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66-518: The Porte Saint-Denis was originally a gateway through the Wall of Charles V that was built between 1356 and 1383 to protect the Right Bank of Paris. The medieval fortification had two gates and was surmounted with four towers. Additional portcullises defended the outer gate along with a drawbridge and rock-cut ditch. However, with the advent of gunpowder and the development of cannons and bombards ,

132-629: A good man. Other important works commissioned for the royal library were the anonymous legal treatise "Songe du Vergier", greatly inspired by the debates of Philip IV 's jurists with Pope Boniface VIII , the translations of Raol de Presles, which included St. Augustine 's City of God , and the Grandes Chroniques de France edited in 1377 to emphasise the vassalage of Edward III . Charles' kingship placed great emphasis on both royal ceremony and scientific political theory , and to contemporaries and posterity his lifestyle at once embodied

198-542: A huge ransom . Charles became king in 1364. With the help of talented advisers, his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages, which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed. Led by Bertrand du Guesclin ,

264-583: A king must have the approval of his subjects and must listen to their advice. This view allowed him to approach the Norman nobles and the reformists, and thus Charles of Navarre. The power of Navarre was such that, on 8 January 1354, he murdered with impunity his rival Charles de la Cerda (the king's favourite), and openly avowed this crime. He even obtained, through the Treaty of Mantes , territorial concessions and sovereignty by threatening to make an alliance with

330-473: A memorable resistance and ransomed by Charles V, who considered him invaluable. The Black Prince, affected by dysentery , soon withdrew his support from Peter. The English army suffered badly during the retreat. Four English soldiers out of five died during the Castillan Campaign . In 1369, du Guesclin renewed the attack against Peter, defeating him at the decisive Battle of Montiel . Henry stabbed

396-627: A monumental archway that would honor the capture of Franche-Comté in 1668 and the victories on the Meuse and Rhine during the Franco-Dutch War . Work began in 1672 and was paid for by the city of Paris . A monument defining the official art of its epoque, the Porte Saint-Denis provided the subject of the engraved frontispiece to Blondel's influential Cours d'architecture , 1698. It was restored in 1988. The Porte Saint-Denis

462-561: A more emotional side; his marriage to Joan of Bourbon was considered very strong, and he made no attempt to hide his grief at her funeral or those of his children, five of whom predeceased him. His reign was dominated by the war with the English and two major problems: recovering the territories ceded at Brétigny and ridding the land of the Tard-Venus (French for "latecomers"), mercenary companies that turned to robbery and pillage after

528-600: A third of western France (mostly in Aquitaine and Gascony ) to the English and lowered the King's ransom to 3 million écus . King John was released the following October. His second son, Louis of Anjou , took his place as a hostage. Though his father had regained his freedom, Charles suffered a great personal tragedy at nearly the same time. His three-year-old daughter Joan and infant daughter Bonne died within two months of each other late in 1360; at their double funeral,

594-685: A three-year break, the Hundred Years' War with England resumed in 1355, with Edward, The Black Prince , leading an English-Gascon army in a violent raid across southwestern France. After checking an English incursion into Normandy , John led an army of about 16,000 men to the south, crossing the Loire river in September 1356 with the goal of outflanking the Prince's 8,000 soldiers at Poitiers . Rejecting advice from one captain to surround and starve

660-551: Is 15.35 m (50.4 ft) high in the center and 8 m (26 ft) across. The main arch is flanked by obelisks applied to the wall face bearing sculptural groups of trophies of arms . Above the main arch, the southern face carries a sculptural group by Michel Anguier of "The Passage of the Rhine" in a sunk panel, while the north face carries allegorical figures of the Rhine and the Netherlands . The entablature bears

726-524: The French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War to Charles' advantage, and by the end of Charles' reign, they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360. Furthermore, the French fleet, led by Jean de Vienne , managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War . Charles V died in 1380. He was succeeded by his son Charles VI , whose disastrous reign allowed

