princess Alexandra . The palace
1720-432: The remote site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less . He first used it as a hunting lodge for his newly enclosed deer park, St. James's Park . The new palace, secondary in the king's interest to Henry's Whitehall Palace , was constructed between 1531 and 1536 as a smaller residence to escape formal court life. Much smaller than the nearby Whitehall, St James's is arranged around four courtyards,
1763-628: The sister of the French king Louis XIII . James II , the second surviving son of King Charles I and Henrietta Maria, was born at the palace on 14 October 1633. In 1638, Charles I gave the palace to Marie de Medici , the mother of Henrietta Maria. Marie remained in the palace for three years, but the residence of a Catholic former queen of France proved unpopular with parliament and she was soon asked to leave for Cologne . Charles spent his final night at St James's before his execution . Oliver Cromwell then took it over, and turned it into barracks during
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1806-402: Was actually played in England at that time: Palemaille : f. A game, wherein a round box bowle is with a mallet strucke through a high arch of yron (standing at either end of an alley one) which he that can do at the fewest blowes, or at the nu[m]ber agreed on, winnes. Cotgrave's description of the long alley-like playing surface with an iron hoop at either end accords well with reports of
1849-541: Was introduced from France into Scotland and later to England. The 19th-century historian Henry B. Wheatley states that "pall mall was a popular game in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and few large towns were without a mall, or prepared ground, where it could be played; but it has now been so long out of use that no satisfactory account of the game can be found." Mary, Queen of Scots , reportedly played pall mall at Seton Palace in East Lothian shortly after
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