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792-466: The Hundred Years' War as his armies recovered much of the territory held by the English and successfully reversed the military losses of his predecessors. Charles became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. To pay for the defense of the kingdom, Charles raised taxes. As a result, he faced hostility from the nobility , led by Charles

858-607: The Kingdom of France , because it occupied the Rhône Valley, a major trade route between the Mediterranean and northern Europe since ancient times, putting them in direct contact with Avignon , a papal territory and diplomatic center of medieval Europe . Despite his young age, the dauphin applied to be recognized by his subjects, interceding to stop a war raging between two vassal families, and gaining experience that

924-1006: The Netherlands and Germany . The wall left the Seine at the tour du bois between the Pont du Carrousel and the Pont Royal . Then the wall was north of the Rue Saint-Honoré and Palais-Royal then to north-east along the Place des Victoires and the Rue d'Aboukir (opened on the location of the moat) up to the Porte Saint-Denis . It then followed the Grands Boulevards ( Boulevard Bonne-Nouvelle , Boulevard Saint-Martin , Boulevard du Temple , Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire , Boulevard Beaumarchais ). The wall returned to

990-586: The Papal Schism , which would divide Europe for nearly 40 years. Charles' last years were spent in the consolidation of Normandy (and the neutralisation of Charles of Navarre). Peace negotiations with the English continued unsuccessfully. The taxes he had levied to support his wars against the English caused deep disaffection among the working classes. The abscess on the King's left arm dried up in early September 1380 and Charles prepared to die. On his deathbed, perhaps fearful for his soul, Charles announced

1056-655: The Provost of Merchants (a title roughly equivalent to Mayor of Paris today). Marcel demanded the dismissal of seven royal ministers, their replacement by a Council of 28 made up of nobles , clergy and bourgeois , and the release of Charles the Bad, who had been imprisoned by John for the murder of his constable. The Dauphin refused the demands, dismissed the Estates-General, and left Paris. A contest of wills ensued. In an attempt to raise money, Charles tried to devalue

1122-624: The Tard-Venus out of France, Charles first hired them for an attempted crusade into Hungary , but their reputation for brigandage preceded them, and the citizens of Strasbourg refused to let them cross the Rhine on their journey. Charles next sent the mercenary companies (under the leadership of du Guesclin) to fight in a civil war in Castile between King Peter the Cruel and his illegitimate half-brother Henry . Peter had English backing, while Henry

1188-609: The papacy , tried to persuade Pope Gregory to remain in France, arguing that "Rome is wherever the Pope happens to be." Gregory refused. The Pope died in March 1378. When cardinals gathered to elect a successor, a Roman mob, concerned that the predominantly French College of Cardinals would elect a French pope who would bring the papacy back to Avignon, surrounded the Vatican and demanded

1254-480: The Bad , John and Charles of Artois , Charles of Alençon , and Philip of Rouvres . The future king was highly intelligent but physically weak, with pale skin and a thin, ill-proportioned body. This made a sharp contrast to his father, who was tall, strong and sandy-haired. Humbert II, Dauphin of Viennois , ruined due to his inability to raise taxes after a crusade in the Middle East, and childless after

1320-559: The Bad , King of Navarre ; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie , which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Étienne Marcel ; and with a peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie . Charles overcame all of these rebellions, but in order to liberate his father, he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay

1386-515: The Bastide Saint-Antoine , then la Bastille (Bastide or Bastille is an old French word for castle). In 1370, the provost Hugues Aubriot laid the cornerstone of the building which was completed in 1382. The city then spread over 440 hectares (1,100 acres) with more than 150,000 inhabitants. The wall, as well as its extension built by Louis XIII on the west side was destroyed in 1670, on orders of Louis XIV after his victories in

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1452-575: The Black Prince fled to England, where he died in 1376. By 1375, Charles recovered much of the English territories in France except Calais and Gascony , effectively nullifying the Treaty of Brétigny . In 1376, Pope Gregory XI , fearing a loss of the Papal States , decided to move his court back to Rome after nearly 70 years in Avignon . Charles, hoping to maintain French influence over

1518-479: The Black Prince refused to answer a summons to Paris to answer the charges, Charles judged him disloyal and declared war in May 1369. Instead of seeking a major battle, as his predecessors had done, Charles chose a strategy of attrition , spreading the fighting at every point possible. The French and Castillan navies destroyed an English fleet at La Rochelle in 1372. Then, du Guesclin launched destructive raids against

1584-714: The Dauphin was said to be "so sorrowful as never before he had been." Charles himself had been severely ill, with his hair and nails falling out; some suggest the symptoms are those of arsenic poisoning. John proved as ineffective at ruling upon his return to France as he had before his capture. When Louis of Anjou escaped from English custody, John announced he had no choice but to return to captivity himself. He arrived in London in January 1364, became ill, and died in April. Charles

1650-624: The English the edge in peace negotiations following the Battle of Poitiers . The King signed the Treaty of London in 1359 that ceded most of western France to England and imposed a ruinous ransom of 4 million écus on the country. The Dauphin (backed by his councillors and the Estates General ) rejected the treaty, and English King Edward invaded France later that year. Edward reached Reims in December and Paris in March, but Charles forbade his soldiers from direct confrontation with

1716-602: The English to regain control of large parts of France. Charles was born at the Château de Vincennes outside of Paris, the son of Prince John and Princess Bonne of France. He was educated at court with other boys of his age with whom he would remain close throughout his life: his uncle Philip, Duke of Orléans (only two years older than himself), his three brothers Louis , John , and Philip , Louis of Bourbon , Edward and Robert of Bar , Godfrey of Brabant, Louis I, Count of Étampes , Louis of Évreux , brother of Charles

1782-736: The English, relying on improved municipal fortifications made to Paris by Marcel. He would later rebuild the wall on the Left Bank ( Rive gauche ), and he built a new wall on the Right Bank ( Rive droite ) that extended to a new fortification called the Bastille . Edward pillaged and raided the countryside but could not bring the French to a decisive battle, so he eventually agreed to reduce his terms. This non-confrontational strategy would prove extremely beneficial to France during Charles' reign. The Treaty of Brétigny , signed on 8 May 1360, ceded

1848-534: The English. But in Avignon, the English and French were negotiating a peace that would prevent Charles of Navarre from counting on the support of Edward III. He therefore concluded a treaty with the English in which the Kingdom of France would be partitioned between them. An English landing was planned for the end of the truce, which would expire on 24 June 1355. King John ordered the Dauphin in March 1355 to organize

1914-426: The Prince, a tactic Edward feared, John attacked the strong enemy position. In the subsequent Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356), English archery all but annihilated the French cavalry, and John was captured. Charles led a battalion at Poitiers that withdrew early in the struggle; whether the order came from John (as he later claimed), or whether Charles himself ordered the withdrawal, is unclear. The outcome of

1980-554: The Seine on the east at the tour de Billy . The wall on the left bank of the river, built by Philippe-Auguste was kept, leaving the new faubourg Saint-Germain outside the walls. The wall on the right bank included only six gates : Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise ( French : le Sage ; Latin : Sapiens ), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during

2046-579: The abolition of the hearth tax , the foundation of the government's finances. The ordinance would have been impossible to carry out, but its terms were known, and the government's refusal to reduce any of the other taxes on the people sparked the Maillotin revolt in 1381. The King died on 16 September 1380 and was succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Charles VI . He is buried in the Basilica of St Denis , about five miles north of Paris. Charles' reputation

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2112-481: The battle left many embittered with the nobility. Popular opinion accused the nobles of betraying the king, while Charles and his brothers escaped blame – he was received with honor upon his return to Paris. The Dauphin summoned the Estates-General in October to seek money for the defense of the country. Furious at what they saw as poor management, many of those assembled organized into a body led by Étienne Marcel ,

2178-618: The captive Peter to death in du Guesclin's tent, thereby gaining the throne of Castile. Bertrand was made Duke of Molina, and the Franco-Castillan alliance was sealed. Charles V could now resume the war against England under favorable conditions. After the Castillan campaign, the Black Prince was invalid and heavily in debt. His rule in Gascony became increasingly autocratic. Nobles from Gascony petitioned Charles for aid, and when

2244-512: The city. Furthermore, with the Hundred Years War , it became necessary to build a new enclosure to protect the capital of France . Étienne Marcel , provost of the merchants , began to build a moat from 1356, a few hundred yards beyond the wall of Philippe Auguste. Only the right side was affected by this expansion. King Charles V , from 1358, ordered the fortification and the addition of a large and deep ditch that would be filled by

2310-399: The coasts of England, naval reprisals to the English chevauchées . Bertrand du Guesclin, appointed Constable of France in 1370, beat back a major English offensive in northern France with an unnerving combination of raids , sieges , and pitched battles . He notably crushed Robert Knolles at the Battle of Pontvallain . Most of the major English leaders were killed in a few months and

2376-541: The community charter and confirmed the liberties and franchises of Humbert II, which were summed up in a solemn statute before he signed his abdication and granted a last amnesty to all prisoners, except those facing the penalty of death. On 8 April 1350 at Tain-l'Hermitage , the Dauphin married his cousin Joanna of Bourbon at the age of 12. The prior approval of the pope was obtained for this consanguineous marriage (both were descended from Charles of Valois ). The marriage

2442-593: The cross- Channel trade was vital. A brilliant orator, and accustomed to a monarchy controlled by the Cortes of Navarre (the equivalent of the States General), Charles the Bad championed the reform of a state considered too arbitrary, leaving no voice to the nobility or the cities (John the Good governed with a circle of favorites and officers sometimes of humble extraction). Unlike his father, Charles V thought that

2508-561: The crowd, but sent his family away and left the capital as quickly as he could. Marcel's action destroyed support for the Third Estate among the nobles, and the Provost's subsequent backing of the Jacquerie undermined his support from the towns. He was murdered by a mob on 31 July 1358. Charles was able to recover Paris the following month and later issued a general amnesty for all, except close associates of Marcel. John's capture gave

2574-546: The currency; Marcel ordered strikes, and the Dauphin was forced to cancel his plans and recall the Estates in February 1357. The Third Estate presented the Dauphin with a Grand Ordinance , a list of 61 articles that would have given the Estates-General the right to approve all future taxes, assemble at their own volition, and elect a Council of 36 (with 12 members from each Estate) to advise the king. Charles eventually signed

2640-539: The death of his only son, decided to sell the Dauphiné, which was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire . Neither the pope nor the emperor wanted to buy and the transaction was concluded with Charles' grandfather, the reigning King Philip VI . Under the Treaty of Romans , the Dauphiné of Viennois was to be held by a son of the future king John the Good . So it was Charles, the eldest son of the latter, who became

2706-454: The defense of Normandy , which required raising the necessary taxes. The task was difficult because of the growing influence of Charles the Bad, who had acquired a status similar to that of a "Duke" under the Treaty of Mantes. He was likely to ally with Edward III and could at any time open the gateway to Normandy to the English. The Dauphin avoided war by reconciling Navarre with the king, which

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2772-486: The election of a Roman. On 9 April, the cardinals elected Bartolomeo Prigamo, Archbishop of Bari , and a commoner by birth, as Pope Urban VI . The new pope quickly alienated his cardinals by criticising their vices, limiting the areas where they could receive income and even rising to strike one cardinal before a second restrained him. The French cardinals left Rome that summer and declared Urban's election invalid because of mob intimidation (a reason that had not been cited at

2838-521: The first Dauphin. At the age of twelve, he was suddenly vested power while in Grenoble (10 December 1349 to March 1350). A few days after his arrival, the people of Grenoble were invited to the Place Notre-Dame, where a platform was erected. Young Charles took his place next to Bishop John of Chissé and received the oath of allegiance of the people. In exchange, he publicly promised to respect

2904-464: The gilded bronze inscription LUDOVICO MAGNO , "To Louis the Great". Two smaller pedestrian walkways were built through the obelisk pedestals but they have now been closed. The arch is decorated with a variety of sculptures and friezes Wall of Charles V The wall of Charles V , built from 1356 to 1383 is one of the city walls of Paris built on orders granted by Charles V of France . It

2970-525: The malcontents. He was supported by his relatives and allies: the House of Boulogne (and their kin in Auvergne ), the barons of Champagne loyal to Joan II of Navarre (heir of Champagne , had it not merged into the crown of France ), and by the followers of Robert of Artois , driven from the kingdom by Philip VI. He also had the support of the University of Paris and the northwestern merchants where

3036-440: The monetary changes needed to support the royal finances. The royal clan had to cope with opposition from all sides in the kingdom. The first of these was led by Charles II of Navarre , called "the Bad", whose mother Joan II of Navarre had renounced the crown of France for that of Navarre in 1328. Charles II of Navarre was the eldest of a powerful lineage. Ambitious of attaining the crown of France, he managed to gather around him

3102-510: The most significant ones commissioned for the library were those of Nicole Oresme, who translated Aristotle 's Politics , Ethics , and Economics into eloquent French for the first time (an earlier attempt had been made at the Politics , but the manuscript is now lost). If the Politics and Economics served as a manual for government, then the Ethics advised the king on how to be

3168-446: The nobility of the day. While he was in many ways a typical medieval king, Charles V has been praised by historians for his pragmatism, which led to the recovery of the territories lost at Brétigny . His successes, however, proved ephemeral. Charles' brothers, who dominated the regency council that ruled in the king's name until 1388, quarrelled among themselves and divided the government. Charles VI, meanwhile, preferred tournaments to

3234-472: The ordinance, but his dismissed councillors took news of the document to King John, imprisoned in Bordeaux . The King renounced the ordinance before being taken to England by Prince Edward. Charles made a royal progress through the country that summer, winning support from the provinces, and winning Paris back. Marcel, meanwhile, enlisted Charles the Bad, who asserted that his claim to the throne of France

3300-605: The reflective life advised by Aristotle and the model of French kingship derived from St. Louis , Charlemagne , and Clovis which he had illustrated in his Coronation Book of 1364, now in the British Library . Charles V was also a builder king, and he created or rebuilt several significant buildings in the late 14th century style including the Bastille , the Louvre Palace , Château de Vincennes , and Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , which were widely copied by

3366-717: The river Seine. The new fortification extended westward beyond the Louvre , which lost its function as a fortress. Charles V transformed the Louvre into a residence, but without changing its dimensions. He established a library there with 973 books. On the east, the new home of the King, the Hotel Saint-Pol , was poorly protected. Charles V decided to build the Chastel Saint-Antoine , the Parisians called it

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3432-460: The time of the election) and elected Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII that September. The French cardinals quickly moved to get Charles' support. The theology faculty of the University of Paris advised Charles not to make a hasty decision, but he recognised Clement as Pope in November and forbade any obedience to Urban. Charles' support allowed Clement to survive as pope and led to

3498-421: The treaty was signed. In achieving these aims, Charles turned to a minor noble from Brittany named Bertrand du Guesclin . Nicknamed "the Black Dog of Brocéliande ", du Guesclin fought the English during the Breton War of Succession and was an expert in guerrilla warfare . Du Guesclin also defeated Charles II of Navarre at the Battle of Cocherel in 1364 and eliminated his threat to Paris. In order to lure

3564-411: The walls were eventually partly torn down in the 1640s to make way for the larger and more fortified Louis XIII Wall. In the 1670s, the remaining walls of Charles V were entirely demolished when Paris spread beyond the confines of its medieval boundaries. To replace the old gateway of the Porte Saint-Denis, Louis XIV commanded architect François Blondel and the sculptor Michel Anguier to build him

3630-410: The work of Nicole Oresme (who translated Aristotle 's moral works into French) and Giles of Rome . Philippe de Mézières , in his allegorical "Songe du Vieil Pèlerin", attempts to persuade the dauphin (later King Charles VI) to follow the example of his wise father, notably in piety, though also to pursue reforming zeal in all policy considerations. Of great importance to Charles V's cultural program

3696-471: Was at least as good as that of King Edward III of England , who had used his claim as the pretext for initiating the Hundred Years' War . Marcel used the murder of a citizen seeking sanctuary in Paris to make an attack close to the Dauphin. Summoning a group of tradesmen, the Provost marched at the head of an army of 3,000, entered the royal palace, and had the crowd murder two of the Dauphin's marshals before his eyes. Charles, horrified, momentarily pacified

3762-406: Was built on the right bank of the river Seine outside the wall of Philippe Auguste . In the 1640s, the western part of the wall of Charles V was demolished and replaced by the larger Louis XIII wall , with the demolished material reused for the new wall. This new enclosure ( enceinte ) was completely destroyed in the 1670s and was replaced by the Grands Boulevards . The wall of Philippe Auguste

3828-403: Was created at the beginning of the 13th century and enclosed 253 hectares with houses and vegetable and vine fields allowing people to protect from a possible military siege . But decades later, the fields had been replaced by homes and crops had been pushed outside the city walls. Several suburbs were growing rapidly, particularly in the west. The growing population could no longer be contained in

3894-461: Was crowned King of France in 1364 at the Cathedral of Reims . The new king was highly intelligent, but closed-mouthed and secretive, with sharp eyes, a long nose and a pale, grave manner. He suffered from gout in the right hand and an abscess in his left arm, possibly a side-effect of an attempted poisoning in 1359. Doctors were able to treat the wound but told him that if it ever dried up, he would die within 15 days. His manner may have concealed

3960-412: Was delayed by the death of his mother Bonne of Luxembourg and his grandmother Joan the Lame , swept away by the plague (he no longer saw them after he left for the Dauphiné). The dauphin himself had been seriously ill from August to December 1349. Gatherings were limited to slow the spread of the plague then raging in Europe, so the marriage took place in private. The control of Dauphiné was valuable to

4026-431: Was his vast library, housed in his expanded Louvre Palace , and described in great detail by the nineteenth-century French historian Leopold Delisle . Containing over 1,200 volumes, it was symbolic of the authority and magnificence of the royal person, but also of his concern with government for the common good . Charles was keen to collect copies of works in French, in order that his counsellors had access to them. Perhaps

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4092-400: Was of great significance for posterity, especially as his conception of governance was one that courtiers wished his successors could follow. Christine de Pizan 's biography, commissioned by Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy , in 1404, is a source of most of the intimate details of the king's life of which we are aware, but also provides a moral example for his successors. It draws heavily on

4158-445: Was sealed with a ceremony at the court on 24 September 1355. Edward III was offended at the latest betrayal of Charles of Navarre, and the promised landing did not occur. King John was considered by many as a rash ruler, much in the same style as the feudal kings who came before which by then was becoming outdated, who alienated his nobles through arbitrary justice and elevated associates that were sometimes considered questionable. After

4224-404: Was supported by the French. Du Guesclin and his men were able to drive Peter out of Castile in 1365 after the capture of the fortresses of Magallón and Briviesca and the capital Burgos . The Black Prince , now serving as his father's viceroy in southwestern France, took up Peter's cause. At the Battle of Nájera in April 1367, the English defeated Henry's army. Du Guesclin was captured after

4290-412: Was the first of four triumphal arches to be built in Paris. The three others are the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (1806–1808), the Porte Saint-Martin (1674), and the Arc de Triomphe (1836). The Porte Saint-Denis is a triumphal arch inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome . The monument is 24.65 m (80.9 ft) high, 25 m (82 ft) wide, and 5 m (16 ft) deep. The arch itself

4356-404: Was very useful to him. Charles was recalled to Paris at the death of his grandfather Philip VI and participated in the coronation of his father John the Good on 26 September 1350 in Reims . The legitimacy of John the Good, and that of the Valois in general, was not unanimous. His father, Philip VI, had lost all credibility with the disasters of Crécy , Calais , the ravages of the plague , and

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